Crypto Glossary

ERC-7683 is a cross-chain intent standard proposal within the Ethereum ecosystem that defines a standardized intent message format, enabling users to express asset transfer or transaction settlement requirements across multiple blockchains, with execution path selection and operational implementation handled by a market-driven filler network. This standard decouples cross-chain operations into intent and execution layers, allowing users to simply sign and express desired outcomes without mastering underlying cross-chain technical details, thereby simplifying multi-chain interoperability complexity and enhancing user experience.

A basis point is a unit used to measure small changes in interest rates and fees. One basis point equals 0.01%. For example, 10 basis points convert to 0.10% or 0.001 in decimal form. Basis points are commonly used in scenarios such as bond yields, loan quotations, trading fees, and funding rates for perpetual contracts. Understanding how to convert between basis points and percentages helps you interpret quotes, estimate costs and returns more accurately, and is applicable in both traditional finance and crypto markets.

ERC-777 is a token standard on Ethereum that defines how tokens are transferred, received by smart contracts, and managed on behalf of users. Compared to the widely used ERC-20 standard, ERC-777 introduces features such as “receive hooks” and “operator accounts.” Leveraging the EIP-1820 registry for interface detection, ERC-777 enables recipients to automatically execute predefined logic upon receiving tokens. This functionality supports advanced use cases like delegated payments, whitelisting, and other extensible scenarios.

A basis point is a unit used to measure small changes in interest rates, fees, and spreads. Commonly abbreviated as "bp," basis points help avoid confusion when expressing percentages. One basis point equals 0.01%, so 100 basis points equal 1%. In both traditional finance and crypto markets, basis points are frequently used to quote and adjust transaction fees, funding rates, and yields.

A Web1.0 website refers to the early stage of the internet characterized by predominantly read-only web pages. These sites resembled digital posters, mainly serving as platforms for information display and link navigation, with minimal user interaction. Typically built from static files—where content is hardcoded—they allowed users to access information directly through browsers. Web1.0 websites were commonly found in portals, personal homepages, and corporate introduction sites. Active roughly between 1991 and 2004, their development was constrained by limited bandwidth and device capabilities. Content updates were managed almost exclusively by site administrators. This foundational phase paved the way for Web2.0 (focused on interactivity) and Web3 (emphasizing decentralization).

A security token is a digital certificate that represents legally protected asset rights, such as stocks or bonds, in the form of an on-chain token. Holders are entitled to benefits like dividends, interest payments, or liquidation proceeds. Security tokens are issued and traded within a compliant legal framework and are commonly used for the tokenization of assets such as funds, government bonds, and real estate. They support real-name verification, whitelisting, and transfer restrictions. These tokens adhere to securities regulations and are typically offered only to eligible investors through regulated platforms, with holdings recorded in wallets or custodial accounts. By combining blockchain’s transparency and automated settlement capabilities, security tokens make traditional assets easier to fractionalize and enable more efficient cross-border circulation.

The "88% Curse" is a social media term commonly used in the crypto community. It refers to the frequent phenomenon where many altcoins experience a drop of around 88% or even more from their all-time highs during bear markets. This is not a strict rule, but rather a risk warning: highly volatile assets are prone to significant drawdowns. In practice, traders use the 88% Curse to plan staggered entry points, set price alerts, and compare it with Fibonacci retracement levels to aid in position sizing and risk management.

A 51% attack refers to a scenario where a single entity controls more than half of a blockchain’s mining or validation power. This level of dominance enables them to rewrite recent transactions, potentially causing issues like double spending and undermining network integrity. In proof-of-work networks, the risk of a 51% attack is closely tied to concentrated hash power; if mining pools become overly centralized or it becomes easy to rent significant computing power temporarily, the threat increases. To mitigate rollback risks, exchanges often require a higher number of block confirmations before accepting transactions as final.

Two-factor authentication (2FA) adds an extra layer of independent verification in addition to a password. It is commonly used in scenarios such as exchange logins, withdrawals, and on-chain wallet authorizations. The second step of verification can involve a one-time password (OTP), an authenticator app, or a hardware security key. This process helps confirm that the operator is indeed the legitimate account owner, thereby reducing the risks of account theft and phishing while enhancing overall security.

4844 refers to Ethereum Improvement Proposal EIP-4844, also known as Proto-Danksharding. This upgrade introduces "data blobs" within transactions, creating a more cost-effective and short-term data availability channel for Layer 2 networks such as rollups. By doing so, it reduces fees and increases throughput. Since the Dencun upgrade in 2024, major Layer 2 solutions have supported blob transactions, leading to lower on-chain interaction costs and improved confirmation experiences.

Foreign exchange (Forex) refers to the exchange and pricing of currencies between different countries, commonly seen in cross-border payments, remittances, and corporate settlements. In the crypto space, Forex transactions occur not only between banks but also through stablecoins and on-chain protocols that facilitate value exchange. Whether it is exchanging currency for travel, freelancers receiving payments in US dollars, or businesses hedging against currency risk, Forex fundamentally combines price discovery and risk management. On-chain, similar operations can be achieved using stablecoins, smart contracts, and oracles.

The advance-decline line is a market breadth indicator that measures the overall direction of a market by subtracting the number of declining assets from the number of advancing assets each trading day and accumulating the result over time. This metric helps determine whether the majority of components are moving in the same direction as the index. It is commonly used to identify if an index’s upward movement lacks broad internal support, signaling a potential weakening trend. In the crypto market, a similar approach—tracking the daily number of rising versus falling tokens—can provide insights into market sentiment, momentum, and associated risks.

Account abstraction is a design paradigm that transforms on-chain accounts into programmable "smart accounts," where login, payment, and security policies are governed by smart contract rules instead of a single private key. Ethereum's ERC‑4337 standard enables features such as email-based login, gas fee sponsorship, batch transactions, and social recovery through components like bundlers and paymasters. Users can configure spending limits, whitelists, and session keys, allowing them to recover access via predefined workflows even if a device is lost, while maintaining on-chain verifiable permission control and auditability.

APT arbitrage refers to price difference trading centered around the Aptos network’s native token, APT. Traders exploit price discrepancies across various platforms, markets, or timeframes by buying low and selling high, or by employing long-short hedging strategies to profit from the spread. Common scenarios include disparities between spot and perpetual contract prices, differences in liquidity between centralized exchanges (CEX) and decentralized exchanges (DEX), as well as variations in funding rates and term basis. Successful execution requires careful calculation of transaction fees, slippage, and transfer delays, along with robust risk management strategies and supporting tools.

In this context, "acceleration" refers to expediting a pending on-chain transaction during periods of blockchain network congestion. This is typically achieved by increasing the transaction fee, resending a transaction with the same nonce, or choosing a faster network, enabling the transaction to be included in a block more quickly. Common scenarios include Ethereum transfers getting stuck or withdrawals experiencing delays. Wallets and exchanges often offer an "acceleration" option for such situations. Fundamentally, acceleration involves raising the offered fee to incentivize block producers to prioritize the transaction.

An auction is a pricing mechanism where participants compete by placing bids to determine the final buyer and price. In Web3, auctions are typically executed via smart contracts and are commonly used for NFT sales, token offerings, or block space bidding. Platforms define parameters such as auction duration, reserve price, minimum bid increments, and anti-sniping extensions. Once the auction concludes, settlement and delivery are automatically processed according to predefined rules.

AXS is the governance and utility token of the Axie Infinity ecosystem. Built on the Ethereum ERC-20 standard, AXS leverages the Ronin sidechain to enhance transaction speed and cost efficiency. Token holders can participate in governance voting, stake AXS to earn rewards, and use it for payments and settlements within the game's marketplace. The token is integral to the in-game economy, supporting activities such as digital pet ownership, battles, breeding, and land gameplay.

Asset financing refers to obtaining available funds by leveraging existing assets, enabling users to access liquidity without having to sell those assets. In the Web3 ecosystem, asset financing is commonly achieved through crypto-collateralized lending, tokenization of real-world assets (RWA), or using NFTs as collateral. Typical use cases include short-term liquidity management and hedging. For example, on Gate, users can borrow stablecoins by collateralizing BTC or ETH.

Accrual accounting is a method of recording income and expenses at the time economic activities occur, rather than solely based on cash flow. This approach emphasizes matching related revenues and costs within the same accounting period and presents the status of assets and liabilities at the end of the period using fair value. For Web3 projects, DAO treasuries, and crypto institutions, accrual accounting provides a more accurate reflection of on-chain earnings, token holdings, and outstanding obligations.

In the context of blockchain and Web3, "asynchronous" refers to processes where transactions or function calls do not yield immediate final results. Instead, the system handles these requests in the background, providing progress updates later through block confirmations, events, or messages. Asynchronous operations are integral to transaction broadcasting, wallet interactions, smart contract logs, oracle services, and cross-chain processes. Understanding asynchronous behavior helps users determine when funds are received or functions are complete, allowing for better notification and waiting strategies, while minimizing errors and risks.

Acquisition cost refers to the total amount actually paid to obtain an asset. This includes not only the purchase price, but also trading fees, spreads, taxes, capital holding costs, and transfer expenses. For crypto assets, additional costs such as on-chain gas fees, slippage, and cross-chain fees may also apply. Accurately calculating the acquisition cost enables more precise assessment of returns, setting of take-profit and stop-loss levels, and determination of the cost basis for tax reporting purposes.

Alpha and Beta testing represent pre-launch trial phases for a product: initially, functionality is tested within a limited user group (Alpha), followed by a broader public release (Beta). In the Web3 space, this often corresponds to validation on testnets and limited access on the mainnet. These stages are designed to uncover functional or security issues, refine user interactions, and evaluate transaction costs and incentive mechanisms. Participants typically use test tokens or small amounts of real assets, while project teams iterate based on feedback and collected data. This process helps mitigate risks before the official launch.

Account abstraction encodes wallet rules directly into smart contracts, enabling accounts to be programmable much like applications. This approach supports customizable signatures, social recovery, and gas fee sponsorship, thereby lowering the entry barrier for new users. Ethereum's ERC-4337 standardizes this mechanism by allowing user operations to be executed via bundlers and entry point contracts, achieving a balance between security and flexibility.

The Aroon indicator is a technical analysis tool that evaluates market trends from a time-based perspective. It uses two lines to measure how recently the “most recent high” and “most recent low” occurred within a specified period, typically set to 14 periods. Commonly applied to candlestick charts in crypto trading, the Aroon indicator helps identify the initiation, continuation, and weakening of trends, supporting entry and exit decisions. However, it should be used alongside risk management strategies and other technical indicators for optimal effectiveness.

Accrued liabilities refer to a company's outstanding obligations for expenses that have been incurred but for which invoices have not yet been received, such as wages, interest, or cloud service fees. By recording these costs at the end of each month under the accrual accounting principle, businesses prevent profit distortion and proactively reflect future payment obligations, thus reducing the risk of cash flow mismatches. For Web3 projects, DAO treasuries, and exchange operations, accurate accruals contribute to transparent governance, audit readiness, and compliance assessments of financial health.

The principal-agent problem refers to decision-making biases and risks that arise when the goals of a principal and an agent are misaligned and information asymmetry exists. This issue is common between shareholders and managers, or investors and fund managers. In the context of Web3, smart contracts and on-chain transparency can reduce human manipulation, while DAO governance increases community participation. However, agency relationships still exist in scenarios such as project team token allocations, cross-chain bridges, and exchange custodianship, making it essential to identify and manage these risks.

ASP marketing refers to a promotional model where rewards are settled based on actual results such as user registrations or purchases, facilitated by a service platform that connects advertisers and promoters. The platform provides unique tracking links to monitor conversions, a practice commonly seen in e-commerce, app user acquisition campaigns, and referral programs on trading platforms. In Web3 environments, on-chain records and smart contract-based settlements can further enhance transparency and trustworthiness.

Air-gapped security involves performing private key operations on devices that are completely offline, with essential information transferred only via QR codes, USB drives, or printed paper. This approach is used for generating, signing, and storing keys offline, significantly reducing the risks posed by malware, malicious browser extensions, and remote hacking attempts. During transaction processes, air-gapped devices are never directly connected to computers or smartphones; instead, internet-connected devices handle broadcasting transactions and checking balances. This separation of duties minimizes the overall attack surface.

An ascending channel pattern refers to a price movement that fluctuates between two roughly parallel lines trending upward. The lower boundary acts as a “floor,” supporting buying pressure, while the upper boundary serves as a “ceiling,” capping selling pressure. On candlestick charts in the crypto market, this pattern can appear across various timeframes and helps traders identify trend-following strategies: positions are typically more bullish near the lower boundary, while approaching the upper boundary may prompt traders to reduce exposure or tighten stop-losses. It is important to watch for significant breakouts above or below the channel, as these can signal a change in market momentum.

Application layer protocols define the “rules of communication” that software follows when interacting over a network. Examples include HTTP, WebSocket, and JSON-RPC. These protocols directly support user-facing functionalities such as web page requests, communication between wallets and blockchain nodes, and access to decentralized storage. Understanding application layer protocols is essential for building secure and reliable Web3 applications, integrating with exchange APIs, and enabling real-time data transmission.

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is a symmetric encryption method that uses the same key for both locking and unlocking data. It is commonly used for wallet private key backups, transaction communications, and file encryption. AES secures data through block encryption and multiple rounds of transformation, and when combined with modes such as Galois/Counter Mode (GCM), it provides both confidentiality and integrity checks. AES is widely adopted in Web3 for account security and data transmission layers.

In finance, a merger typically refers to the consolidation of two companies into a single entity. In the crypto space, this term can also encompass protocol upgrades or the integration of two projects. Mergers can impact stock prices, token values, user migration, and adjustments to technical protocols. Understanding the motivations, processes, and risks associated with mergers is crucial for evaluating the quality of information, participating in governance votes, or making more informed decisions on exchanges.

Abnormal returns refer to deviations in asset performance compared to the “expected” or benchmark returns. Typically, an index or financial model is used as a reference point, and the actual returns are compared against it. In crypto and DeFi contexts, abnormal returns may result from airdrops, funding rates, arbitrage opportunities, or liquidity incentives. However, these are not consistent sources of income, and it is essential to assess the associated risks and sustainability.

Alternative funds refer to pooled investment vehicles that primarily allocate capital to non-traditional assets, rather than focusing on stocks, bonds, or cash. These funds typically invest in private equity, hedge fund strategies, real estate, infrastructure, commodities, art, or tokenized real-world assets (RWA). Alternative funds often feature lock-up periods and are professionally managed, offering greater portfolio diversification. However, they tend to have lower liquidity and reduced information transparency, making them more popular among institutional investors and high-net-worth individuals.

Animal spirits refer to the collective behavior of investors influenced by emotions, intuition, and expectations in uncertain environments. In the crypto market, animal spirits are often manifested through capital inflows, narrative-driven momentum, and price volatility, shaping trading timing and risk exposure. Understanding animal spirits helps identify market cycles, adjust portfolio positions, and enhance risk management strategies.

In the context of DeFi, AMOS typically refers to AMOs, or Algorithmic Market Operation modules. These modules function as automated schedulers for protocols, deploying or withdrawing funds across various trading and liquidity scenarios. Their primary goal is to help stablecoins maintain their peg and improve capital efficiency. Common strategies include increasing liquidity pool depth and adjusting positions in lending markets.

The cumulative distribution indicator is a method that sorts historical data by magnitude and calculates the proportion of values that fall below a given threshold. It provides insights into the probability of a price or return falling within a specific range, making it useful for assessing tail risk, setting quantile thresholds, and supporting risk management tools such as Value at Risk (VaR). This indicator is applicable in both stock and crypto asset trading and risk control.

The average annual growth rate is a metric used to measure the average yearly increase of an asset or indicator over multiple years. It is calculated by adding up the growth rates of each year and dividing by the number of years, without accounting for compounding effects. This indicator is commonly used to analyze annual trends in prices, income, or TVL (Total Value Locked). For crypto assets with significant volatility, it is recommended to use the average annual growth rate in conjunction with the compound annual growth rate for a more comprehensive view.

Antifragility refers to a system characteristic where, instead of merely withstanding volatility, stress, or even attacks, the system actually improves and evolves as a result. Rather than just being robust, an antifragile system turns minor setbacks into opportunities for learning and enhancement. In the context of Web3, decentralized networks, open-source code, and community collaboration—combined with economic incentives—enable blockchains and protocols to iterate through failures, continuously increasing their security and efficiency.

Accounting methods refer to a set of rules for managing transaction sequencing and value measurement. Common approaches include FIFO (First-In, First-Out), LIFO (Last-In, First-Out), weighted average, as well as accrual and cash basis accounting. These methods determine when asset costs and revenues are recognized. In the blockchain ecosystem, accounting methods are essential for recording on-chain trading, gas fees, staking and airdrop entries, NFT valuation, and stablecoin management. The choice of method directly impacts profit and loss calculations, financial reporting, and tax compliance.

Ask price and bid price represent two opposing quotes for the same asset at the same time: the ask price is the lowest price at which a seller is willing to sell, while the bid price is the highest price a buyer is willing to pay. Purchases are typically executed at the ask price, and sales at the bid price. The difference between these prices, known as the spread, reflects liquidity and trading costs. On the order book, both asks and bids are clearly visible, allowing traders to use market orders or limit orders to better manage slippage and execution quality.

A merger refers to the process where two or more companies combine their operations and assets into a single entity, typically to achieve expansion, improve efficiency, or acquire new technologies and markets. For investors, a merger can impact the distribution of shares or tokens, alter trading symbols, and affect liquidity. It also involves announcements, regulatory approvals, and settlement procedures. Understanding mergers is essential for navigating share swaps, airdrops, and trading adjustments on platforms like Gate.

Annualized yield refers to converting returns from various periods into a standardized one-year timeframe, making it easier to compare and make informed decisions. This metric is commonly used in crypto financial products, staking, and liquidity mining to indicate the expected return rate. It is important to distinguish whether the calculation is based on simple or compound interest, as well as whether it is labeled as APR (Annual Percentage Rate) or APY (Annual Percentage Yield). Failing to do so may lead to inaccurate comparisons between different products.

ASIC mining refers to the process of using chip devices specifically designed for particular algorithms to participate in blockchain networks that utilize the Proof of Work (PoW) consensus mechanism. In ASIC mining, participants compete to solve complex computational problems and add new blocks to the chain, aiming to earn block rewards and transaction fees. This approach is commonly used in networks like Bitcoin. Miners often join mining pools to reduce income volatility. Key factors influencing ASIC mining profitability include device energy efficiency, electricity costs, overall network difficulty, and fluctuations in token prices.

The unit of account serves as a standardized measure for valuing prices and assets, acting as a "benchmark for accounting" that enables the comparison and recording of goods, investments, and transaction outcomes. In the crypto space, the unit of account is often represented by the US dollar or stablecoins (tokens pegged to fiat currencies, such as USDT). It plays a crucial role in determining trading pair quotations, asset valuation, and profit and loss calculations, forming a foundational layer for investment decision-making.

Antivirus software refers to tools designed to detect, block, and remove malicious programs, acting as a security guard for computers and mobile devices. In the Web3 context, antivirus solutions help reduce risks such as wallet seed phrase theft by trojans, clipboard address hijacking, and the installation of fake or bundled applications. However, antivirus software does not replace good security practices or the use of hardware wallets.

FOMO buying refers to the act of purchasing assets simply because others are doing so or because the market is experiencing rapid gains, without conducting thorough research. This behavior is common in the crypto market, especially with trending tokens, new coin listings, and short-term price movements driven by social media hype. It is often motivated by the “fear of missing out.” Understanding FOMO buying helps traders identify inflated prices, improve their trading strategies, and strengthen risk management.

The bid-ask exchange rate refers to the two different prices that a bank or platform offers for the same currency: the rate at which they sell to you, and the rate at which they buy from you. The difference between these two rates is called the spread, which serves to cover costs and risks. This process also involves concepts such as the mid-market rate (the average between the bid and ask prices), liquidity (how quickly a trade can be executed), and spread adjustments according to market fluctuations. Whether exchanging US dollars at a bank, buying USDT with RMB on Gate, or converting crypto back to fiat, the bid-ask exchange rate determines the final amount you receive.

An altcoin list is a directory that aggregates cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin and Ethereum. These tokens are organized by categories such as price, market capitalization, trading volume, and launch date, making it easy to browse, compare, and filter projects. You can find such lists on exchange market pages and specialized rankings. They typically provide project summaries along with links to official websites and whitepapers, allowing users to conduct initial research. Additionally, you can bookmark or set alerts to continuously monitor selected tokens.

Accrued revenue refers to the practice of recording earnings that have been earned but not yet received in cash, in accordance with the accrual accounting principle, which recognizes revenue based on performance and obligations rather than cash flow. In Web3, staking rewards, lending interest, and market-making fees are often accumulated daily or per block and displayed as pending earnings. This approach enables individuals and DAOs to maintain financial records that more accurately reflect real operational activity, providing a foundation for risk management, tax compliance, and capital planning.

The Accumulation/Distribution Indicator is a technical analysis tool that estimates buying and selling pressure by combining the closing price’s position within the daily high-low range with trading volume. Commonly referred to as the “Accumulation/Distribution Indicator” or “A/D,” this metric interprets a close near the day’s high on high volume as capital inflow, while a close near the day’s low on high volume is seen as capital outflow. By continuously adding these “inflows and outflows” over time, traders can observe capital trends and gauge the strength or weakness of market momentum over a specific period.

Management fees are fixed charges that investors pay for the ongoing operation and professional management of funds, ETFs, or crypto products. Typically calculated as an annual percentage rate, these fees cover costs such as research, trade execution, custody and safekeeping, auditing, and compliance. Management fees are reflected in the net asset value and overall returns, impacting long-term performance. In crypto funds, index products, and staking services, management fee structures are also commonly applied.

AMMV4 is the fourth-generation automated market maker (AMM) design that matches trades using a "public liquidity pool." It features pluggable modules that allow for customizable fee structures, pricing curves, and additional functionalities such as concentrated liquidity and limit order logic. AMMV4 aims to deliver greater capital efficiency and enhanced composability, providing traders with more stable execution and transparent costs, while enabling liquidity providers to flexibly manage both risk and returns.

Bitcoin auction refers to a bidding mechanism centered around Bitcoin and its ecosystem assets, including native Bitcoin, Ordinals inscriptions, rare satoshis, BRC-20 tokens, Bitcoin NFTs, and hash power contracts. Common formats include timed auctions, reserve prices, and anti-sniping extensions, with settlement typically managed by exchanges or specialized platforms, or finalized on-chain through smart contract receipt.

The name Albert Szabo is frequently mentioned in the crypto community, but in most cases, it is a misspelling or simplification of Nick Szabo. Nick Szabo introduced the concepts of "smart contracts" and "Bit Gold," which have significantly influenced systems like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Using Albert Szabo as a starting point, this article will outline related concepts, practical applications, and common misconceptions. It also highlights the importance of information verification and awareness of financial risks for beginners.

A merger refers to the combination of two companies into a single new or existing entity through share swaps or cash arrangements, consolidating their assets, liabilities, and operations. This process typically involves regulatory review, share price premiums, and adjustments to shareholder rights. Mergers can alter market competition and corporate strategy, directly impacting stock prices and portfolio returns.

An ARG (Alternate Reality Game) is an interactive gameplay experience that extends stories and missions into both the real world and digital space. Players advance the narrative by following clues through social media and offline activities, then complete on-chain verification. In the Web3 context, ARGs are often integrated with wallet signatures, NFT minting, and airdrops, serving as tools for community engagement and narrative-driven initiatives.

Alpha Wallet is an open-source mobile blockchain wallet that allows users to retain full control over their private keys and seed phrases. With Alpha Wallet, users can send and receive crypto assets, display NFTs, and interact with various DApps by connecting through WalletConnect for signing and executing transactions. The wallet supports popular EVM-compatible networks and emphasizes local data storage and transparent code, aiming to enhance both asset management and overall user efficiency.

APR (Annual Percentage Rate) represents the annualized cost of borrowing, expressed as a percentage that combines interest and various fees over a one-year period. This metric enables users to compare different financial products side by side. APR is commonly used for credit cards, mortgages, and auto loans, and also appears in crypto lending and investment platforms. Understanding APR helps you interpret contract terms, identify the total cost of borrowing, and avoid confusion among various interest rate expressions.

The annualized average return formula is used to convert investment performance over any time period into an equivalent yearly growth rate, making it easier to compare different assets or strategies on a consistent basis. This approach relies on the concept of compounding, equating the total return to a fixed annual rate of return. For single holdings, the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) formula is commonly used; when there are multiple periods of returns or cash flows, methods such as geometric average, time-weighted return, or IRR/XIRR are applied before annualizing.

An appchain (Application-Specific Blockchain) is an independent blockchain network purpose-built for a single application or specific business scenario. Unlike general-purpose public blockchains such as Ethereum, appchains achieve performance optimization and resource exclusivity tailored to particular requirements through customized consensus mechanisms, execution environments, and governance rules. Based on technical architecture, appchains can be classified into sovereign appchains (such as independent chains in the Cosmos ecosystem) and parasitic appchains (such as Ethereum Rollups)—the former possesses fully autonomous validator networks and security models, while the latter relies on main chains to provide finality guarantees.

An ASIC is a chip specifically designed for a particular task, similar to replacing a general-purpose toolbox with a specialized tool for one job. In the crypto industry, ASICs are commonly used for highly efficient computation of fixed algorithms, such as hashing in Bitcoin mining, and are increasingly adopted for accelerating cryptographic processes like zero-knowledge proofs. While ASICs are costly to produce, they offer exceptional efficiency and have a significant impact on network security, energy consumption, and the mining ecosystem.

AR is the native cryptocurrency of the Arweave network, used for one-time payments to cover the permanent storage of data and to incentivize nodes to continually maintain stored content. Designed for "permanent storage," Arweave leverages proof-of-access and a blockweave architecture, enabling developers to store NFT metadata, decentralized websites, and on-chain archives as long-term, verifiable data. This approach supports a variety of Web3 use cases.

The Alpha version refers to an early-stage, functional but incomplete release of a product, commonly seen in Web3 protocols, wallets, and on-chain applications during testnet or whitelist launches. Its primary purpose is to validate features and gather user feedback. Alpha releases may include airdrop tasks and early participant rewards, but they also carry risks such as bugs, misconfigured permissions, and potential data rollbacks. This stage is best suited for limited user testing and rapid iteration.

A patent is a statutory form of intellectual property that grants inventors or rights holders exclusive rights to technical innovations within specific jurisdictions, preventing others from copying, manufacturing, using, or selling the protected invention without authorization. In the blockchain and cryptocurrency sector, patents primarily cover core technological innovations such as consensus algorithms, cryptographic protocols, smart contract architectures, and scalability solutions, safeguarding commercial returns on R&D investments and maintaining competitive technological advantages through legal means.

Application Layer Applications refer to the topmost software systems in blockchain network architecture that directly provide end users with actionable services and functionality. Built upon consensus, network, and contract layers, this tier delivers practical use cases such as decentralized finance (DeFi), non-fungible token (NFT) trading, decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) governance, and blockchain gaming (GameFi) by invoking smart contracts, accessing on-chain data, and integrating external systems. The maturity of the application layer determines the conversion efficiency from underlying protocols to commercial implementation, serving as the critical interface connecting technical infrastructure with user demands.

Annual Percentage Rate (APR) represents the yearly yield or cost as a simple interest rate, excluding the effects of compounding interest. You will commonly see the APR label on exchange savings products, DeFi lending platforms, and staking pages. Understanding APR helps you estimate returns based on the number of days held, compare different products, and determine whether compound interest or lock-up rules apply.

The Ethereum Merge refers to the 2022 transition of Ethereum’s consensus mechanism from Proof of Work (PoW) to Proof of Stake (PoS), integrating the original execution layer with the Beacon Chain into a unified network. This upgrade significantly reduced energy consumption, adjusted the ETH issuance and network security model, and laid the groundwork for future scalability improvements such as sharding and Layer 2 solutions. However, it did not directly lower on-chain gas fees.

Annual Percentage Yield (APY) is a metric that annualizes compound interest, allowing users to compare the actual returns of different products. Unlike APR, which only accounts for simple interest, APY factors in the effect of reinvesting earned interest into the principal balance. In Web3 and crypto investing, APY is commonly seen in staking, lending, liquidity pools, and platform earn pages. Gate also displays returns using APY. Understanding APY requires considering both the compounding frequency and the underlying source of earnings.

In the context of blockchain and cryptocurrency, "cumulative" refers to the total amount obtained by continuously adding each individual value within a specified scope and time period. This metric is used to assess long-term performance and actual scale. Common applications in the crypto space include cumulative returns, cumulative trading volume, cumulative token releases, and cumulative gas fees. These indicators help evaluate account performance, participation thresholds, and project progress.

Acquisition refers to the process where a buyer gains control over a company or project, or obtains its key assets. In the Web3 space, acquisitions extend beyond equity and technology—they may also involve token swaps, protocol governance rights, codebases, and talent. Acquisitions are commonly used to consolidate product lines, acquire users and regulatory licenses, and transactions and settlements are often executed through DAO voting or smart contract migration.

Asynchronous processes refer to tasks that can proceed in parallel without waiting for each other. For example, after you place a food delivery order, you can continue working while the backend processes your order independently. In Web3, asynchrony is common in areas such as the delay between transaction submission and confirmation, latency in cross-chain messaging, and the return of oracle data. These factors impact both user experience and risk management. Applications typically synchronize on-chain progress through events, polling, and notifications. Understanding asynchronous workflows is essential for grasping the timing of transaction confirmations, Layer 2 withdrawals, and deposit settlements.

An Automated Market Maker (AMM) is an on-chain trading mechanism that uses predefined rules to set prices and execute trades. Users supply two or more assets to a shared liquidity pool, where the price automatically adjusts based on the ratio of assets in the pool. Trading fees are proportionally distributed to liquidity providers. Unlike traditional exchanges, AMMs do not rely on order books; instead, arbitrage participants help keep pool prices aligned with the broader market.

An accountability mechanism refers to a set of rules and procedures that ensure participant actions can be tracked, reviewed, and, when necessary, corrected. In Web3, accountability is enabled through on-chain public records, the automated enforcement of smart contracts, community governance voting, and economic penalties. These features make project decision-making, fund allocation, and permission changes more transparent, traceable, and enforceable. Additionally, accountability mechanisms encompass audits, proof of reserves, and risk disclosures, offering users verification channels and reducing the impact of operational errors or management mistakes.

Assets Under Management (AUM) refers to the total market value of client assets currently managed by an institution or financial product. This metric is used to assess the scale of management, the fee base, and liquidity pressures. AUM is commonly referenced in contexts such as public funds, private funds, ETFs, and crypto asset management or wealth management products. The value of AUM fluctuates with market prices and capital inflows or outflows, making it a key indicator for evaluating both the size and stability of asset management operations.

In Web3, anonymity refers to transactions not being directly linked to real-world identities—only wallet addresses and cryptographic signatures are visible on-chain. Anonymity does not mean invisibility; all activity records remain public and may still be traced or correlated. Enhancing anonymity relies on cryptographic techniques and careful user practices, such as zero-knowledge proofs, privacy coins, and stealth addresses. Users must also comply with KYC (Know Your Customer) and anti-money laundering regulations to balance privacy with security.

Anonymity refers to participating in online or on-chain activities without revealing one's real-world identity, appearing only through wallet addresses or pseudonyms. In the crypto space, anonymity is commonly observed in transactions, DeFi protocols, NFTs, privacy coins, and zero-knowledge tools, serving to minimize unnecessary tracking and profiling. Because all records on public blockchains are transparent, most real-world anonymity is actually pseudonymity—users isolate their identities by creating new addresses and separating personal information. However, if these addresses are ever linked to a verified account or identifiable data, the level of anonymity is significantly reduced. Therefore, it's essential to use anonymity tools responsibly within the boundaries of regulatory compliance.

Excess return, also known as Alpha, refers to the portion of investment returns that exceeds the overall market’s performance after accounting for market movements. In the crypto industry, Alpha typically represents outperformance relative to Bitcoin or sector indices, driven by advantages in strategy, research, and execution. Achieving Alpha involves selecting an appropriate benchmark, managing risk, and using data-driven validation and ongoing review. Alpha is inherently volatile and influenced by market cycles, liquidity conditions, and information asymmetry. On exchanges, Alpha often manifests through a combination of asset selection, market timing, and effective hedging strategies.

In the context of investing, allocation refers to the process of distributing capital across different assets and strategies according to specific goals and risk tolerance, while setting proportions and rebalancing rules. This includes cash, bonds, stocks, crypto assets, and stablecoins. Allocation addresses questions such as “what to invest in,” “how much of each,” and “when to adjust,” factoring in both time horizons and liquidity needs—for example, emergency funds, long-term growth positions, and dollar-cost averaging schedules. The goal is to maintain controlled risk and a more stable path to returns, even as market conditions fluctuate.

Audit refers to the independent examination and verification of funds, code, and business processes, with the goal of identifying risks and providing actionable recommendations for improvement. In the crypto industry, audit commonly means smart contract audit, proof of reserves verification for exchanges, and financial compliance audits for projects. Auditing is frequently required for token listings, DeFi protocol launches, cross-chain bridge deployments, and transparent disclosure of user assets.

All-Time High (ATH) refers to the highest recorded trading price of an asset since its initial listing, measured in a specific unit of account. ATH is a key metric for assessing market trends, valuation stages, and overall sentiment. In the crypto market, the displayed ATH value may vary slightly across different exchanges and trading pairs. It is commonly seen on spot candlestick charts and market overview cards, signaling when an asset reaches a new all-time high. Media outlets and research reports frequently reference ATH data for analysis and reporting.

An address serves as an identity number on a blockchain, used for sending and receiving assets or interacting with smart contracts. Typically, it is derived from a public key and represented as a string, with formats varying by blockchain—for example, Ethereum addresses start with 0x, while Bitcoin addresses commonly use Base58 or Bech32 encoding. An address is not the same as a private key; the private key acts like a password that determines control over the assets. Addresses can refer to both individual user accounts and the unique identifiers of smart contracts. When depositing or withdrawing assets on exchanges such as Gate, it is crucial to select the correct network, fill in any required Memo fields, and carefully verify the address.

An arbitrageur is an individual who takes advantage of price, rate, or execution sequence discrepancies between different markets or instruments by simultaneously buying and selling to lock in a stable profit margin. In the context of crypto and Web3, arbitrage opportunities can arise across spot and derivatives markets on exchanges, between AMM liquidity pools and order books, or across cross-chain bridges and private mempools. The primary objective is to maintain market neutrality while managing risk and costs.

An agent is an intermediary authorized by a brand or organization to expand business, conduct sales, or provide services on its behalf, typically compensated through commissions or fees. In the context of Web3, agents often play roles such as exchange brokerage, fiat on-ramp facilitation, mining equipment and node service provisioning, with a focus on marketing, contracting, and customer support. Their actions are governed by contractual obligations and compliance requirements, usually necessitating qualification reviews and clearly defined scopes of authority.

Altcoin refers to any cryptocurrency token other than Bitcoin, encompassing a wide range of assets such as smart contract platform tokens, decentralized finance (DeFi) governance tokens, stablecoins, and meme coins. Altcoins serve various functions, including trading, payments, voting, and providing incentives within different blockchain ecosystems. Compared to Bitcoin, altcoins tend to exhibit higher price volatility and faster-changing narratives, offering new opportunities while also presenting increased risks. They are widely used both on centralized exchanges and across on-chain applications.

An aggregator is a tool that consolidates prices, data, or yields from multiple on-chain or off-chain sources into a single access point. Similar to navigation software that selects optimal routes, aggregators compare quotes across different DEXs and liquidity pools before executing trades. They can also integrate market information and yield strategies, making them common features in wallets, DeFi applications, and trading interfaces.

Growth refers to the ongoing increase of a particular metric over time, with common indicators including user base, protocol revenue, trading volume, price, and total value locked (TVL). In investment and Web3 contexts, growth is driven by expanding use cases and network effects, while also being influenced by token supply and demand dynamics as well as protocol mechanisms. Growth is typically measured using metrics such as growth rate and compound annual growth rate (CAGR). It is important to analyze both on-chain data and exchange market activity to assess the quality of growth, and to be cautious of activity-driven artificial growth and related risks.

Altcoins refer to all cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin, encompassing tokens used in payments, gaming, DeFi, and other sectors. These digital assets are typically issued on various blockchains and are traded both on exchanges and on-chain. Altcoins exhibit a wide range of functionalities and generally experience higher price volatility. They include public blockchain tokens, layer 2 network tokens, stablecoins, and meme coins. The total market capitalization of altcoins fluctuates with market cycles. Users usually acquire altcoins through exchanges or participate directly on-chain, but should be mindful of regulatory compliance, liquidity, and security risks.

Compound interest refers to the process where interest continuously accumulates according to a set schedule and may be combined with the principal to generate additional interest. This mechanism not only impacts your total returns but also determines the payout frequency. In traditional finance, compound interest is commonly seen in deposits and bond interest calculations, while in the crypto industry, it applies to lending protocols, staking rewards, and exchange-based investment products. Factors such as APR versus APY, as well as daily versus monthly interest settlement, will affect how compound interest is realized.

An agency in the Web3 ecosystem serves as an external partner responsible for localized user acquisition, service delivery, and operational execution for platforms or projects. Positioned between brands and end users or businesses, agencies typically handle tasks such as marketing campaigns, fiat on-ramp integration, compliance support, and management of offline channels. Their revenue streams often include commissions, profit-sharing arrangements, or service fees. While agencies are not part of the project’s core team, they operate according to predefined standards and are subject to performance evaluations.

The definition of a merger refers to the process where two companies agree to combine into a single entity, with shareholders and assets converted proportionally, and operations as well as finances managed under unified control. Mergers are common in M&A (mergers and acquisitions) transactions. Unlike acquisitions, mergers emphasize equal integration between the parties involved. Key aspects of mergers include valuation, synergy realization, arrangements involving cash or share swaps, antitrust approval, and consolidated accounting. Additionally, mergers impact stock prices, debt terms, and investor rights.

Astroturfing, or fake hype, refers to artificially creating the appearance of “grassroots community support” using technical means and concentrated resources. This tactic is commonly seen in token launches, NFT minting events, airdrops, and governance votes. By leveraging bot accounts, paid posts, data manipulation, and wash trading, actors generate artificial buzz around discussions and transactions. These methods can influence prices and decision-making processes, making it easy for newcomers to misjudge the true value of a project.

Allocation refers to the process of distributing resources or capital according to predefined rules and objectives across different "buckets" in order to manage risk and achieve expected returns. In traditional investing, allocation typically means determining the proportion of cash, bonds, stocks, and other assets within a portfolio. In the Web3 ecosystem, allocation involves arranging how tokens are distributed among the team, investors, community members, and incentive programs. This process is often governed by smart contracts, which execute token release schedules transparently; the transparency and method of execution play a crucial role in establishing trustworthiness.

An alphanumeric string is a sequence of characters composed of English letters and numbers, commonly used in blockchain and Web3 to represent wallet addresses, transaction hashes, smart contract addresses, and order numbers. These identifiers are designed for efficient machine processing and to minimize input errors. They typically follow specific encoding and checksum rules to enhance reliability. Users frequently encounter these strings when depositing, withdrawing, transferring assets, or searching transaction records.

Quota refers to the maximum limit set by a platform or protocol on available resources, such as the number of actions, quantity, amount, or rate. Quotas are designed to manage system load, prevent abuse, and ensure fairness for all users. In the crypto industry, quotas are commonly applied to exchange withdrawals and subscriptions, API call frequency, node requests, NFT minting, airdrop allocations, and staking rewards. These limits directly impact user participation efficiency and transaction costs. Understanding the meaning of quota allows you to better plan your activities, avoid restrictions, and increase your limits through compliant methods—such as completing KYC verification, holding the platform’s native tokens, or upgrading your API plan.

Accrued payables refer to expenses or obligations that have been incurred but not yet paid. These are first recognized on the books as liabilities to be settled in the future through cash payments or offsets. Common scenarios include wages, service fees, interest, and contract funding rates. Accrued payables are recorded using the accrual accounting principle, ensuring financial statements reflect the true economic situation and supporting more accurate budgeting, valuation, and risk management.

An abstract blockchain conceals the differences between multiple blockchains behind a unified interface, enabling users and developers to transact, deploy, and interact across chains without needing to worry about which specific blockchain they are using. By leveraging a modular architecture, cross-chain messaging, and account abstraction, it automatically selects optimal transaction paths and manages gas fees. This approach delivers a consistent user experience for deposits, transfers, and application calls.

Absolute return is an investment strategy focused on consistently growing the net asset value of an account, without benchmarking against any index. In the crypto market, investors often employ methods such as spot and futures hedging, funding rate and basis arbitrage, stablecoin lending, and structured products. The goal is to achieve relatively stable returns across different market conditions, with an emphasis on volatility control and drawdown management.

Risk-taking refers to the deliberate acceptance of uncertainty in investment and trading, where both losses and returns are possible outcomes. In the Web3 context, risk-taking encompasses exposure to token price volatility, liquidation thresholds in lending activities, impermanent loss from market making, and vulnerabilities in smart contract code. Managing risk effectively relies on setting limits, applying stop-loss strategies, diversification, and utilizing risk management tools.

The Advance-Decline Index is a metric used to gauge market breadth by tracking the number of assets rising versus those falling within a specific time frame. It presents this data as a ratio or difference, helping to determine whether market gains are broad-based or driven by a handful of assets. Typically, the index uses a sample such as the exchange leaderboard or the top 100 assets by market capitalization, excluding stablecoins from the calculation. Price trends and trading volume are often incorporated as additional factors to support decision-making.

Acquisition premium refers to the amount a buyer is willing to pay above the target’s current price or valuation in order to gain control, facilitate the transaction, or capture synergies. This concept is common in public company mergers and acquisitions, private tender offers, and is increasingly seen in Web3 projects involving token acquisitions and team integrations. The acquisition premium is influenced by factors such as potential synergies, bidding competition, payment methods, and regulatory constraints. It can vary significantly across different market segments. Understanding the sources and calculation of acquisition premiums is essential for evaluating the fairness and risks of an offer.

Accrued liabilities refer to obligations that a business has incurred but not yet paid, such as wages, interest, and taxes. Whether these are classified as current liabilities depends on whether they are expected to be settled within one year or one operating cycle. Most accrued liabilities are related to day-to-day operations, have short payment cycles, and are typically listed as current liabilities to accurately align expense recognition with liability matching. In trading platforms or Web3 projects, pending rewards, commission payouts, and consultancy fees can also create accrued liabilities, which usually impact short-term liquidity and capital management.

Average Annual Growth is a metric that calculates the mean yearly return of an asset over a specified period, distributing total gains evenly across years to eliminate short-term volatility effects and provide a more objective assessment of long-term investment performance. Typically expressed as Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), calculated as (Final Value/Initial Value)^(1/Number of Years)-1, it is widely used in cryptocurrency markets to compare the long-term investment value of different digital assets

Asset-backed lending refers to obtaining funds or stablecoins by using existing assets as collateral. Common forms of collateral include real estate, securities, or crypto assets. Platforms set loan-to-value (LTV) ratios and interest rates, and continuously monitor the value of the collateral. If the collateral’s price falls below a specified threshold, liquidation may be triggered. Asset-backed lending is used in both traditional banking and DeFi to access liquidity without selling underlying assets.

The average selling price refers to the weighted mean price of a set of completed sales, typically calculated based on the quantity of each transaction. This metric is used to assess the overall level and execution quality of sales during a specific event or time period. Its definition may vary across exchanges, NFT marketplaces, and DeFi pools, so understanding these differences is crucial for analyzing phased asset liquidation, evaluating changes in market demand, and informing pricing strategies and risk management decisions.

The annual growth rate represents the total change over a specific period, expressed as if the value grew at a constant rate each year, incorporating the concept of compound interest where earnings are reinvested. This approach makes multi-year results more intuitive and comparable. It is commonly used to evaluate long-term performance metrics such as asset returns, business scale, and Web3 indicators like token prices, total value locked (TVL), and user activity.

The account recovery page serves as the entry point and process for users to regain access to their accounts after losing a password, device, or access privileges. It supports both centralized platforms—typically through email or mobile verification—and self-custody wallets by enabling control restoration via mnemonic phrases, social recovery, or multi-party computation (MPC). Its design must strike a balance between security and convenience, effectively mitigating risks such as phishing and impersonation.

Quota refers to the maximum quantity or frequency limit set by a platform or protocol for a specific operation. Common examples include withdrawal limits, subscription caps, API rate limits, and NFT minting slots. Quotas are used for resource allocation and risk management, determining who can perform certain actions, how much they can do, and how often. Typically, quotas are influenced by factors such as KYC level, asset holdings, VIP tier, or paid subscription plans, and are dynamically adjusted on a periodic basis.

A consortium blockchain is a blockchain network jointly maintained by multiple organizations, where participation is permissioned and both data access and smart contract execution are subject to access controls. This model balances the benefits of a shared ledger with enhanced privacy protection, making it well-suited for cross-organizational collaboration in areas such as supply chain management, financial settlement, and government data exchange. Consortium blockchains typically implement multi-party consensus mechanisms and identity authentication, with network nodes operated by member entities. Transactions are auditable within the consortium but remain hidden from external parties, making this approach ideal for environments with stable rules and clear regulatory requirements. However, organizations must also consider governance and compliance costs when adopting this structure.

AI security technology refers to a set of methods leveraging artificial intelligence and engineering solutions to safeguard models, data, users, and business operations. This includes attack detection, privacy protection, compliance review, and operational isolation. In crypto and Web3 applications, AI security is commonly used for exchange risk management, wallet anti-phishing, smart contract audit support, and content moderation, helping to reduce risks of fraud and data breaches.

A claim address refers to the blockchain wallet address you use to receive assets that require an active claim action. Typically, this is your wallet address on a specific network. Claim addresses are commonly utilized in scenarios such as airdrops, rewards, or NFT minting, where you may need to initiate a transaction on the contract page and pay gas fees. It is important to select the correct network and token standard to ensure that assets are delivered successfully and become usable.

ATOM is the native token of the Cosmos Hub, serving multiple key functions within the network. It is primarily used to secure the network through Proof of Stake (PoS) staking, participate in on-chain governance voting, pay transaction fees, and support interoperability across blockchains via the IBC (Inter-Blockchain Communication) protocol. Holders can delegate their tokens to validators to earn block rewards, but should be mindful of factors such as inflation, unbonding periods, and slashing risks. ATOM is fundamentally positioned as a “network security and governance asset,” playing a foundational role in liquidity provision and settlement across multi-chain applications.

Anonymity refers to the state in which your on-chain or platform activities do not directly reveal your real-world identity. In the crypto space, wallet addresses do not contain personal names, and transactions can be separated from identity-verified accounts. However, KYC (Know Your Customer) procedures and risk controls implemented by exchanges can impact the level of achievable anonymity. Anonymity is closely linked to asset security, privacy protection, and regulatory compliance risks. It is commonly associated with self-custodial wallets, decentralized finance (DeFi), and technologies such as zero-knowledge proofs.

Alpha (Finance) refers to excess returns relative to a market benchmark. In the context of crypto, it commonly describes additional profits gained through superior information, strategic approaches, or structural incentives. Alpha typically arises from early participation in blockchain ecosystems, airdrop campaigns, liquidity mining, or event-driven trading, and relies on verifiable records as well as rigorous risk management implementation.

Airdrops are events where crypto projects distribute tokens or NFTs to users for free. This strategy is commonly used to reward early adopters, attract new users, or promote wider token decentralization. Typical distribution methods include allocations based on wallet snapshot holdings, claiming through on-chain task completion, or rewarding community contributions. Airdrops reduce user acquisition costs and broaden participation in decentralized governance. After receiving an airdrop, tokens can be traded on exchanges or used in DeFi activities.

Asymmetric encryption algorithms are a category of cryptographic techniques that utilize a pair of keys working together: a public key, which is openly shared for encryption or signature verification, and a private key, which is kept secret for decryption or digital signing. These algorithms are widely used in blockchain applications such as wallet address generation, transaction signing, smart contract access control, and cross-chain message authentication, providing secure identity and authorization mechanisms for open networks. Unlike symmetric encryption, asymmetric encryption is often combined with symmetric methods to balance performance and security.

An accidental fork refers to a situation where a blockchain is temporarily split into two or more parallel chains due to unplanned events such as network latency, software bugs, or inconsistent node versions. This can impact transaction confirmations and the time it takes for transfers to be finalized, and may trigger block reorganizations and rollbacks. Miners or validators will eventually converge on a single chain to restore consensus. Exchanges like Gate typically increase the required number of confirmations or suspend deposits to reduce risk and wait for network agreement. Common resolution mechanisms include the longest chain rule and finality checks in proof-of-stake networks, both of which help the network quickly converge to a single ledger.

Asset tokens refer to digital certificates created by registering real-world assets—such as gold, government bonds, or fund shares—on a blockchain. These tokens enable fractional ownership, 24/7 settlement, and smart contract automation. Asset tokens can be traded on exchanges and within decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms, and can be redeemed for the underlying asset according to rules set by the issuer. Common use cases include earning interest, collateralized lending, and cross-border fund transfers.

Axie Infinity is an on-chain game centered around NFT pets known as Axies. Players participate in its economic system by collecting, battling, and breeding Axies, with related tokens including AXS and SLP. The game operates on the Ronin network, where asset ownership is recorded on-chain. Rewards and marketplace trading are integrated, and users can trade tokens on exchanges such as Gate to manage participation costs.

An algorithmic stablecoin is a type of cryptocurrency that uses programmed rules to regulate supply and demand, aiming to keep its price pegged to a target value—typically $1 USD. Common mechanisms include adjusting token supply, collateralized minting and burning, and dual-token models for risk absorption. Algorithmic stablecoins are used in DeFi applications such as settlement, market making, and yield strategies, but they face risks like price depegging and liquidity challenges. Compared to fiat-backed stablecoins, algorithmic stablecoins rely more heavily on on-chain mechanisms and incentive structures, resulting in a narrower margin for error.

Anti-Money Laundering (AML) refers to a set of protocols adopted by banks, exchanges, and blockchain platforms to identify, monitor, and intercept illicit funds. AML encompasses customer onboarding verification, transaction analysis, and the reporting of suspicious activities, all aimed at preventing criminal proceeds from entering or moving through the financial system. As crypto assets become increasingly cross-border and decentralized, AML works in conjunction with KYC procedures, blockchain analytics, and travel rule compliance to ensure the stability and security of both users and the broader market.

An attack path refers to the sequence of steps and entry points an attacker takes from initial contact with you to ultimately stealing your assets. This path may involve elements such as smart contracts, wallet signatures and authorizations, cross-chain bridges, or front-end web interfaces. Understanding the concept of attack paths is crucial for identifying risk signals and taking timely preventive actions when using self-custody wallets, participating in DeFi, or withdrawing and interacting with assets from Gate.

Autonomy refers to a protocol's ability to operate and make decisions on-chain based on transparent, predefined rules, minimizing reliance on a single administrator. This is achieved through the automatic execution of smart contracts, token-based voting within DAOs, permission controls such as multisignature and timelock mechanisms, as well as integration with oracles and automated tasks. For users, autonomy affects usability and censorship resistance; for developers, it influences upgrade procedures, parameter adjustments, and overall transparency.

AMA, or "Ask Me Anything," refers to a community-focused online Q&A session where project teams answer user questions about their products, roadmap, and associated risks in real time on designated platforms. Common formats include live audio on Twitter Spaces and text-based sessions on Telegram. AMAs help newcomers quickly gain an intuitive understanding of a project, but they do not constitute investment advice; users should always consider additional resources such as whitepapers and code audits for comprehensive evaluation.

An API serves as an agreed-upon interface between applications. In the Web3 ecosystem, APIs connect wallets, decentralized applications (DApps), blockchain nodes, exchanges, and other services. Through APIs, programs can access blockchain and asset data, subscribe to price and order updates, initiate orders or sign transactions, and return the results. Whether building data dashboards, trading bots, or integrating payment solutions, APIs are essential tools at the core of these operations.

Arbitrage refers to a trading strategy that exploits price differences for the same asset across different platforms or contract types, buying low and selling high to capture the spread. In the crypto industry, arbitrage is commonly practiced between centralized exchanges and on-chain transactions, as well as through combinations of spot trading and perpetual contracts. The primary goal is to generate stable returns without taking directional market risk. However, traders must carefully manage factors such as transaction fees, transfer times, and liquidity risks. Popular arbitrage methods include triangular arbitrage and funding rate arbitrage. These approaches require fast execution and real-time data monitoring. Arbitrage strategies are well-suited for platforms like Gate and DeFi protocols but demand thorough evaluation of compliance requirements and system stability before implementation.

Algorand (symbol: ALGO) is a foundational public blockchain designed for global payments and decentralized applications. It utilizes a Pure Proof-of-Stake (PPoS) consensus mechanism, combining Byzantine Agreement (BA*) protocols with cryptographic sortition via Verifiable Random Function (VRF). This approach randomly selects token holders to participate in block production and validation, enabling fast transactions and low fees. Algorand supports smart contracts and asset issuance, making it suitable for payment settlements, tokenized assets, and the deployment of decentralized applications (dApps).

Alpha, or excess return, refers to the portion of profit your strategy generates beyond a chosen market benchmark. In other words, it is the return that remains after accounting for overall market movements, often reflecting the effectiveness of asset selection, timing, or strategy design. In crypto markets, Bitcoin (BTC) or sector indexes are commonly used as benchmarks to evaluate whether a strategy truly delivers additional value.

Cumulative refers to the total amount obtained by adding up individual values over a specific period, commonly seen in metrics such as cumulative returns, cumulative trading volume, and cumulative interest. In both traditional finance and crypto/Web3 environments, cumulative figures help you assess overall performance, maintain accurate records and reconciliations, and provide a foundation for calculating yields and verifying strategy effectiveness.

Airdrops are events where projects distribute tokens or NFTs to users for free. These distributions are typically used to bootstrap a network, reward community contributions, or attract new users. Participation often depends on snapshots that record wallet holdings or interaction history, or by completing specified tasks. Claims are usually made within a limited time window through wallets or exchanges. While airdrops can offer tangible financial benefits, they also involve security, compliance, and tax risks.

Annualized yield refers to the conversion of returns from various time periods into a standardized yearly rate, making it easier to compare the performance of different investments. In both crypto and traditional finance, it is typically displayed on platforms as either APR or APY: APR (Annual Percentage Rate) does not include compounding, while APY (Annual Percentage Yield) accounts for compound interest. Annualized yield is commonly used in staking, financial products, and liquidity provision, helping users assess differences in returns and investment durations.

“Accumulated” is a common term found in financial management and trading interfaces, indicating the total amount that has been recorded and settled up to the current time. It is typically used for tracking earnings, interest, or rewards. This definition differs from “accrued” (amount generated but not yet distributed) and “distributed” (amount already credited). The term is frequently seen on platforms such as Gate Finance, staking, and task reward pages, providing users with a clear overview of results achieved so far.

Active management is an investment approach aimed at outperforming a benchmark through research, market timing, and portfolio rebalancing. In the crypto market, active management can be implemented via trading, grid trading bots, DeFi positions, and strategy vaults. It may be conducted manually or executed through smart contracts. The key elements include clearly defining the reference benchmark and maintaining ongoing risk management.

Active validation services are built upon Ethereum's restaking security and are operated by independent operators who proactively execute slashing-eligible, task-based services. These services are commonly applied in data availability, cross-chain bridges, oracles, and similar use cases, leveraging shared security to reduce the entry barrier for launching new protocols. Within the EigenLayer framework, users can participate in restaking with LSTs or native ETH, while services operate through programmable validation logic and submit results on-chain.

An Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) is a chip custom-designed for a single task. In the crypto industry, ASICs are primarily used for Proof of Work (PoW) mining, such as performing hash computations for Bitcoin. These chips achieve high energy efficiency through fixed circuitry, enabling them to execute massive numbers of repetitive operations at a lower electricity cost. This supports network security and miner profitability. Compared to general-purpose chips like CPUs or GPUs, ASICs optimize their architecture, storage, and data pathways around specific algorithms. They are typically operated in conjunction with mining pools, advanced cooling systems, and stable power supplies, making them suitable for large-scale computational deployments. The use of ASICs can also impact the degree of decentralization and compliance costs within blockchain networks.

An angel investor is an individual who provides early-stage funding to a team using their own capital. In Web3, angel investors may acquire equity in a company or secure rights to receive future tokens through agreements with the project. Beyond capital, angel investors offer valuable industry connections, product guidance, and regulatory expertise. Their support helps projects progress from concept to proof of viability, laying the groundwork for subsequent fundraising rounds and eventual product launch.

An angel investor is an individual who supports startups at a very early stage by providing personal capital and expertise in exchange for equity or future tokens. In the Web3 ecosystem, angel investors commonly participate in seed rounds using instruments such as SAFE or SAFT agreements, helping with product validation, regulatory compliance, and community building. Compared to venture capitalists, angel investors are more flexible, invest smaller amounts but at an earlier phase, and take on higher upfront risks and potential rewards. They also contribute valuable networks and reputation to the project.

An All-Or-None (AON) order is a type of trading instruction that is executed only if the specified quantity and price conditions can be met in a single transaction; otherwise, the order is canceled. AON orders are commonly used in stock and derivatives markets, and some platforms also offer this feature for crypto spot or derivatives trading. This order type is particularly valuable for assets with low liquidity, such as when buying small-cap tokens and aiming for full execution to avoid slippage and multiple transaction fees. However, using AON orders may also result in missed execution opportunities.

An auditor is an independent professional responsible for verifying a company’s financial records, operational processes, or technical systems and delivering a conclusive report. In the crypto sector, auditors also review smart contract code, security configurations, and exchange proof of reserves. By leveraging on-chain data to validate assets and permissions, auditors help projects identify vulnerabilities, reduce risks of attacks and regulatory non-compliance, and enhance overall transparency and trustworthiness.

Alphanumeric combinations are commonly used on-chain strings that uniquely identify addresses, transaction hashes, and contract IDs. They are typically generated through encoding and checksum mechanisms such as hexadecimal, Base58, or Bech32, and may include prefixes or case-sensitive checks to facilitate both machine processing and user verification. You will encounter these combinations during exchange deposits, on-chain transfers, and when searching in blockchain explorers. Understanding their structure and usage can enhance operational accuracy and improve the security of your assets.

Annualization refers to the process of converting interest rates or returns from various periods—such as a week, a month, or a day—into a standardized yearly rate. This allows for fair comparison of returns across different timeframes. In traditional finance products like bank wealth management and mutual funds, as well as in the crypto sector's DeFi staking and lending, annualized rates are commonly used to present expected returns. When evaluating these figures, it is important to distinguish between APR (Annual Percentage Rate) and APY (Annual Percentage Yield), and to consider factors such as compounding, fees, and the duration of the investment.

An API serves as a standardized channel for exchanging data and instructions between applications—essentially acting as a service interface that transforms requests into results and returns them to the requester. In Web3, on-chain nodes utilize RPC-type APIs to query balances and send transactions. Exchanges such as Gate offer REST and WebSocket APIs for accessing market data and placing orders, while wallets and trading bots leverage APIs to enable automation. Understanding APIs is a fundamental skill for connecting blockchain networks with market applications.

Accrued revenue refers to income that a business has earned by delivering goods or providing services, but for which payment has not yet been received. In accordance with the accrual basis of accounting, this revenue is recognized once the performance obligation is satisfied. Accrued revenue distinguishes between “earned” and “received” income, recording them separately. This concept commonly applies to scenarios such as monthly recognition for subscription services, project-based milestone payments, and the time-based accumulation of on-chain lending or staking rewards. Accrued revenue helps present a more accurate picture of a company’s actual operating performance.

Antitrust refers to measures that prevent any single entity from gaining excessive control over a market, with the goal of preserving competition and consumer choice. In Web3, antitrust concerns are particularly relevant to areas such as wallets, stablecoins, oracles, and node services, where concentration can affect liquidity, security, and transaction fees. Understanding antitrust principles helps users and projects minimize single points of dependency and enhance overall resilience.

Interest accrual refers to the continuous accumulation of earnings on capital over a period of time at a specified interest rate, which can be calculated as either simple interest or compound interest. This concept is commonly found in bank deposits and bond coupon payments, and is widely applied in DeFi lending and yield products. Interest is typically updated on a daily, block-by-block, or per-second basis. On platforms or blockchain protocols, interest is first accrued based on account balances, then periodically settled or rolled into the principal to enable compounding. Variations in accrual frequency and rate can lead to significant differences in returns. Understanding interest accrual is essential for evaluating APR vs. APY, estimating actual returns, and managing risk.

In investment and crypto contexts, “cumulative” refers to the total amount obtained by summing multiple changes over a period of time, often used to measure returns, net asset value, or trading volume. For example, by including daily price fluctuations, distributions, and fees, you can calculate cumulative returns or cumulative net asset value for a given timeframe. This approach helps review the performance of strategies and assess product value, but it is important to clearly define the time period and calculation methodology.

Algorithmic crypto assets are token systems where issuance and adjustment rules are encoded into smart contracts, allowing algorithms to execute these processes automatically on-chain. By modifying supply, mint-and-burn mechanisms, or rebasing, these assets aim to maintain a target price or asset weighting, commonly seen in algorithmic stablecoins and rebasing tokens. Use cases include payments, liquidity management, and index tracking, but different designs come with distinct risks.

An amended tax return is an official document used to correct previously filed tax reports, applicable when income, costs, or deductions were underreported or misreported. For those involved in Web3 activities—such as token trading, staking rewards, airdrops, and NFT sales—it serves to reconcile on-chain and platform records, improving reporting accuracy and reducing compliance and interest risks. The required forms and deadlines vary by country.

The average sale price refers to the mean value of actual transaction prices for items sold within a specified period or sample set. It is used to represent the typical transaction level for a particular type of product or asset. In Web3 contexts, the average sale price is commonly applied to metrics such as the average selling price of NFT collections or user accounts. The calculation includes only completed sales and excludes listing prices; it typically incorporates factors such as time windows, currency conversions, and adjustments for transaction fees.

Aggregate demand refers to the total amount that households, businesses, governments, and foreign buyers are willing to pay for goods and services within an economy at a given overall price level. It combines consumption, investment, government expenditure, and net exports to assess economic momentum, inflationary pressures, and changes in employment. Aggregate demand is frequently used by policymakers and investors to gauge the current phase of the economic cycle and associated risks.

The Average Directional Index (ADX) is a technical indicator used to assess whether a market is trending and to measure the strength of that trend. Developed by Welles Wilder, the ADX value ranges from 0 to 100 and does not indicate trend direction by itself. It is typically analyzed alongside the +DI and -DI indicators. In both crypto and stock trading, ADX helps traders identify trending phases and filter out sideways market noise. Common threshold values are 20 or 25 and above, which suggest the formation of a trend, while readings over 40 indicate a strong trend. Across different timeframes, the ADX can also support the development of entry and position management strategies.

Annualized yield refers to the process of standardizing returns from different timeframes into a yearly rate, allowing for horizontal comparison of product performance. It does not represent guaranteed returns. In traditional finance, annualized yield is commonly used in wealth management and lending, while in Web3 it frequently appears in staking, lending, and market making. This metric is typically shown as APR (Annual Percentage Rate, which excludes compounding) or APY (Annual Percentage Yield, which includes compounding). Understanding the difference between APR and APY is crucial for assessing strategies and risks.

"Going all-in with your entire account" refers to committing all available funds in your account to a single trade or position, often seen in spot trading with large positions or leveraged perpetual contracts. The term originates from poker's "all-in" move, signaling a highly concentrated risk and reduced ability to withstand market volatility. When the price moves unfavorably, this strategy is more likely to trigger liquidation or lead to significant drawdowns. In social contexts, "going all-in" is typically an emotional rallying cry rather than a sound portfolio management practice. Understanding the differences between stop-loss, isolated margin, and cross margin modes can help you avoid mistaking "all-in" strategies as a replicable approach.

Altcoin traders are participants who focus on trading crypto assets other than Bitcoin, often seeking arbitrage opportunities among mid- and small-cap coins with higher volatility. They implement strategies through spot trading, swing trading, or derivatives, paying close attention to liquidity, slippage, and risk management. By leveraging exchanges and on-chain tools, their trading decisions are driven by data and systematic rules.

Atomic swaps are a peer-to-peer method for directly exchanging assets between two separate blockchains, using smart contracts to ensure that transactions are either fully completed by both parties or not executed at all. This process does not rely on custodial platforms or cross-chain bridges. Instead, it typically utilizes Hash Time-Locked Contracts (HTLCs) to safeguard the funds of both participants. Atomic swaps are particularly suitable for small to medium-sized cross-chain exchanges and over-the-counter (OTC) settlements.

Convenience sampling is a method used to quickly select samples from easily accessible users or data when time or resources are limited. A sample refers to a small subset of respondents, while the population includes all relevant users. In the context of Web3, for example, collecting feedback via on-site pop-up surveys during Gate's beta feature rollout can accelerate product iteration. However, findings from such samples may not fully represent the entire population, so it is important to acknowledge these limitations.

Antpool is a leading mining pool service operated by Bitmain, aggregating global miners' hash power and distributing block rewards and transaction fees based on individual contributions. It offers multiple payout methods, including PPS (Pay Per Share), FPPS (Full Pay Per Share), and PPLNS (Pay Per Last N Shares), along with real-time monitoring and risk management tools. Antpool supports connections from Antminer devices and other compatible hardware. Beginners can join pooled mining by registering an account, setting a worker name, and linking a payment address. However, users should pay attention to factors such as pool fee rates, minimum payout thresholds, and account security. The typical workflow also includes selecting the cryptocurrency to mine and the pool URL, enabling two-factor authentication for login, and setting a payment threshold. Mining earnings may fluctuate due to market conditions, hash rate concentration, and compliance requirements.

Advance-decline indicators are a category of breadth tools used to measure how many assets in the market are rising versus falling. By counting the number or trading volume of advancing and declining assets, these indicators assess the level of participation and the overall health of a trend. Commonly used in both stock and crypto markets, examples include the advance-decline difference, advance-decline ratio, advance-decline line, and up/down volume. These metrics can be roughly calculated from exchange market data pages or custom watchlists, helping traders identify whether gains are concentrated in a few assets or detect potential divergences.

Alan Greenspan is the former Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve, serving from 1987 to 2006. His decisions on interest rates and policy signals significantly influenced global capital costs and risk appetite, and are often referenced when analyzing asset bubbles and episodes of "irrational exuberance." Understanding Greenspan’s approach and central bank logic can help explain why crypto assets are highly sensitive to U.S. dollar interest rates, the U.S. Dollar Index, and overall liquidity conditions—knowledge that can enhance trading strategies and risk management.

Validators are participants in a blockchain responsible for proposing and confirming new blocks, commonly found in Proof-of-Stake (PoS) networks. They operate nodes, stake tokens, and adhere to consensus rules to earn on-chain rewards, while also bearing the risk of penalties and slashing. Within ecosystems like Ethereum and Cosmos, validators play a crucial role in maintaining network security and availability. Regular users can participate by delegating their tokens to validators, allowing them to earn rewards as well.

Asset swaps refer to the practice of exchanging an asset or its cash flow for another asset or cash flow that better aligns with specific objectives. In traditional finance, asset swaps are commonly used to convert the yield structure of fixed-rate bonds into floating-rate returns. On the blockchain, asset swaps typically involve trading one token or cross-chain asset for another, serving purposes such as portfolio rebalancing, hedging, and liquidity management. Key considerations include transaction fees, slippage, and security.

Alternative investments refer to asset classes that fall outside of traditional categories such as stocks, bonds, and cash. In the Web3 context, alternative investments encompass cryptocurrencies, NFTs, decentralized finance (DeFi), and the tokenization of real-world assets. This approach allows rights to assets such as artwork, bond yields, or real estate income to be represented as tokens, with smart contracts automatically distributing interest or fees. Key features include diversification, transparent settlement, and global accessibility; however, it is important to assess volatility, compliance, and technical risks.

Assuming risk refers to accepting uncertainty and potential losses in investment, in exchange for possible returns. In the Web3 context, risks arise from price volatility, smart contract vulnerabilities, insufficient liquidity, and regulatory changes. Careful position management, stop-loss strategies, and diversified allocation—combined with thorough due diligence on projects and platforms—can make risk-taking more manageable rather than relying solely on luck.

Antitrust law refers to a set of legal rules designed to preserve market competition. Its main objective is to prevent companies from limiting consumer choice and innovation through price-fixing, exclusive partnerships, or abusing their dominant market position. In the context of Web3, antitrust law examines whether entities such as exchanges, mining pools, or default wallet configurations create “single points of control,” which could lead to higher costs and stifled innovation.

A bear market trap refers to situations during a prolonged downward market trend where temporary signals suggest stabilization or recovery—such as low-volume rebounds, short-lived price surges driven by news, or false breakouts at key levels. These signals entice investors to buy the dip, only for prices to weaken again afterward. Bear market traps are often characterized by low risk appetite, tightening liquidity, and increased volatility. Recognizing these features can help optimize trading strategies and position management.

Blue laser eyes are a popular profile picture effect within the crypto community, featuring two blue beams shooting from the eyes to signal strong support or a bullish outlook for a particular coin or project. Originating from the “laser eyes” internet meme, this visual trend resurfaces across platforms like Twitter during various market cycles. It is often paired with hashtags and community campaigns to foster a sense of identity and increase engagement around specific topics. For newcomers, blue laser eyes do not involve trading or technical aspects; instead, they serve as a unifying symbol that makes it easier to join conversations and connect with like-minded individuals.

The Bitcoin Virtual Machine refers to an “engine” within the Bitcoin ecosystem that enables the execution of programmable logic, effectively extending Bitcoin’s simplified scripting capabilities into a full application layer. This virtual machine can operate through on-chain scripts, sidechains, or Layer 2 solutions. By anchoring or submitting proofs to the main chain, it leverages Bitcoin’s security while supporting use cases such as automated payments, lending, and asset issuance—all with minimal compromise to network security.

A Bitcoin flash crash refers to a rapid and significant drop in price within a very short time frame, often accompanied by a surge in trading volume, a sudden decrease in market depth, and forced liquidations of leveraged positions. Multiple factors can trigger such an event, including unexpected news, large sell orders, and capital outflows, impacting both spot and derivatives trading. Price declines propagate quickly through the order book, with slippage and liquidations accelerating the downward momentum. For newcomers, recognizing warning signals, setting stop-loss orders, and practicing effective capital allocation are essential strategies to mitigate the risks associated with a Bitcoin flash crash.

The BNB Smart Chain Explorer is a public query tool designed for the BNB Smart Chain, enabling users to view on-chain data such as addresses, transactions, blocks, tokens, and smart contracts. Functioning like a public records system, it allows anyone to verify if funds have been received by entering a transaction hash or address, check whether a contract has been verified, determine if a token follows the BEP-20 standard, and access key details like gas fees and transaction status. During BSC deposits and withdrawals on Gate, as well as in DeFi interactions and NFT trading, the explorer is commonly used for tracking transaction progress, identifying potential risks, and assisting with development and debugging tasks.

Backward compatibility refers to the ability of a protocol or software, after being upgraded, to correctly process transactions, data formats, and interface calls from older versions. This ensures that existing wallets, nodes, smart contracts, and APIs can continue to operate without immediate modifications. Backward compatibility is especially crucial in blockchain soft forks, the evolution of token standards, updates to chain support by exchanges and wallets, and API version iterations. It helps minimize disruptions, errors, and financial risks associated with upgrades, while ensuring that legacy transactions are properly processed and older interfaces remain functional.

The all-time low price of Bitcoin refers to the lowest publicly recorded trading price or the lowest point on a candlestick chart, denominated in a specific currency (such as USD or USDT) and within the context of a particular exchange. Due to fragmented records in the early days, varying calculation standards, and differences in liquidity and pricing across platforms, there is no single universally accepted all-time low—different exchanges may report different figures. This metric is commonly used to review market cycle bottoms, estimate maximum drawdown, compare price behavior, and conduct risk assessments.

A Bitcoin debit card is a payment tool that connects your Bitcoin holdings to traditional payment networks. You can load Bitcoin onto the card account or link your wallet, and when you make a purchase, your Bitcoin is automatically converted into fiat currency at the real-time exchange rate. Merchants receive local currencies such as CNY or USD. Bitcoin debit cards typically require KYC verification and support online shopping, POS transactions, and ATM withdrawals. They are ideal for using crypto assets for everyday expenses and travel.

Base Mainnet is a Layer 2 network built on Ethereum, initiated by Coinbase and powered by the OP Stack optimistic rollup architecture. It bundles multiple transactions together before submitting them to Ethereum, which helps reduce gas fees and increases confirmation speed. Users pay gas fees in ETH on Base Mainnet, as there is no native token. The network is fully compatible with Ethereum tools and smart contract ecosystems, making it well-suited for high-frequency use cases such as payments, social platforms, and DeFi applications.

The maximum supply of Bitcoin is set by its protocol at 21 million coins. This issuance cap is enforced through a fixed block reward halving schedule, consensus validation by full nodes, and the underlying source code rules, making it impossible for anyone to create additional coins beyond this limit. The maximum supply directly impacts Bitcoin’s inflation rate, scarcity, and valuation. Unlike the circulating supply commonly referenced on exchanges, coins that are lost or locked for extended periods do not alter this upper limit. Understanding this distinction when viewing market data on Gate can help in assessing Bitcoin’s long-term scarcity.

Basis points and percentage points are both units used to describe changes in percentages, but they emphasize different aspects. A basis point represents the smallest increment of 0.01% and is commonly applied for fine-tuning interest rates, fees, and yields. In contrast, a percentage point refers to the direct difference between two percentage values; for example, an increase in annual yield from 5% to 6% means a rise of 1 percentage point, which equals 100 basis points. Understanding these distinctions is essential for interpreting crypto market funding rates, borrowing costs, and transaction fee announcements.

A benchmark index is a weighted portfolio of representative assets used as a reference point for investments. In traditional equity markets, the S&P 500 is commonly used to measure performance, while in the crypto market, indexes can be constructed using BTC, ETH, and other major sectors. Benchmark indexes are essential for evaluating strategy effectiveness, setting return and risk targets, managing deviation, and guiding portfolio rebalancing and disclosure. Both individual and institutional investors require transparent and replicable data sources for comparison to avoid making decisions based on intuition alone.

Byzantine faults refer to the challenges faced by distributed systems when nodes act maliciously or unpredictably, yet the system must still reach a consistent decision. In blockchain consensus mechanisms, Byzantine faults include scenarios such as nodes lying, going offline, or experiencing delays—issues that can affect transaction confirmation and finality. Addressing these challenges relies on Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) algorithms like PBFT and Tendermint, or by increasing security thresholds through Proof of Work (PoW).

Buying the dip refers to purchasing an asset when its price experiences a relative decline, aiming to secure a more favorable entry cost. This strategy is common in the highly volatile crypto markets, relying on price corrections and expectations of long-term growth. However, not every price drop is followed by a rebound. Typical approaches include setting limit orders and buying in tranches, combined with stop-loss strategies and proper fund management. Buying the dip is often used during broad market corrections or in response to news-driven volatility. On Gate, you can optimize execution through advanced order types such as planned orders, grid trading, and recurring buys.

Block.one typically refers to a company in the cryptocurrency sector known for launching the EOS public blockchain software and participating in the large-scale token fundraising events of 2017-2018. Block.one is recognized for its EOSIO technology, which offers high throughput performance, delegated proof-of-stake governance, and active compliance interactions with regulatory authorities. Understanding Block.one is essential for grasping the EOS ecosystem, engaging with its tokens, and identifying associated risks.

Bitcoin transaction ID lookup refers to the process of using a transaction ID (also known as hash or TXID) to check the status, confirmation count, amount, and transaction fees of a transfer on a blockchain explorer. By entering the transaction ID, you can determine whether the transaction has been included in a block, identify the block it belongs to, view associated addresses, and access timestamp records. This method is commonly used to verify deposit arrivals, monitor withdrawal progress, and locate any anomalies.

A Bitcoin address serves as the “account” for receiving and sending Bitcoin. It is derived from a public key and includes a checksum for error detection. Common formats start with “1”, “3”, or “bc1”. The address specifies where Bitcoin is sent and is widely used for deposits and withdrawals on exchanges, as well as for peer-to-peer transfers. Bitcoin addresses are immutable; transactions sent to the wrong address are typically irreversible. Avoiding address reuse can enhance both privacy and security.

Bitcoin maximalists are a group within the crypto community who advocate an exclusive belief in Bitcoin. They regard Bitcoin as both digital gold and the ultimate monetary standard, emphasizing its decentralization and scarcity. Highly skeptical of other crypto assets, Bitcoin maximalists are active on social media platforms, influencing discussions and investment decisions. Their approach typically involves long-term holding and self-custody of their assets.

A one-time application account is a wallet or smart account temporarily generated by an application for use during a specific session or task, with controlled permissions and limited validity. This type of account is often combined with session keys and account abstraction, allowing the application to sponsor a small amount of gas fees on behalf of the user. This lowers the entry barrier for newcomers and enhances privacy protection. After the session ends, assets can be transferred to a regular wallet or trading account, and the one-time account can be reclaimed or invalidated.

BToken is a type of utility token issued around a specific blockchain project, commonly used for paying platform fees, incentivizing participants, and participating in governance voting. It is deployed and transferred on compatible blockchains through smart contracts and can be traded on exchanges at market prices. BToken can also be used to unlock services or receive discounts. Project teams typically define the total supply, circulation arrangements, and burn mechanisms to influence supply and demand as well as market capitalization. Holders may be able to stake tokens as collateral to earn rewards; however, the specific use cases should be confirmed according to the official smart contract and whitepaper.

A buy wall refers to a large cluster of buy orders concentrated near a specific price level. On order books and depth charts, this appears as a prominent "wall," providing support against price declines and influencing trader behavior. Buy walls are often set by large holders or market makers to absorb selling pressure or guide market expectations. However, these orders can be modified or removed at any time, so their impact is not guaranteed.

Bitcoin mining using a personal computer refers to the process of participating in the Bitcoin network’s ledger maintenance with home hardware. This involves continuously performing computations to generate hashes—unique digital fingerprints—while competing with miners worldwide for block rewards and transaction fees. The process relies on the proof-of-work consensus mechanism and often involves collaboration through mining pools. The primary costs include electricity consumption and hardware depreciation. Beginners frequently ask about profitability, optimal equipment setup, and issues related to security and compliance. Following the 2024 halving, block rewards have been reduced to 3.125 BTC, and mining difficulty continues to rise over time. As a result, PC-based Bitcoin mining is now best suited for learning and hands-on experience rather than profit, requiring careful assessment of financial investment and diligent management of wallets and digital assets.

Bitcoin staking refers to locking up your BTC holdings on exchanges or on-chain protocols to earn interest, receive rewards, or use as collateral for loans. Since Bitcoin operates on a proof-of-work consensus mechanism and does not support native staking, common methods include exchange savings products, using BTC as collateral to borrow stablecoins, wrapping BTC into WBTC for participation in DeFi activities across different blockchains, and emerging approaches where BTC is used to secure other networks.

The BlackRock Bitcoin ETF is a spot Bitcoin exchange-traded fund (ETF) issued by BlackRock's iShares division. Investors can trade its shares in their brokerage accounts just like stocks. The fund holds Bitcoin through a regulated custodian, aiming to track the price performance of Bitcoin and provide compliant exposure to traditional investment accounts.

Barter refers to the direct exchange of Asset A for Asset B without using fiat currency or a unit of account. In Web3, this commonly takes place between wallets, involving swaps of tokens or NFTs. Such exchanges rely on decentralized exchanges, smart contract escrow, and atomic swap mechanisms, ensuring that both sides are matched and settled simultaneously to reduce trust requirements. Originating from traditional barter systems, on-chain implementations use technologies like hash time locks to guarantee that trades either complete simultaneously or not at all. Users can swap one token for another in Gate spot markets, or exchange NFTs via protocols, all without relying on a unified pricing standard.

Bandwidth refers to the amount of data that a network can transmit within a given period of time, similar to how the width of a road determines how many cars can travel side by side. In the blockchain ecosystem, bandwidth impacts node synchronization and block propagation. It also plays a crucial role in the stable loading of IPFS content, transaction broadcasting, and the reliable delivery of exchange market data feeds. Understanding bandwidth is essential for identifying system bottlenecks, optimizing user experience, and planning network resources for nodes and applications.

BitPay is a cryptocurrency payment processing service that enables merchants to accept Bitcoin and other digital assets and settle transactions. Merchants can choose to receive payments in fiat currency or retain funds as crypto assets. BitPay offers merchant invoicing and QR codes, exchange rate locking, and reconciliation tools. It also provides wallets and payment gateways for individual users, supporting e-commerce plugins and cross-border payment scenarios.

Bitcoin mining is the process of using specialized computing hardware to participate in maintaining the Bitcoin network’s ledger and earn block rewards and transaction fees. Mining machines continuously compute hash values in search of a result that satisfies the proof-of-work difficulty requirement, then package transactions into new blocks, which are validated by the entire network and appended to the blockchain. Mining provides both network security and new coin issuance, involving equipment, electricity, mining pools, and risk management.

The definition of a bull market refers to a prolonged period during which asset prices trend upward, trading activity increases, and market participants are more willing to take on higher risks. In the crypto industry, a bull market is often associated with events such as Bitcoin halving, improved liquidity, and the emergence of new narratives. Key features include major cryptocurrencies driving sector rotations, increased on-chain activity, and a net inflow of stablecoins. On trading platforms like Gate, both spot and derivatives market data typically reflect a bull market through simultaneous price and volume growth, predominantly positive funding rates, and a rise in new user registrations.

Bitcoin (BTC) is a decentralized digital currency that operates on a peer-to-peer (P2P) network, without reliance on banks or central authorities. Transactions are recorded on a blockchain, and the network’s security and resistance to tampering are ensured through a Proof of Work (PoW) consensus mechanism, where miners validate and package blocks. Bitcoin’s maximum supply is capped at 21 million coins, making it widely regarded as a “digitally scarce asset.” It can be used for global value transfer and allows users to maintain full control through self-custody wallets.

BRC stands for "Bitcoin Request for Comment," a community-driven label referring to open standard documents proposed and discussed within the Bitcoin ecosystem. Unlike changes to the Bitcoin consensus mechanism, BRC standards do not alter core protocol rules. Instead, they provide specifications for representing tokens, NFTs, and related operations using methods like Ordinals inscriptions. A notable example is BRC-20, which defines data formats and interpretation rules for wallets, indexers, and applications to follow.

A block explorer is an online tool that transforms raw blockchain data into readable pages, functioning like a search engine for the public ledger. It allows you to look up transaction hashes, confirmation counts, gas fees, wallet addresses, and token transfers, providing reliable on-chain evidence for activities such as deposits and withdrawals, NFT ownership verification, and smart contract event tracking. When viewing deposit records on an exchange, clicking the transaction hash typically redirects you to the block explorer to monitor transaction status.

Bitcoin (BTC) is a decentralized digital currency that enables peer-to-peer transfers without the need for banks. Introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 and operating as open-source software, Bitcoin relies on a public blockchain to record transactions. Its consensus mechanism utilizes proof of work, where miners compete to validate and add new blocks. The total supply is capped at 21 million coins. Users control their assets using private keys, and cryptography secures all transactions. Key use cases include store of value, cross-border payments, and portfolio diversification.

BTFD (Buy The F**king Dip) is an investment strategy in cryptocurrency markets where traders deliberately purchase assets during significant price downturns, operating on the expectation that prices will eventually recover, allowing investors to capitalize on temporarily discounted assets when markets rebound.

BNB Scan is the official block explorer for Binance Smart Chain (BSC), designed to retrieve, query, and verify all on-chain transactions, smart contracts, and account information. As core infrastructure in the Binance ecosystem, it enables users to monitor block data, wallet addresses, token transfers, contract code, and network status in real-time, enhancing transparency and usability across the blockchain network.

Bitcoin mining software is a control program that operates on dedicated mining rigs or computers, enabling the device’s computational power to connect with a mining pool. It manages the assignment and submission of mining tasks, while overseeing key hardware metrics such as frequency, power consumption, temperature, and payout addresses. Functioning like a “dispatcher,” it converts electrical energy into billable valid shares. Typical forms include built-in firmware within mining hardware and standalone open-source clients, suited for personal learning or professional mining farm operations. Once properly configured, mining software settles rewards to your designated wallet or exchange address according to the mining pool’s rules, and supports features like remote monitoring and batch management.

Bitcoin Dominance refers to the proportion of Bitcoin's market capitalization compared to the total cryptocurrency market cap. This metric is used to analyze the allocation of capital between Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. Bitcoin Dominance is calculated as: Bitcoin market capitalization ÷ total crypto market capitalization, and is commonly displayed as BTC.D on TradingView and on CoinMarketCap. This indicator helps assess market cycles, such as periods when Bitcoin leads price movements or during "altcoin seasons." It is also used for position sizing and risk management on exchanges like Gate. In some analyses, stablecoins are excluded from the calculation to provide a more accurate comparison among risk assets.

A crypto bubble refers to a phase in which the prices of crypto assets are rapidly inflated by capital inflows, speculative narratives, and leverage, causing them to deviate significantly from sustainable utility value and underlying cash flow fundamentals. This phenomenon is often accompanied by frequent trading activity, widespread social media promotion, and the launch of new tokens. Key indicators such as perpetual contract funding rates, trading volume on exchanges, and on-chain activity may show unusual discrepancies, signaling participants to reassess potential risks. When liquidity drops or risks are suddenly realized, prices tend to correct sharply. Understanding the meaning and dynamics of a crypto bubble helps investors identify warning signs and manage their portfolio positions more effectively.

Bitcoin mining machines are specialized computing devices designed specifically for Bitcoin mining, utilizing Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) technology to solve complex mathematical problems that validate transactions and add them to the blockchain in exchange for Bitcoin rewards. These devices have evolved from CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs to modern ASIC miners, optimized exclusively to perform SHA-256 hash algorithm calculations.

Bitcoin All-Time High (ATH) refers to the highest recorded trading price of Bitcoin on public markets, typically denominated in USD or USDT. The calculation of ATH may vary slightly across different exchanges, and there can be distinctions between intraday highs and closing highs. This metric is commonly used to assess market trends, evaluate risk, and estimate potential drawdowns. On exchanges like Gate, users can view and set ATH values on market overview pages, candlestick charts, and price alerts to monitor breakouts, identify false breakouts, and develop take-profit strategies.

"BlackRock Bitcoin" refers to BlackRock's participation in the Bitcoin market through regulated products such as spot Bitcoin ETFs. This approach introduces traditional financial practices—such as custody, market making, and regulatory frameworks—into the crypto asset sector. Investors can gain indirect exposure to Bitcoin using their brokerage accounts, which improves capital access and the price discovery process, while also creating synergies with existing exchange ecosystems.

The term "BlackRock Bitcoin ETF quota" refers to the available shares and capacity that investors can subscribe to or trade, rather than an official fixed limit set for individuals. This quota is typically determined by the ETF's creation and redemption mechanism, the capabilities of authorized participants, broker-dealer risk controls, and custody procedures. These factors collectively impact the ease of subscription and trading on a given day, as well as the ETF's price spread performance.

Blockchain is a distributed ledger system collaboratively maintained by multiple parties. It organizes transactions into time-stamped "blocks," which are cryptographically linked together to form a "chain." This structure enables records that are publicly verifiable and highly resistant to tampering. Blockchain technology is widely used for transferring crypto assets and automating processes through smart contracts, and is also being explored for applications in payments, supply chain management, and data sharing.

A block in blockchain is essentially a time-ordered page of a digital ledger, packaging a batch of transactions along with metadata such as timestamps and validator information. Each block links to its predecessor through a cryptographic hash, serving as a digital fingerprint. Different blockchains impose limits on block size or gas ceiling, set target block times, and assign a unique block height to each block. When users transfer assets on Bitcoin or Ethereum, or deposit and withdraw on Gate, the “confirmation count” they see actually refers to the number of subsequent blocks added after the transaction’s block.

Bitcoin mining equipment refers to specialized hardware designed specifically for the Proof of Work mechanism in Bitcoin. These devices repeatedly compute the hash value of block headers to compete for the right to validate transactions, earning block rewards and transaction fees in the process. Mining equipment is typically connected to mining pools, where rewards are distributed based on individual contributions. Key performance indicators include hashrate, energy efficiency (J/TH), stability, and cooling capability. As mining difficulty adjusts and halving events occur, profitability is influenced by Bitcoin’s price and electricity costs, requiring careful evaluation before investment.

A BTC wallet address serves as an identifier for sending and receiving Bitcoin, functioning similarly to a bank account number. However, it is generated from a public key and does not expose the private key. Common address prefixes include 1, 3, bc1, and bc1p, each corresponding to different underlying technologies and fee structures. BTC wallet addresses are widely used for wallet transfers as well as deposits and withdrawals on exchanges. It is crucial to select the correct address format and network; otherwise, transactions may fail or result in permanent loss of funds.

A Bitcoin address is a string of characters used for receiving and sending Bitcoin, similar to a bank account number. It is generated by hashing and encoding a public key (which is derived from a private key), and includes a checksum to reduce input errors. Common address formats begin with "1", "3", "bc1q", or "bc1p". Wallets and exchanges such as Gate will generate usable Bitcoin addresses for you, which can be used for deposits, withdrawals, and payments.

Bitcoin Pizza refers to the real transaction that took place on May 22, 2010, in which someone purchased two pizzas for 10,000 bitcoins. This day is now commemorated annually as Bitcoin Pizza Day. The story is frequently cited to illustrate Bitcoin's use as a payment method, its price volatility, and the concept of opportunity cost, serving as a popular topic for community education and commemorative events.

BNB Chain is a public blockchain ecosystem that uses BNB as its native token for transaction fees. Designed for high-frequency trading and large-scale applications, it is fully compatible with Ethereum tools and wallets. The BNB Chain architecture includes the execution layer BNB Smart Chain, the Layer 2 network opBNB, and the decentralized storage solution Greenfield. It supports a diverse range of use cases such as DeFi, gaming, and NFTs. With low transaction fees and fast block times, BNB Chain is well-suited for both users and developers.

Backlog refers to the accumulation of pending requests or tasks in a queue due to insufficient system processing capacity over a period of time. In the crypto industry, common examples include transactions waiting to be included in a block within a blockchain mempool, orders queued in exchange matching engines, and deposit or withdrawal requests awaiting manual review. Backlogs can lead to delayed confirmations, increased fees, and execution slippage.

The definition of barter refers to the direct exchange of goods or rights between parties without relying on a unified currency. In Web3 contexts, this typically involves swapping one type of token for another, or exchanging NFTs for tokens. The process is usually facilitated automatically by smart contracts or conducted peer-to-peer, emphasizing direct value matching and minimizing intermediaries.

A Bitcoin wallet address serves as your receiving identifier on the Bitcoin network. It is generated by encoding your public key through a process of hashing and checksum verification. While a wallet address enables you to receive and verify transactions, it does not actually store any assets itself. Common formats include Base58 addresses that begin with '1' or '3', and Bech32 addresses that start with 'bc1'. Each format corresponds to specific private key ownership and payment script rules that you control.

A bull market refers to a prolonged period during which asset prices trend upward, accompanied by increased participation and trading volume. This phase is typically characterized by higher highs and more stable lows. In the crypto industry, bull markets are often driven by expanding liquidity, compelling narratives, and supply changes such as Bitcoin halving events. Bull market conditions can affect major cryptocurrencies, on-chain applications, and emerging projects alike. Recognizing a bull market requires a holistic analysis of price trends, market breadth, trading volume, and on-chain data. It is important to note that bull markets do not follow a strictly linear trajectory—temporary pullbacks and corrections are common along the way.

BNB Explorer is an on-chain data query tool designed for the BNB Smart Chain. It organizes information such as transactions, blocks, wallet addresses, tokens, and smart contracts into easily readable pages. Common use cases include verifying whether transfers have been completed, checking the accuracy of token contract addresses, reviewing gas fees and confirmation counts, and assisting in the analysis of project activity and smart contract interactions. BNB Explorer is suitable for users ranging from beginners to developers.

Baking refers to the process on Proof of Stake (PoS) blockchains like Tezos, where validators, known as bakers, propose and confirm new blocks. This role is closely linked to staking and delegation. Token holders can delegate their voting power to a baker, who participates in the consensus mechanism and block production by providing collateral. Rewards for baking are typically sourced from inflation and transaction fees, with their distribution and lock-up periods determined by the protocol. Misconduct such as double-signing blocks or prolonged inactivity may result in penalties.

In the futures market, contango and backwardation describe the direction of the price difference between futures and spot prices: when the futures price is higher than the spot price, it is called contango; when it is lower, it is referred to as backwardation. This difference reflects factors such as carrying costs, interest rates, and supply and demand expectations. It has a direct impact on returns and risks in hedging strategies, basis trading, and the funding rates of crypto perpetual contracts.

BinanceVinu is a meme token typically deployed on the BNB Smart Chain, operating through smart contracts and identified by its public contract address. The project centers around community culture and marketing, serving purposes such as community incentives, tipping, voting, and collaborations related to NFT merchandise. Its liquidity is maintained via liquidity pools, and trading is available on decentralized platforms and Gate. Due to its low market capitalization and community-driven nature, BinanceVinu is subject to significant fluctuations in price, trading volume, and slippage. Investors should pay close attention to factors such as contract permissions, token holder distribution, and overall project transparency.

Bitcoin mining difficulty refers to how hard it is to find a new block, and is automatically adjusted by the network to maintain an average block time of about 10 minutes. When the total hash rate increases, the difficulty rises; when hash rate drops, the difficulty decreases. Approximately every two weeks, the protocol recalibrates this threshold based on previous block times, modifying the hash target so that finding a valid random number becomes easier or harder. This process stabilizes block issuance and enhances network security. The adjustment mechanism operates without human intervention, directly reflecting changes in hardware investment and energy costs, and influencing miners’ profitability and equipment choices.

Binance Academy is a public-facing educational platform focused on cryptocurrency and blockchain, offering free, multilingual articles, videos, and glossary definitions to help beginners understand Web3 fundamentals, common risks, and use cases. Its content covers wallet security, smart contracts, DeFi, and NFTs, and it organizes structured learning paths suitable for self-paced study from scratch as well as systematic advancement.

BitPay is a crypto payment service provider that enables merchants to accept Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, facilitating payments and settlements within a locked exchange rate window. BitPay also offers wallets and prepaid cards, allowing consumers to make both online and offline payments using cryptocurrencies. By integrating invoicing, payment protocols, and settlement processes, BitPay helps merchants minimize risks related to exchange rate volatility and operational complexity.

The Bitcoin algorithm refers to a set of rules and tools that ensure the secure operation of the Bitcoin network. These include Proof of Work (PoW) mining, SHA-256 hashing, ECDSA signatures, Merkle trees, and difficulty adjustment mechanisms. Together, they define how blocks are generated, transactions are validated, and decentralized consensus is maintained. This framework enables anyone to reliably transfer value over a public network without relying on a single trusted entity.

A balloon loan is a repayment structure that combines installment payments with a large final payment. During the initial period, borrowers make relatively low monthly payments, and at the end of the term, a significant lump-sum—known as the balloon payment—is due. This loan arrangement is commonly found in auto financing and certain short-term mortgages, making it appealing for individuals seeking to reduce upfront cash flow pressure. Before opting for a balloon loan, it is important to review whether the interest rate is fixed or variable, the proportion of the final payment, any prepayment penalties, and whether refinancing or asset replacement will be necessary at maturity. Similar arrangements also exist in crypto lending and centralized finance (CeFi), where borrowers may pay only interest or small principal amounts throughout the loan term, followed by a large final repayment. In these cases, borrowers should carefully evaluate the value of their collateral and potential liquidation risks.

Balancer is a decentralized exchange (DEX) and automated market maker (AMM) that enables users to swap tokens directly through smart contracts. It allows multiple tokens to be deposited into a single liquidity pool, where each token is weighted for pricing and trading. Balancer supports multi-token pools, adjustable fee structures, and composable pool types, automatically rebalancing assets similar to an index fund. Operating on Ethereum and Layer 2 networks, it distributes fees to liquidity providers, with governance powered by the BAL token.

BEP-20 is the token standard on BNB Chain that defines the rules for issuing, transferring, and approving tokens, similar to Ethereum’s ERC-20 standard. Tokens that comply with BEP-20 are interoperable across wallets and decentralized applications (DApps), and are commonly used for stablecoins, trading, gaming, and DeFi use cases. BEP-20 tokens operate through smart contracts, with transaction fees paid in BNB. This standard is widely used for cross-chain asset representation and project token issuance.

A Bitcoin sell-off refers to a concentrated action in which a large volume of Bitcoin is sold in the market, typically resulting in a rapid price decline. This phenomenon is often triggered by macroeconomic news, forced liquidations of leveraged positions, or changes in capital flows from miners or institutional investors. Sell-offs tend to amplify market volatility and have significant impacts on liquidity and trader sentiment. Key indicators of a Bitcoin sell-off include rising net inflows to exchanges, surging contract liquidations, and sudden changes in order book depth. In highly leveraged environments or during periods of low liquidity, sell-offs are more likely to trigger chain reactions, such as stop-loss orders being activated, market makers withdrawing orders, and increased slippage. Understanding the causes and signals of a Bitcoin sell-off can help traders manage risk proactively by monitoring exchange or on-chain data.

A Bitcoin mining pool is a collaborative platform where multiple miners combine their computational resources (hash power) to collectively mine Bitcoin blocks, increasing the probability of finding blocks and distributing rewards proportionally to each participant's contribution. Mining pools solve the income volatility problem faced by individual miners, allowing smaller miners to receive more consistent returns, and have become the predominant operational model in modern Bitcoin mining.

Bitcoin QR codes are graphical representations of Bitcoin wallet addresses and transaction information in a machine-scannable format. These codes simplify the digital asset transfer process by eliminating the need to manually type lengthy alphanumeric addresses. Typically containing recipient addresses and potentially additional data such as transaction amounts and payment labels, Bitcoin QR codes are widely implemented in cryptocurrency wallets, merchant payment systems, and online donation platforms.

Bollinger Bands are a technical analysis tool consisting of a middle band (typically a 20-day simple moving average) and upper and lower bands (positioned at two standard deviations above and below the middle band), used to measure market volatility and identify potential overbought or oversold conditions.

Bitcoin Taproot is a major protocol upgrade implemented on the Bitcoin blockchain in November 2021, combining Schnorr signatures and Merkle Abstract Syntax Trees (MAST) to enhance Bitcoin's privacy, scalability, and smart contract capabilities by making complex transactions appear similar to simple ones on the blockchain.

Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) is a mechanism that enables distributed systems to reach consensus and continue functioning correctly even when some nodes fail or act maliciously. Derived from the Byzantine Generals Problem in computer science, BFT systems typically can tolerate up to one-third of nodes being faulty or malicious, serving as the theoretical foundation for many blockchain consensus protocols.

Blockchain private key QR code is a technological solution that encodes blockchain wallet private keys or recovery phrases into scannable images, primarily used to simplify the backup, recovery, and migration processes for cryptocurrency wallets. This technology transforms complex private key strings into machine-readable two-dimensional matrix images, typically incorporating encryption protection mechanisms to balance convenience with security.

A crypto bridge is a technological infrastructure that connects different blockchain networks, enabling the secure transfer of digital assets and information between otherwise isolated blockchain ecosystems, typically using lock-and-mint or burn-and-release mechanisms to achieve cross-chain interoperability.

A bonding curve is an automated token pricing mechanism that uses mathematical functions to define the relationship between token price and supply, implemented through smart contracts. It creates a perpetual liquidity pool where the price increases when tokens are purchased and decreases when sold, eliminating the need for traditional order book matching. Commonly used for token issuance, liquidity provision, and asset tokenization.

A crypto bot is a tool that encodes trading or on-chain operation rules into a program, allowing for automatic order placement, portfolio rebalancing, or contract execution according to predefined settings. By connecting to exchange APIs or smart contracts, it continuously retrieves data and executes actions when trigger conditions are met. This enables users to maintain consistent strategies in a 24/7 market. However, effective use depends on proper parameter configuration, permission management, and robust risk controls.

Block size refers to the maximum capacity that each block can hold in a blockchain, determining how many transactions and related data can be included in a single block. In Bitcoin, block size is measured in bytes and “block weight”, while in Ethereum, it is represented by the per-block gas limit. Block size directly impacts network throughput, transaction fees, and confirmation times, as well as node bandwidth and storage requirements. During periods of network congestion, limited block size causes users to compete more aggressively by paying higher fees. Understanding block size helps you choose optimal times and fees for transfers and evaluate the scalability approaches of different public blockchains.

A bitstream is a method of transmitting data as a continuous sequence of 0s and 1s. In the blockchain ecosystem, wallets, nodes, and browsers all operate around bitstreams: transactions are encoded into bitstreams, broadcast across the network, validated, and then written into blocks. Whenever you initiate a transfer in your wallet or view market data on an exchange, the processes behind the scenes involve the encoding, transmission, and parsing of bitstreams. Bitstreams determine the structure, integrity, and verifiability of data, forming the foundation for secure encryption and consensus algorithms.

The Bitcoin Genesis Block is the very first block on the Bitcoin blockchain, created on January 3, 2009, with a block height of 0. It contains a reward of 50 unspendable bitcoins and a newspaper headline message, serving as both the origin of the network and the unique identifier of the chain. Wallets and exchanges use this block as an anchor for synchronization and verification; if any fork alters its parameters, it will be recognized as a separate blockchain.

Block time refers to the average interval between the creation of two consecutive blocks. It determines how quickly transactions are recorded on the blockchain and considered “confirmed.” Different public blockchains manage block time using mechanisms such as difficulty adjustment or slot scheduling, which in turn affect transaction fees, the probability of chain splits (forks), and overall network security. Understanding block time is essential for accurately estimating transaction completion times and assessing risks when making deposits, withdrawals, or cross-chain transfers. It is important to note that block time is not strictly fixed; it can fluctuate due to factors like network propagation delays, miner or validator activity, and network congestion. Being aware of this parameter helps users select the most suitable network and fee strategies.

A Bitcoin mining machine is a specialized device designed to perform hash computations for the Bitcoin network. By competing for the right to add new blocks to the blockchain, these machines earn block rewards and transaction fees. Most miners connect their Bitcoin mining machines to mining pools to ensure more consistent earnings. The profitability of mining is influenced by factors such as computational power (hash rate), energy efficiency, electricity costs, and the network’s mining difficulty. When selecting and deploying mining machines, it is important to consider hardware specifications, site conditions, and regulatory compliance.

A bounty hunter in the context of blockchain and crypto projects refers to an individual or team that earns rewards by completing publicly posted tasks. These tasks can include bug reporting, security testing, product feedback, content creation, translation, and user acquisition. Rewards are typically distributed in the form of tokens, stablecoins, or NFTs. Tasks are published via dedicated platforms and are reviewed based on set criteria; popular platforms include Immunefi, Zealy, Galxe, and activity centers of exchanges such as Gate. Payments are usually settled either to on-chain wallet addresses or through platform accounts.

A Bitcoin mnemonic phrase is a sequence of commonly used words, typically 12 or 24 in length, recorded in order and used to restore accounts in self-custody wallets. This phrase represents a random “seed” from which private keys and addresses are derived, ultimately determining your control over your assets. Unlike a regular password, anyone with access to the mnemonic phrase can directly transfer your funds, making backup methods and storage locations critically important. While custodial accounts are suitable for everyday transactions, self-custody is more common for long-term holdings, and the responsibility for security differs between the two approaches.

Bayesian methods refer to a probabilistic approach that continuously updates judgments as new evidence becomes available. It treats prior experience as the “prior,” then evaluates how well new observations align with various hypotheses to generate an updated “posterior probability.” Unlike one-off conclusions, Bayesian analysis emphasizes ongoing adjustment as new information arrives. In Web3 contexts, Bayesian techniques are commonly applied in areas such as transaction risk management, smart contract audit alerts, anti-fraud measures, and on-chain address behavior analysis.

Block trading refers to a negotiated method for executing large-scale buy or sell orders, aiming to complete transactions without significantly impacting market prices. This approach typically leverages specialized channels and quoting mechanisms, such as exchange-based block trade or RFQ (Request for Quote) platforms, OTC (over-the-counter) services, or on-chain order-splitting tools like TWAP (Time-Weighted Average Price). Block trading is commonly used by institutions, funds, project teams, and large holders ("whales").

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) serves as a collaborative platform for central banks worldwide and is often referred to as the “central bank for central banks.” It coordinates payment and settlement systems, risk monitoring, and regulatory standards. Through its Innovation Hub, the BIS researches central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), cross-border payments, and asset tokenization. For the Web3 ecosystem, the BIS influences CBDC design, oversees cross-border experiments, and shapes risk regulations for banks dealing with crypto assets, thereby indirectly impacting user payment experiences and the overall compliance landscape.

Binance Launchpad is a platform provided by the exchange for early-stage crypto projects to conduct public token sales and listings. After completing identity verification, users can participate by subscribing or locking up platform tokens, and receive new tokens according to allocation rules. These events are commonly known as IEOs (Initial Exchange Offerings), which are token launches organized by exchanges. Before participating, users should understand key aspects such as snapshot periods, subscription process, distribution methods, and the token listing schedule. It is important to monitor price volatility and regional restrictions, as well as evaluate capital lock-up requirements, exit strategies, and project risks to avoid impulsive participation. Since each platform may have different rules, always refer to the official announcements for accurate details.

In Web3, a bot refers to a software assistant capable of automatically executing on-chain or exchange operations based on predefined rules. Bots interact with exchanges via APIs, functioning like controlled gateways, or operate directly on blockchains through smart contracts to follow specified logic. Common use cases include grid trading, NFT sniping, Telegram-based trading, and MEV arbitrage. Operating these bots requires paying gas fees and implementing robust key and permission management to mitigate risks. Bots can execute commands triggered by market movements, scheduled polling, or event-driven mechanisms, making them ideal for speed-sensitive and repetitive tasks. However, careful configuration of strategies and parameters is essential to prevent erroneous trades and protect funds.

BTP, or Blockchain Transmission Protocol, is a set of rules and processes designed to enable secure transmission of messages and value between different blockchains. It leverages on-chain smart contracts, cross-chain proofs, and message relayers to package events from the source chain into verifiable messages, which are then processed on the target chain. BTP is commonly used for cross-chain asset transfers, contract calls, and multi-chain interoperability.

Binance Smart Chain, commonly known as BNB Smart Chain, is a public blockchain compatible with Ethereum. It is characterized by low transaction fees and fast confirmation times, supporting smart contracts and BEP-20 tokens. The chain is widely used in DeFi, NFT, and blockchain gaming scenarios. Users can connect via popular wallets and pay gas fees with BNB. Since its launch in 2020, the ecosystem has continued to grow, allowing contracts to migrate from Ethereum and assets to be transferred through exchanges or cross-chain bridges for use in dApps.

The Bitcoin resistance level refers to a price range where upward price movements are likely to face selling pressure and pull back. These levels are often formed by previous highs, psychological round numbers, or zones with high trading volume, and can also be influenced by large orders or market news. Identifying resistance helps traders locate potential areas of sell pressure, set take-profit targets, place orders, and manage their positions. Resistance levels are widely used in spot trading, derivatives, and quantitative strategies, and platforms like Gate mark them for users to integrate with risk management strategies. For beginners, resistance is not a precise price point but rather a zone with upper and lower boundaries. When a breakout occurs, it is more reliable to confirm with closing price and trading volume.

The Bitcoin Lightning Network is a payment layer built on top of Bitcoin that enables frequent, small-value transactions to be conducted off-chain by establishing "payment channels" in advance. These transactions are temporarily settled off the main blockchain and are only finalized on-chain when needed. The Lightning Network uses multi-hop routing to forward payments across a network of nodes and employs security mechanisms such as hash time-locked contracts (HTLCs) to ensure transaction safety. Common use cases include tipping, content micropayments, and cross-border microtransactions, offering low fees and high transaction speeds.

The Bitcoin flippening refers to a shift in dominance across key metrics: either Bitcoin regains its leading position by increasing its market share, or it is overtaken by other crypto assets in areas such as market capitalization, trading volume, or on-chain fees. Rather than being a singular event, the flippening serves as a signal of evolving market structure, often coinciding with changes in macro liquidity, Bitcoin halving cycles, ETF fund flows, and shifts in market narratives. Understanding the Bitcoin flippening can help investors anticipate capital rotation and optimize portfolio rebalancing strategies.

Internal bail-in is a resolution mechanism used by financial institutions facing severe risks, where shareholders and creditors are required to absorb losses first—often through converting part of the institution's debt into equity—to restore capital and maintain the continuity of core operations. Unlike external bailouts involving government capital injection, bail-ins are typically conducted within a regulatory framework. Depositors are usually given priority protection, with a clear order of loss absorption. The process is further supported by capital buffer arrangements and ongoing regulatory oversight.

Binary encoding refers to representing information using only two electrical signals, 0 and 1, which are organized into sequences of bytes for storage, transmission, and verification. In blockchain applications, transactions, addresses, and smart contract calls are first converted into binary form, then packaged, signed, and broadcast according to predefined formats. Understanding binary encoding helps users interpret raw data and reduces operational risks.

Bitcoin capital gains tax FIFO refers to the “first-in, first-out” method used to allocate cost basis and calculate taxable gains when selling Bitcoin. This approach determines which units are considered sold first, directly impacting the cost basis, the amount of gain, and the resulting tax liability. It also takes into account factors such as transaction fees, fiat currency exchange rates, and holding periods. FIFO is commonly applied after consolidating exchange records for compliant tax reporting. As tax regulations vary by jurisdiction, it is important to consult local guidelines and seek professional advice.

A holder refers to an individual or institution that chooses to retain crypto assets over a period of time, rather than engaging primarily in high-frequency trading. Holders can be categorized as either long-term or short-term, with the central focus on balancing risk, liquidity, and expected returns. On-chain data such as holding age, exchange balances, and fund flows are commonly used to assess the status of holders. Understanding holder behavior is essential for evaluating supply dynamics, identifying market cycles, and developing asset management strategies on Gate.

Listing on Binance refers to when a token becomes available for trading, deposits, and withdrawals on the Binance exchange. This often brings greater exposure and liquidity to the token, but it does not constitute an endorsement of its value. Key considerations surrounding token listings include listing requirements, official announcement channels, price volatility, and risk management. Understanding the basic process and verification methods can help users distinguish rumors from facts and respond appropriately to market sentiment. Each exchange may have different rules and timelines for listing; checking official announcements and verifying contract addresses can help reduce the risk of misjudgment and scams.

BaaS stands for Blockchain as a Service, which delivers essential blockchain functions—such as node operation, smart contract deployment, key management, and monitoring—as cloud-based services. Enterprises can integrate these services as easily as calling an API, gaining access to a shared distributed ledger with trusted records without needing to build their own blockchain or maintain hardware. BaaS is commonly used for supply chain traceability, record authentication, digital credential management, and asset issuance.

Balloon payment is an arrangement where the initial repayment burden is relatively light, with a large lump-sum payment due at maturity. Installment payment, on the other hand, splits the total amount into fixed periodic payments that gradually cover both principal and interest. Both structures are commonly used in auto loans and mortgages, and similar models are also found in Web3 crypto lending and NFT purchases. Understanding the differences can help you plan your cash flow and manage risks. Before choosing, be sure to review the interest rates, maturity terms, and collateral requirements.

The herd effect refers to the tendency for individuals to follow the choices of the majority, especially in situations with insufficient information, time pressure, or high uncertainty. In crypto markets, this often manifests as chasing price surges, rushing into new token launches, participating in NFT hype, or trading based on leaderboard rankings. Understanding the herd effect can help identify risks, improve trading discipline, and maintain independent judgment when using platform features such as market leaderboards and copy trading.

A Bitcoin support level refers to a price range where, as the price declines, buying interest increases, selling pressure eases, and a potential rebound may occur. Support levels are often formed by areas of high historical trading volume, psychologically significant round numbers, and order book depth. They assist traders in planning entry points, stop-loss orders, and grid trading strategies. On exchanges like Gate, both spot and perpetual contract traders use support levels as a fundamental reference for risk management and position opening strategies.

The BAYC floor price refers to the current lowest listing price for Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC) NFTs on major marketplaces. It serves as the minimum cost benchmark for entering this NFT collection. The floor price reflects market liquidity and sentiment, and is highly sensitive to factors such as ETH price fluctuations, rarity, bid pools, and liquidation events in NFT lending. It is commonly used for valuation, NFT lending, and index tracking purposes.

Key price levels for BTC refer to price zones where significant changes in trading behavior are likely to occur. These typically include historical highs and lows, psychological round numbers, areas with high trading volume, important moving averages, and average holding costs. Identifying these levels can help traders plan entries, set stop-loss and take-profit targets, and assess the reliability of breakouts or pullbacks. By combining insights from exchange charts, order book depth, and on-chain indicators, decision-making consistency can be improved.

A bullish ascending channel is a price pattern on a chart formed by two upward-sloping, nearly parallel lines that create a channel within which the price fluctuates while trending higher overall. The upper boundary is commonly regarded as a resistance level, while the lower boundary serves as a support level. Traders typically look for buying opportunities near the lower boundary, take partial profits near the upper boundary, and set stop-loss orders to guard against false breakouts.

A bid is an action taken by a buyer to express the willingness to purchase a specific asset at a certain price. This concept is commonly found in stock and cryptocurrency trading, as well as in NFT marketplaces and various types of auctions. Typically, bids are submitted through order placement or auction interfaces, where they enter an order book or auction queue and await acceptance by a seller or matching by the system. Bidding affects the likelihood of execution, transaction cost, and waiting time, making it a critical factor in trading decisions.

Binary code is a method of storing and representing information using 0s and 1s. In blockchain and crypto applications, transactions, addresses, hashes, and smart contract instructions all exist as bits and bytes in binary code. These are often displayed using hexadecimal or Base58 encoding for easier storage, transmission, and verification. Wallet deposit addresses, QR codes, and data synchronization between nodes are all different representations of binary code. Understanding these mappings helps users interpret data more effectively and reduce operational risks.

BIP, or Bitcoin Improvement Proposal, is a mechanism for proposing, discussing, and documenting changes to the Bitcoin protocol and its related standards. These changes can include transaction validation, address encoding, and wallet generation. A BIP outlines the motivation, technical details, and compatibility requirements in a standardized format, making it easier for the community to collaborate and implement updates. Common BIPs such as BIP-32, BIP-39, BIP-173, and BIP-340 have a significant impact on user experience and security.

A Bitcoin depth chart is a graphical representation on trading interfaces that visualizes the order book by plotting the cumulative quantities of buy and sell orders at different price levels as two curves. This tool helps users assess liquidity at each price point, identify potential support and resistance zones, and estimate slippage as well as spot buy walls and sell walls. On Gate’s spot trading platform, the depth chart is displayed alongside candlestick (K-line) charts, with the horizontal axis representing price and the vertical axis showing quantity. Hovering the mouse over the chart reveals specific data points. The depth chart provides a snapshot of the current order queue, excluding over-the-counter trades and hidden liquidity. For accurate market analysis, it should be used in conjunction with volume data and market news.

The Beacon Chain serves as the consensus hub for Ethereum’s Proof of Stake mechanism, orchestrating validator rotations for block production, collecting votes, and finalizing blocks. Functioning like the network’s control center, it advances the blockchain through slots and epochs, manages ETH staking, distributes rewards and penalties, and generates randomness for role assignments. After the Merge, the Beacon Chain collaborates with the execution layer to ensure both security and efficiency. Users can participate in staking but should be aware of withdrawal procedures and penalty rules.

Bitcoin market sentiment refers to the overall attitude of investors toward the future direction of Bitcoin. Common indicators include price volatility, trading volume, social media activity, and capital inflows. Traders often use tools such as the Fear and Greed Index, on-chain data, and futures and options metrics to gauge sentiment, helping them assess risks and opportunities. However, because sentiment can shift rapidly, it is important to combine sentiment analysis with trend evaluation and position management.

The real-time price of Bitcoin against USDT refers to the current trading reference price of Bitcoin quoted in USDT on exchanges, most commonly seen in the BTC/USDT trading pair. USDT is a stablecoin pegged to the US dollar, featuring minimal volatility, making this price a widely used benchmark for market observation, placing orders, and comparing platform quotes. The price is continuously updated through order book matching and is influenced by factors such as liquidity, spread, and cross-platform arbitrage. On Gate, users can view this price via market data, candlestick charts, and the order book, as well as set up price alerts.

Blockchain applications refer to the integration of blockchain’s distributed ledger and smart contract capabilities into various business processes such as payments, supply chain management, identity verification, and gaming. These solutions enable multiple parties to share verifiable data and automate rule execution without relying on a single intermediary. Blockchain applications can operate on public blockchains, consortium chains, and Layer 2 networks, often working alongside wallets and oracles to create comprehensive solutions. Key considerations include cost efficiency, performance optimization, and regulatory compliance boundaries.

Cryptocurrency growth refers to the simultaneous expansion of price, market capitalization, user base, and application scope. This growth is typically driven by changes in supply and demand, technological advancements, improved liquidity, and macroeconomic factors. It is not solely measured by token price; growth can also be assessed through exchange data and on-chain metrics, such as trading volume, order book depth, active wallet addresses, and stablecoin capital flows.

The Bitcoin protocol is a set of rules that enables participants worldwide to share a unified ledger without relying on a central authority. It defines how transactions are broadcast, validated, and recorded into blocks, as well as how a single agreed-upon order is chosen in case of conflicts. Double-spending refers to the act of spending the same coin more than once; the protocol reduces this risk through transaction ordering and incentive mechanisms. Node software operates based on these rules, collaboratively maintaining a public and auditable blockchain.

Beta coefficient and correlation are two key indicators used to assess the relationship between assets. The beta coefficient measures an asset’s sensitivity relative to a benchmark, such as Bitcoin or a market index. Correlation describes the degree to which two assets move in the same or opposite direction. Both metrics are commonly used in crypto investment risk assessment, portfolio diversification, and hedging strategies, enabling investors to adjust portfolio exposure according to market conditions.

A blockchain protocol is a set of rules that enables decentralized networks to coordinate ledger maintenance and transaction validation. It defines how nodes communicate, package transactions, and reach consensus, while also determining parameters such as fees, transaction speed, and security boundaries. Common implementations include networks like Bitcoin and Ethereum, which support functions such as asset transfers and smart contracts.

The Bitcoin beta coefficient is a metric that measures how Bitcoin’s price movements respond relative to a selected "benchmark market." It indicates how much Bitcoin typically rises or falls when the benchmark moves up or down. Common benchmarks include the S&P 500, Nasdaq, or a crypto market composite index. A value of 1 means Bitcoin’s volatility closely matches the benchmark; greater than 1 indicates higher sensitivity, less than 1 shows lower sensitivity, and a negative value means Bitcoin generally moves in the opposite direction of the benchmark.

Block height refers to the sequential numbering of blocks that indicates their position within a blockchain, similar to stacking blocks layer by layer in Minecraft. Each time a new block is added, the block height increases by one. Block height is used to measure the progress of transaction confirmations, synchronize node states, identify fork risks, and is often referenced by exchanges to specify the required number of confirmations for deposits and transfers, helping users manage their waiting times effectively.

Bitcoin Day is a commemorative date established by the cryptocurrency community, specifically referring to Bitcoin Pizza Day on May 22nd annually, marking the 2010 historic event of Bitcoin's first real-world commodity transaction. This date commemorates programmer Laszlo Hanyecz's purchase of two pizzas with 10,000 bitcoins, representing the milestone moment when Bitcoin first demonstrated its actual purchasing power and payment functionality. As a cryptocurrency cultural event, Bitcoin Day strengthens community consensus through global celebrations while disseminating blockchain technology and decentralized finance concepts to the public.

Blockchain layering refers to dividing blockchain architecture by responsibility: the base layer ensures security and data recording, while upper layers handle transaction execution and scalability. This design makes the foundational layer as solid as a building’s foundation, with upper layers functioning like additional floors, enabling a more manageable balance between security, decentralization, and performance. It supports various use cases such as payments, trading, and decentralized applications.

Bakkt is a regulated digital asset platform established by Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) in 2018, offering institutional investors spot trading, physically-settled futures contracts, and custody services for Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. Operating under compliance standards set by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and New York State Department of Financial Services (NYDFS), the platform bridges traditional financial systems with digital asset markets while providing consumer-facing applications for everyday crypto payments and conversions.

The Blue Sky Protocol (AT Protocol, Authenticated Transfer Protocol) is an open federated social networking protocol designed to build decentralized social media infrastructure. The protocol employs a layered architecture consisting of an identity layer (based on Decentralized Identifiers), a data layer (content-addressed storage), and an application layer (standardized API interfaces), enabling users to freely migrate accounts and content across different service providers while maintaining social graph integrity. As a technical exploration for Web3-era social networks, the Blue Sky Protocol represents a paradigm shift from platform-centrism to user sovereignty models.

BitcoinBlack is an early-stage cryptocurrency alternative project designed to improve Bitcoin's practical application performance by enhancing privacy protection mechanisms and increasing transaction confirmation speeds. The project falls under the Privacy Token category, attempting to integrate anonymity features into decentralized payment systems to meet users' dual demands for transaction privacy and network efficiency.

“Bitcoin surge” refers to a significant and rapid increase in the price of Bitcoin, typically driven by capital inflows, macroeconomic expectations, halving cycles, or major news events. Such surges often lead to higher trading volumes, influence the performance of altcoins—either causing them to follow or diverge—and amplify the risks for leveraged accounts. Understanding the driving factors, ways to participate, and effective risk management are essential fundamentals for entering the crypto market.

A cross-chain protocol is a technical solution designed to enable asset transfers, data exchange, and smart contract interoperability between different blockchain networks. These protocols utilize technical architectures such as notary schemes, sidechains/relay chains, Hash Time-Locked Contracts (HTLC), or distributed private key control to break down isolation between blockchains, allowing independently operating chains to achieve value circulation and information sharing. Cross-chain protocols serve as core infrastructure for building multi-chain ecosystems, with primary classifications including centralized solutions based on trusted third parties, decentralized solutions based on cryptography, and hybrid architecture solutions based on relay chains.

Bonding curve progress refers to the real-time status indicator tracking a token's price as it dynamically adjusts with circulating supply changes during issuance via a bonding curve pricing mechanism. This mechanism employs a predefined mathematical function to automatically calculate token prices, causing them to rise with buying demand and decline with selling pressure. It is widely adopted in decentralized token launch platforms (such as pump.fun) during the bootstrapping phase to measure market acceptance, liquidity accumulation, and completion status of the transition to public trading.

Brave Browser is an open-source privacy-focused browser built on the Chromium engine, founded by JavaScript creator Brendan Eich in 2016. The browser blocks third-party ads and trackers by default and establishes a decentralized advertising reward mechanism through the blockchain token Basic Attention Token (BAT), enabling users to earn tokens through browsing and creators to receive direct tips, forming a privacy-first internet value distribution model.

Bit Burn refers to a mechanism in blockchain networks where tokens are permanently removed from circulation by sending them to inaccessible addresses or executing smart contract destruction functions. This operation is irreversible and publicly verifiable, designed to regulate market scarcity by reducing total token supply. Bit Burn can be categorized into three types: protocol-level automatic burning (such as Ethereum EIP-1559 transaction fee destruction), project-initiated burning (such as quarterly buyback and burn programs), and transaction-driven burning (such as mandatory deductions during transfers or NFT minting). It serves as one of the core tools for achieving deflationary effects in cryptocurrency economic models.

Basis points (bps) are a unit of measurement used to express small changes in interest rates, yields, fees, and similar financial metrics. One basis point equals 0.01%, or one ten-thousandth. The use of basis points helps eliminate confusion between “percent” and “percentage points,” making it a standard reference in scenarios such as bank interest rates, bond spreads, and also in crypto trading for funding rates and transaction fees. This allows for clear comparison of costs and changes.

Bitcoin block rewards refer to the newly minted bitcoins that miners receive for successfully adding a new block to the blockchain. This reward, combined with transaction fees from the same block, forms the total income for miners. The block reward halves approximately every 210,000 blocks, a process known as halving, which is designed to control bitcoin issuance and gradually approach the maximum supply of 21 million coins. The halving mechanism also impacts network security, mining power investment, and market expectations. Currently, the average block time is about 10 minutes.

A "bloodbath" refers to a period of rapid, widespread, and severe market sell-offs, often accompanied by sharp price declines, surging trading volume, and heightened panic among participants. In the crypto market, bloodbaths are typically triggered by cascading liquidations due to excessive leverage, sudden negative news, or liquidity contraction, impacting the majority of tokens within a short timeframe. Key indicators include widening bid-ask spreads, increased slippage, and a surge in stablecoin demand. Identifying these signals and managing positions with stop-loss orders is crucial for risk control.

The bid price represents the amount a buyer is willing to pay for an asset immediately, while the ask price is the amount a seller is willing to accept for an immediate sale. The difference between these two prices is known as the spread, which reflects market liquidity, volatility, and market-making costs. In crypto markets, centralized order matching and decentralized market-making mechanisms differ in how they present bid and ask prices, as well as in terms of slippage and fees. These factors directly impact your transaction costs and the effectiveness of your trading strategies.

A compulsory acquisition refers to a process where an acquiring party, upon reaching a legally defined or contractually agreed ownership threshold, initiates a public offer or follows statutory procedures to require remaining shareholders to sell their shares at a specified price, thereby consolidating control. This mechanism is common in mergers and acquisitions, privatization, and "squeeze-out" arrangements, and often operates in conjunction with mandatory tender offer regulations designed to protect minority shareholders. In the crypto industry, similar principles are triggered by governance votes that initiate token buybacks or protocol migrations.

A Bitcoin forum is an online community centered around topics related to Bitcoin. Users interact through threads and replies, discussing market trends, technical issues, wallet usage, and security best practices. These forums also preserve searchable records of past discussions. Bitcoin forums connect developers, miners, investors, and learners, offering channels for official announcements, Q&A, and event participation, making it easier to access first-hand information and receive community support. Common formats include long-form discussion boards, dedicated Q&A sections, and live AMA (Ask Me Anything) sessions. These platforms are especially suitable for beginners to systematically learn and troubleshoot issues.

A backlog order refers to a trade order that has been submitted but not yet executed. This is common with limit orders and in markets with low liquidity. Such orders are queued either on the order book of centralized exchanges or in on-chain queues for decentralized trading platforms. Their execution depends on factors like price movement, matching priority, slippage, and gas fees. Understanding backlog orders is essential for optimizing execution efficiency and managing trading risks.

The "Greater Fool Theory" refers to the idea that buyers enter a market after prices have already been driven up, hoping to sell their holdings later to someone willing to pay even more. This concept is prevalent in crypto markets, especially within meme coins, NFTs, and during periods driven by trending narratives. Understanding the Greater Fool Theory helps users identify liquidity risks, concentration of holdings, and token unlock schedules, leading to more rational trading decisions.

In Web3, a bottleneck refers to the slowest component that limits overall system performance and user experience, such as consensus time, block size, network propagation, or smart contract execution. Bottlenecks can result in transaction backlogs, increased fees, confirmation delays, and impact activities like payments, NFTs, and cross-chain operations. Identifying and optimizing bottlenecks is essential for scaling solutions and reducing costs.

Large-cap cryptocurrencies refer to major digital assets with significant market capitalization, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. These assets are considered the foundational layer of the crypto market due to their high trading volume and substantial capital participation. Market capitalization is calculated by multiplying the asset's price by its circulating supply, serving as a key indicator of a project's influence and stability. Large-cap coins generally offer superior liquidity and more controlled volatility, making them preferred choices as primary trading pairs on exchanges and benchmarks for risk management. However, it is important to assess additional factors such as the circulating supply ratio, token lock-up arrangements, and fully diluted valuation, rather than relying solely on market cap rankings.

The barbell strategy is an investment approach that allocates capital to two extremes: one side focuses on stability, such as cash, stablecoins, and exchange savings products; the other side targets growth assets like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and high-potential tokens. By minimizing exposure to mid-risk assets and implementing proportionate allocation and periodic rebalancing, investors can maintain a balance between security and opportunity in the unpredictable crypto market, reducing overall volatility while preserving upside potential.

Support measures refer to stabilization strategies implemented by regulators, exchanges, or project teams during periods of market stress. These approaches aim to mitigate price volatility and declining market confidence through methods such as liquidity injection, buybacks, circuit breakers, and transparent information disclosure. Common practices include open market operations, restrictions on short selling, increasing order book depth by market makers, stablecoin redemption, and publishing proof of reserves. The primary objective is to maintain orderly trading and ensure market sustainability.

A crypto bubble refers to a phase in the market where the prices of crypto assets are driven significantly above their sustainable value, fueled by hype-driven narratives and capital inflows. This period is often marked by high leverage, frequent new token launches, and surging market activity. Unlike the norm, crypto bubbles represent part of a cyclical pattern; when external liquidity tightens or market confidence wanes, prices tend to correct sharply, amplifying volatility and triggering cascading risks across the ecosystem. Understanding the definition and dynamics of a crypto bubble is crucial for identifying market cycles, managing portfolio exposure, and using tools like take-profit/stop-loss strategies and unlock schedules on exchanges to minimize unnecessary losses.

A bottleneck refers to a critical limitation that restricts overall efficiency or user experience. In blockchain and Web3 contexts, bottlenecks may arise from factors such as chain throughput, data availability, network propagation, or even from wallet infrastructure, node services, or exchange processes. When demand exceeds capacity, this can lead to increased fees, slower transaction confirmations, and a higher failure rate. Identifying bottlenecks and understanding potential workarounds can help users optimize transaction timing and select the most suitable network.

Bitcoin Halving (2020) refers to the reduction of the block reward that occurred at block height 630,000 in 2020, where the reward for miners decreased from 12.5 BTC to 6.25 BTC. This event cut the average number of newly issued bitcoins per day from approximately 1,800 to around 900, directly impacting miner revenue and the rate of bitcoin supply issuance. It is often considered a pivotal point in the price cycle and also influences exchange products and investment strategies.

Phishing scams in Web3 typically exploit social connections, fraudulent links, or spoofed webpages to trick users into performing seemingly legitimate actions such as “connecting,” “signing,” or “authorizing” within their wallets. These deceptive prompts can grant scammers control over the victim’s assets. In Web3, accounts are managed by private keys and most transactions are executed via smart contracts, meaning a single mistaken authorization can result in funds being transferred automatically. Over the past six months, there has been a rise in fake airdrops and unsolicited messages from bots, making it increasingly important for users to recognize and defend against these threats.

The Bitcoin halving countdown is a tool that estimates the time window for the next block reward halving, based on block height and average block time. This countdown signals when the network’s issuance rate will decrease according to protocol rules, directly impacting miner revenue and the supply schedule. Investors and developers use this information to plan trades, set alerts, and assess risks; however, the projected date is an estimate that may change as network hash rate and mining difficulty adjust.

The circulating supply of Bitcoin refers to the total number of bitcoins that are currently available for free trading in the market. This figure is typically calculated as the total amount mined to date, minus any verifiably destroyed coins or those locked by protocol restrictions. Circulating supply is a key metric for assessing market capitalization, scarcity, and issuance rate. Crypto exchanges and market data platforms multiply this number by the current price to determine Bitcoin's market cap. After each halving event, the rate of new issuance slows down, causing the growth of circulating supply to decelerate. There may be slight differences in how various platforms define circulating supply—some include early accounts that have remained inactive for long periods, while others estimate based on freely circulating coins. Understanding this metric is crucial for evaluating market cap rankings, changes in miner output, and the impact of long-term holders on liquidity.

A Bitcoin order book is a real-time list on exchanges displaying buy and sell orders, organized by price and quantity tiers. It visually represents the strength of bids and asks, helping users assess spread, market depth, and liquidity. By analyzing the order book, traders can optimize order placement and position sizing, which is crucial for both spot and derivatives trading, including entry and stop-loss strategies. Platforms like Gate allow users to view the top five levels or the full order book. Combining order book data with trade history enables traders to distinguish genuine support and resistance from fake walls and accumulation activities, helping to minimize slippage and avoid impulsive market orders, ultimately improving trade execution quality.

Bitcoin hash rate refers to the total number of hash attempts performed by the network every second, where a hash can be understood as generating a fingerprint for data. This metric reflects the capability of miners using ASIC devices and other specialized hardware to participate in the Proof of Work consensus mechanism, competing through computational power for the right to validate transactions and add new blocks. Hash rate directly impacts block production stability, network security, and mining profitability, and is typically measured in TH/s (terahashes per second) or EH/s (exahashes per second). Monitoring hash rate trends helps evaluate mining difficulty, mining pool concentration, and electricity cost factors.

A Bitcoin hash is a fixed-length “fingerprint” generated by processing block or transaction data with the SHA-256 hash function. This hash uniquely identifies transactions (TXID), links blocks together, verifies difficulty targets, and determines whether mining meets the proof-of-work requirement. Due to its property of producing dramatically different outputs from even minor input changes and its resistance to reverse-engineering, the Bitcoin hash serves as a fundamental tool for ensuring data integrity and securing the network.

The smallest unit of Bitcoin at the protocol level is the "satoshi," which equals 0.00000001 BTC. While the "bit" is commonly used to represent small amounts, it typically refers to 1 μBTC, or 100 satoshis. Understanding the conversion between these three units—BTC, bit (μBTC), and satoshi—is essential for accurately setting transaction fees, avoiding "dust" amounts, and ensuring error-free deposits and withdrawals on exchanges such as Gate.

The bid-ask spread is the difference between the highest price a buyer is willing to pay (bid) and the lowest price a seller is willing to accept (ask) for the same asset. This spread represents an implicit transaction cost when placing an order. It is determined by factors such as liquidity, volatility, and market maker quotations, reflecting both the market depth and level of activity. In markets like stocks, forex, and crypto trading, a narrower spread typically means trades are easier to execute with lower costs. On the Gate spot order book, the distance between the best bid and best ask prices constitutes the bid-ask spread, which can be expressed in absolute terms or as a percentage. Understanding the bid-ask spread helps you decide between using limit orders or market orders, manage slippage, and optimize your trading timing. Major trading pairs tend to have tighter spreads during peak activity periods, while less liquid assets or those affected by significant news may see much wider spreads.

“Unlimited money printing” is a common phrase in the crypto community, referring to scenarios where central banks expand their balance sheets or projects continually issue new tokens, leading to an ever-growing supply. This concept highlights the risk of dilution for holders and indicates that returns may not be sustainable. Understanding this term is important for evaluating tokenomics, airdrops, and mining rewards, and helps users make informed decisions when checking unlock schedules and issuance rates on platforms like Gate. Such mechanisms are frequently seen with stablecoins, pseudo high-yield strategies, or high-inflation blockchains. To properly assess these risks, it is essential to consider official announcements, on-chain data, and market performance together—rather than relying solely on annualized yield figures without accounting for changes in supply.

The Binance Coin Testnet serves as a sandbox environment for the BNB Chain ecosystem. It operates under mainnet rules but remains isolated from real assets, using valueless test BNB to pay for gas fees. The testnet encompasses related environments such as BSC, opBNB, and Greenfield, and provides public RPC endpoints, block explorers, and faucets. This setup enables developers to conduct low-cost validation before deploying smart contracts, debugging DApps, performing stress tests, or running cross-chain integrations. As a result, it helps minimize launch failures and financial risks.

The Bitcoin Halving Countdown is a prediction tool that tracks both the estimated time and block height until the next Bitcoin block reward halving. By visually displaying the upcoming halving window, it enables traders, miners, and researchers to plan their capital allocation, mining power, and strategies more effectively. The countdown relies on protocol parameters—specifically, a halving every 210,000 blocks with an average block time of approximately 10 minutes—combined with real-time network data.

The return-to-cost ratio is a metric used to assess whether an investment is worthwhile by comparing the total potential returns to the overall costs incurred. This ratio goes beyond simple numbers, taking into account factors such as the time value of money, price volatility, and transaction fees. In the context of DeFi (decentralized finance, which functions like an online investment marketplace without traditional banks), staking tokens, providing liquidity as a market maker, or participating in financial products on platforms like Gate, the return-to-cost ratio helps determine if a strategy is viable. Generally, a ratio greater than 1 indicates a more attractive opportunity.

The BlackRock Bitcoin ETF price refers to the trading price of BlackRock's spot Bitcoin ETF on the US stock market. This price fluctuates in line with Bitcoin's market movements and is also influenced by factors such as trading hours, supply and demand, management fees, and premiums or discounts. As a result, it often differs from the fund's net asset value (NAV). Investors can buy and sell the ETF price through their brokerage accounts, providing exposure to Bitcoin in a stock-like format without the need to manage wallets or interact directly with blockchain operations. By comparing the ETF price with Bitcoin spot quotes available on Gate, users can better understand the deviations between the two.

A bank run occurs when a large number of depositors simultaneously withdraw funds within a short period, leading to liquidity shortages since banks typically maintain only limited cash reserves. This situation may force banks to liquidate assets and can result in a contraction of credit. Bank runs are often triggered by negative news, changes in interest rates, or rumors. Regulatory authorities respond with measures such as deposit insurance and central bank intervention to help stabilize the situation. In the crypto space, similar dynamics can be seen when stablecoins or exchanges face sudden surges in redemption or withdrawal requests.

In business, a hostile takeover offer refers to a public bid in which the acquiring party directly proposes to purchase shares from shareholders at a specified price and within a set timeframe, without the support of the target company's board of directors. These offers typically include a premium, specific conditions, and are often accompanied by intense public relations battles. Hostile takeovers are intertwined with strategies such as proxy fights, poison pill defenses, and the involvement of white knights, all of which can significantly impact corporate control, share prices, and investor decisions. Different markets enforce regulations such as ownership disclosure thresholds, offer periods, and escrow requirements, which collectively determine the legal compliance and execution process of such bids.

Backtesting is a method that involves running a trading strategy against historical data according to predefined rules to evaluate potential returns and risks. This process simulates buy and sell actions, calculates transaction fees and slippage, and generates key performance metrics such as the profit curve, maximum drawdown, and win rate. Backtesting is widely used in crypto quantitative trading, grid strategies, perpetual funding rate arbitrage, and DeFi strategies. On platforms like Gate, backtesting serves as a risk rehearsal before deploying a strategy in live markets.

A basket refers to a collection method where multiple goods or assets are grouped together in certain proportions, either to measure price changes or to achieve diversification. In economic statistics, baskets are used to calculate inflation rates. For investors, baskets serve as the foundation for building portfolios. In Web3, index tokens and multi-collateral stablecoins also utilize the basket concept. The assigned weights and the frequency of updates within the basket can significantly affect the outcomes.

A Base blockchain explorer is an on-chain data query tool specifically designed for the Base network (an Ethereum Layer 2 scaling solution developed by Coinbase), allowing users to search, track, and analyze blocks, transactions, smart contracts, account addresses, and network activity, providing a visual interface and transparency for blockchain data. Common Base explorers include Basescan and Baseblock.

Backward compatibility refers to the ability of a new version to continue supporting interfaces and data from previous versions, ensuring that legacy applications, wallets, or nodes can still connect, sign, and transact normally after a system upgrade. This concept is commonly seen in blockchain protocol upgrades, token standard updates, and API changes. The primary goal is to introduce new features without disrupting the existing ecosystem, thereby reducing the overall costs associated with user migration, development adjustments, and asset security.

Binance Smart Chain blockchain explorer is a public query tool designed for Binance Smart Chain (BSC), enabling users to view transaction status, address balances, token details, and smart contract information. Functioning as a “search engine for blocks,” it allows users to verify deposit and withdrawal progress, track fund movements, confirm contract addresses, and review gas fees and logs.

Base ecosystem tokens refer to various application tokens and assets deployed on Base, an Ethereum Layer 2 network. These tokens serve purposes such as governance, utility incentives, and entertainment. As a scaling solution for Ethereum, Base offers lower transaction fees and faster speeds, with gas fees paid in ETH rather than a native chain token. Importantly, Base itself has not issued a “BASE chain token”; most ecosystem tokens originate from specific applications or community projects and can be traded and managed through on-chain DEXs or compliant platforms.

Binance typically refers to a centralized platform that offers cryptocurrency trading and related services. The term is also often used more broadly to describe the functions and ecosystem of similar exchanges. Understanding the meaning of Binance involves recognizing its core features, such as trade matching, account management, compliance requirements, wallet integration, and blockchain interactions. In practical scenarios, these functionalities can be compared to those offered by Gate. Additionally, Binance encompasses extended meanings, including its brand, product lines, and educational resources.

The term "Bitcoin license" refers to an operational permit or registration issued by government authorities or regulatory bodies to businesses providing Bitcoin-related services. This license defines the scope of permitted activities, such as exchange facilitation, brokerage, custody, and payment services, while enforcing requirements like anti-money laundering (AML), segregation of client assets, cybersecurity measures, and information disclosure. Standards and regulations vary across jurisdictions, so both users and enterprises should verify that the license aligns with the actual services offered.

Tokenization refers to representing and transferring the rights to real-world or digital assets using tokens on a blockchain. This process enables assets to become divisible, programmable, and globally settleable, thereby increasing liquidity and lowering barriers to entry. Common examples include stablecoins, government bonds, fund shares, invoices, reward points, and in-game items. Tokenization also facilitates transparent record-keeping and rapid redemption.

Binary code in computing is the fundamental representation of data and instructions using only 0s and 1s. Since electronic circuits can reliably distinguish between these two states, binary code is well-suited for execution at the hardware level. In blockchain environments, elements such as wallet addresses, transaction hashes, smart contract bytecode, and digital signatures are all stored in binary format, and are typically displayed as hexadecimal for readability. Understanding binary code helps users verify wallet addresses, interpret contract and block data, and ensures accurate data handling. It forms the bridge between physical circuits and high-level programming languages, serving as a key foundation for security and compatibility in blockchain systems.

Binance valuation refers to the market's estimated value range of Binance, a privately held cryptocurrency exchange platform. It is distinct from the price of BNB, Binance's native token. Common valuation methods involve projecting revenue based on trading volume and fee income, then applying valuation multiples derived from comparable exchanges. Analysts also factor in regulatory risks, asset transparency, and the influence of Binance's broader ecosystem businesses. In the absence of comprehensive financial reports, analysts typically use multiple models for cross-verification and adjust assumptions according to industry cycles to arrive at a more robust valuation range.

A Binance wallet address is a unique string of characters used to receive or send crypto assets within your Binance account. It functions similarly to a bank account number but is distinguished by blockchain network segmentation. Common supported networks include Ethereum, BNB Smart Chain, Bitcoin, and Tron, each with its own address format. Some cryptocurrencies also require an additional tag or memo for transaction routing. Before copying your address, always select and verify the correct network. You can track transaction history using a blockchain explorer. It is recommended to conduct a small test transfer first to ensure accuracy.

A bear trap refers to a short-lived, rapid price surge during an overall downtrend, where the price briefly breaks through a key level and appears to signal a reversal, only to quickly fall back again. This pattern often leads traders who chase the upward movement to become trapped in losing positions. Bear traps are typically characterized by false breakouts, low liquidity, clustered stop-loss triggers, and shifts in funding rates in derivatives markets. Such scenarios are common in both spot and leveraged trading of crypto assets. Understanding the definition and meaning of bear traps is essential for effective risk management and for developing more robust trading strategies.

Bitcoin double-spending refers to the scenario where the same Bitcoin is attempted to be spent with two different recipients. This typically occurs when a transaction has not yet been included in a block, or during brief chain reorganizations. The network mitigates this risk through mechanisms such as proof of work, the longest chain rule, and confirmation requirements. Contributing factors include Replace-by-Fee (RBF) fee adjustments and miners prioritizing transactions with higher fees. Merchants and exchanges can reduce exposure to double-spending by implementing confirmation policies and robust risk monitoring systems.

Binance Chain refers to the public blockchain infrastructure of the BNB ecosystem, typically encompassing both the BNB Beacon Chain and the BNB Smart Chain. The Beacon Chain handles staking and governance functions, while the Smart Chain supports smart contract execution and is EVM-compatible, making it easier for Ethereum-based applications to migrate. Key features include lower gas fees and faster transaction confirmations, making it well-suited for use cases such as DeFi, GameFi, and NFTs. Through the BEP20 token standard, various asset types can be seamlessly transferred and utilized across the network.

A Bitcoin address QR code encodes a Bitcoin receiving address or payment link into a scannable square pattern. By scanning the QR code, users can automatically populate the address, amount, and memo fields, minimizing manual input errors and improving payment efficiency. Bitcoin address QR codes are widely used for wallet deposits and withdrawals on exchanges, as well as for in-person merchant payments. They support various address formats and standards.

Bitcoin mining software serves as the control and connectivity interface that enables mining machines to participate in blockchain transaction verification. It manages the connection of computing power to mining pools, uses the Stratum protocol to receive work assignments and submit shares, and oversees hardware settings such as chip frequency, power consumption, and fan speed. The software directly affects device stability, share rejection rate, and payout accuracy. It is commonly installed on ASIC miners or controllers, and is suitable for both individual miners and large-scale mining farms. Users configure the mining pool address, worker name, and payout wallet within the software—for example, setting Gate's BTC deposit address as the payment destination. As block rewards decrease and mining difficulty rises, selecting the right software and optimizing parameters becomes increasingly critical for profitability.

A yield farming protocol is a tool that enables users to earn interest and rewards on-chain using their crypto assets. Common methods include lending, providing liquidity, and staking, often combined with automated compounding and strategy rebalancing. These protocols prioritize security audits, transparent fee structures, and clear exit mechanisms, making them suitable for both beginners and advanced users seeking manageable returns. However, users should be aware of risks such as impermanent loss and smart contract vulnerabilities.

Purchasing a put option involves paying a premium to obtain the right to sell an underlying asset at a predetermined strike price on the agreed expiration date. This strategy is commonly used for hedging against downside risk or taking a bearish position. The premium functions similarly to an insurance fee, while the strike price represents the agreed-upon transaction price. The underlying asset can be Bitcoin, stocks, or other instruments. If the market price falls below the strike price, the potential profit increases as the asset's value declines. If the price does not fall below the strike price, the maximum loss is limited to the premium paid.

A burn wallet is a blockchain address that is inaccessible and cannot be controlled by anyone, making assets sent to it permanently unrecoverable. Common examples include 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 or 0x000000000000000000000000000000000000dEaD. Projects often transfer tokens or NFTs to such addresses to reduce circulating supply, invalidate mistakenly minted assets, or execute tokenomics strategies. Any assets accidentally sent to a burn wallet are irretrievable.

A limit buy order is an instruction to purchase a specific crypto asset at or below a designated maximum price. The order will only be executed if there is a matching sell order at or below the specified price; otherwise, it remains queued in the order book. This approach allows users to control purchase costs and minimize slippage, making it a common feature on trading platforms such as Gate. However, during periods of rapid market volatility, there is a risk that the order may not be filled.

Blue-chip cryptocurrencies refer to leading digital assets in the crypto market characterized by large market capitalization, strong liquidity, years of operational history, and wide utility. Typical examples include Bitcoin and Ethereum. These assets feature transparent on-chain data, an active developer ecosystem, and deep trading volume. Common use cases include payments, DeFi collateral, and on-chain settlement. Blue-chip cryptocurrencies are well-suited for long-term portfolio allocation and dollar-cost averaging strategies, though they are still subject to price volatility. Institutional investors tend to allocate a higher proportion of their portfolios to these assets due to their relatively stronger risk resistance and typically smaller drawdowns compared to small-cap coins. For beginners, purchasing blue-chip cryptocurrencies on exchanges and holding them in batches makes it easier to participate in on-chain applications and earn potential yields.

A buy order book is a list displayed by exchanges that aggregates all open buy orders, arranged from highest to lowest price. Each level shows the order quantity and cumulative depth. This order book visualizes buyer demand and support zones, making it a key tool for analyzing slippage, spreads, and optimal entry points. Both centralized exchanges like Gate and order book-based DEXs such as dYdX provide buy-side depth and active order queues. Understanding the buy order book can help users set limit orders and stop-losses, as well as identify major buy walls and liquidity gaps. During periods of high volatility, it also enables traders to anticipate order execution speed and potential slippage risks.

The Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC) floor price refers to the current lowest publicly listed price for NFTs from this collection across various marketplaces, typically denominated in ETH. This metric serves as a key indicator for entry thresholds, valuation, and collateral for lending. The floor price fluctuates based on supply and demand, rarity, and overall market sentiment. Algorithms and filtering rules may differ slightly between platforms, so cross-verification is recommended. It is important to note that the floor price represents a real-time snapshot and does not equate to the average sale price or the value of rare items within the collection.

A blockchain is a decentralized ledger system, maintained collectively by multiple participants who ensure the integrity of a shared record. Mining refers to the process on blockchains utilizing the Proof of Work consensus mechanism, where miners use computational power to validate transactions and compete to create new blocks. Rewards for mining come from block subsidies and transaction fees. Not all blockchains use mining; those employing Proof of Stake require participants to stake assets to take part in network validation. Before participating, it is important to assess hardware requirements, electricity costs, and the regulatory environment, and to understand the impact of price volatility and halving events. Users can also earn on-chain rewards by joining mining pools or staking assets on platforms like Gate.

Bitcoin Pizza Day is a crypto anniversary celebrated annually on May 22. It originates from a 2010 event when a developer purchased two pizzas for 10,000 BTC, marking the first recorded use of Bitcoin for a real-world goods transaction. Since then, exchanges, communities, and merchants have hosted events, educational campaigns, and charitable initiatives on this day, making it an important occasion to observe crypto adoption rates, user engagement, and brand marketing within the industry.

Black hat hackers are malicious actors in both network and blockchain environments who attack systems for illegal profit or disruption. In the Web3 space, they target digital assets, smart contracts, and private keys, exploiting contract vulnerabilities, phishing schemes, and social engineering to gain unauthorized control. Once access is obtained, black hat hackers quickly transfer and disperse funds. Unlike ethical hackers, they do not disclose or help fix security issues; instead, they leverage signed authorizations, cross-chain bridges, and coin mixing services to evade detection and tracking. Understanding the motivations and tactics of black hat hackers is essential for developing strong security habits and incident response procedures, ultimately reducing risks to both assets and data.

A Bitcoin faucet is a type of website or application that distributes small amounts of Bitcoin to users for completing simple tasks. These platforms are designed to help beginners experience wallet transactions, understand transaction fees, and become familiar with Bitcoin address formats. Rewards are typically given in "satoshis," the smallest unit of Bitcoin. Claim frequency is limited, usually ranging from a few minutes to several hours between claims. Users must provide a wallet address, and some platforms may also require an email address or identity verification.

Bitcoin (BTC) is a decentralized digital currency maintained by a global network of nodes on an open blockchain. Transactions and settlements are processed via a peer-to-peer network, eliminating the need for banks or centralized intermediaries. Bitcoin’s security is ensured by the Proof-of-Work consensus mechanism, and its total supply is capped at 21 million coins. Key use cases include value storage, cross-border transfers, and on-chain settlement, with Layer 2 solutions further enhancing payment efficiency.

A balloon loan is a repayment structure characterized by lower monthly payments at the outset, followed by a large lump-sum payment—known as the balloon payment—due at maturity. This arrangement is commonly used in auto financing and certain mortgage products. By concentrating the repayment burden at the end of the term, borrowers benefit from greater cash flow flexibility during the initial years. In crypto lending and DeFi platforms, similar “bullet repayment at maturity” mechanisms exist, but they come with additional risks such as collateral requirements, variable interest rates, and liquidation exposure. Before choosing this option, it is essential to assess income stability and the volatility of your assets.

An undelivered order refers to a status in which an order has been created or paid for, but the agreed-upon goods, services, or assets have not yet been delivered to the buyer. This situation is common in e-commerce procurement and securities settlement processes, where there is a time gap between payment, clearing, reconciliation, and delivery. In Web3 contexts, the undelivered order status is further influenced by on-chain transaction confirmations, smart contracts, and escrow mechanisms.

Liquidation refers to the process in leveraged or derivatives trading where losses deplete the margin and reach the maintenance margin threshold, prompting the system to forcibly close positions to prevent the account from incurring debt. Liquidation is typically triggered based on the "mark price," rather than a user-initiated stop-loss order. On Gate's contract interface, traders can monitor the estimated liquidation price and risk level. To reduce the likelihood of liquidation, users may add margin, adjust leverage, or set stop-loss orders.

Bullish sentiment refers to the expectation that prices will rise, leading to actions such as buying assets or taking long positions. In the crypto market, bullish strategies are common in spot holdings, opening long contracts, and purchasing call options. These decisions are typically based on a combination of factors including supply and demand dynamics, macroeconomic policies, and on-chain data analysis, while also being influenced by prevailing narratives and capital flows. Beginners should integrate bullish signals with proper position sizing and stop-loss strategies, rather than acting solely on emotions.

In the Chinese crypto community, the term "Big Cake" is a nickname for large-scale benefit opportunities, usually referring to generous airdrops, points incentives, or whitelist allocations offered by projects. Participants have the chance to claim a significant share of these rewards. Unlike pure price speculation, "Big Cake" events are more akin to public reward distributions that require users to complete tasks, lock up tokens, or contribute early to the project. On social media platforms, the term is often used to remind others not to miss out on these opportunities.

Brute-force attacks involve repeatedly guessing passwords, verification codes, or cryptographic keys to gain unauthorized access. In the Web3 ecosystem, such attacks commonly target exchange accounts, API keys, and wallet encryption passphrases. Brute-force methods exploit weak randomness and lax retry limits, but are nearly impossible against high-entropy private keys. Attackers typically use automated scripts or botnets to perform large-scale attempts, often leveraging databases of leaked passwords for credential stuffing. To mitigate these risks, it is essential to implement strong passwords, multi-factor authentication, and rate-limiting mechanisms.

Bitcoin is a decentralized digital currency introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto, represented by the symbol BTC. It operates globally on a peer-to-peer network powered by blockchain technology, eliminating the need for banks or third-party intermediaries. Transactions are validated by network nodes and recorded in blocks, while new coins are issued through a Proof-of-Work mining mechanism, with a maximum supply capped at 21 million BTC. Bitcoin addresses are generated from hashed public keys, and ownership of funds is controlled by private keys—holding the private key enables users to authorize transfers. Bitcoin is commonly used as a store of value, for cross-border payments, and as part of asset allocation strategies. Its adoption continues to expand across various countries and use cases.

The Bytom blockchain protocol is a set of on-chain rules for registering, transferring, and enabling cross-chain circulation of multiple asset types. It maps real-world or digital assets onto the blockchain, supporting issuance, settlement, and clearing through a secure transaction model and scalable smart contracts. The protocol uses BTM as both the transaction fee token and incentive mechanism. Decentralization is ensured by the main chain, while high-performance sidechains are utilized to support various application scenarios.

A bit is the smallest unit of information, representing either 0 or 1, similar to a switch being on or off. In blockchain systems, elements such as addresses, transactions, hashes, and signatures are broken down into bits and then reassembled into data packets for transmission and storage. On networks like Bitcoin and Ethereum, transaction size, gas fees, and QR code encoding are all directly determined by the number of bits involved. Understanding bits helps users estimate costs, assess security measures, and avoid operational risks.

A black swan event refers to an extremely rare yet highly impactful and unexpected occurrence that causes major disruptions. In the crypto market, this typically manifests as extreme price volatility, sharp drops in liquidity, and cascading liquidations. Black swan events can be triggered by technical vulnerabilities, credit collapses, macroeconomic shocks, or sudden regulatory actions, affecting exchanges, stablecoins, DeFi protocols, and public blockchain ecosystems. Common investor experiences include wider slippage, withdrawal delays, and surging gas fees, while project teams may face mass withdrawals, forced liquidations, and intense public scrutiny. Understanding how black swan events are triggered and propagated can help optimize portfolio management, tool selection, and contingency planning.

A bull market refers to a prolonged period where asset prices trend upward, characterized by dominant buying activity and high trading volumes, as new capital and participants continuously enter the market. In the crypto industry, bull markets often coincide with events such as Bitcoin halving, improvements in macro liquidity, the launch of ETFs, and the emergence of innovative applications. This cycle significantly impacts project fundraising, trading strategies, and risk management practices, making it one of the most common market phases encountered by newcomers.

BUIDL is a play on the word HODL and refers to the commitment to building regardless of market conditions. Instead of focusing on price fluctuations, it means dedicating time and resources to coding, refining products, and supporting the community, thereby advancing Web3 through usability and long-term value creation. Typical use cases include open-source repositories, hackathons, and testnet trials, all emphasizing open collaboration and continuous iteration.

The Byzantine Generals Problem describes the challenge in distributed networks of reaching a unified decision when some participants may lie or experience unstable connections. This concept highlights why blockchain networks require consensus mechanisms and Byzantine Fault Tolerance to resist malicious nodes, double-spending, and message tampering. Bitcoin addresses this issue through Proof of Work, while Ethereum has shifted to Proof of Stake. The transaction confirmations and block delays that users observe on Gate are closely related to solutions for this problem. In scenarios such as cross-chain bridges, validator voting, and node offline events, it plays a crucial role in balancing security and efficiency.

A bearish outlook refers to the expectation or sentiment that an asset’s price will decline in the future, a perspective commonly observed during bear markets or temporary corrections. This sentiment influences decisions regarding position selection, capital allocation, and overall trading strategy. In the crypto market, bearish views are often associated with tools such as short selling, hedging, put options, and perpetual contracts, all of which are used to manage risk and formulate response strategies. Identifying a bearish trend involves analyzing not only price movements but also signals like trading volume, futures basis, and funding rates. For beginners, understanding what bearish means can help avoid buying at peaks, and encourage the use of stop-loss orders and dollar-cost averaging for more disciplined entry strategies.

Block rewards refer to the compensation paid by blockchain networks to participants who successfully produce new blocks. These rewards typically consist of newly minted tokens and transaction fees. Block rewards play a key role in determining the rate of token issuance, directly influencing the earnings of miners or validators and the overall security of the network. For example, on the Bitcoin network, the current block subsidy stands at 3.125 BTC per block, with transaction fees added on top. On Ethereum, staking nodes—known as validators—earn both block production rewards and additional tip incentives.

The Bretton Woods system was an international monetary arrangement established after World War II, in which national currencies maintained fixed exchange rates against the US dollar, and the dollar itself was pegged to gold. This system was supported by the IMF and the World Bank. It cemented the US dollar’s status as the global reserve currency, shaping international trade and capital flows. Understanding this mechanism provides valuable insight into the foundations of stablecoin pegs and the US dollar-based pricing of Web3 assets.

Block height can be understood as the “floor number” of a blockchain, counting from the very first block up to the current position. It serves as an indicator of the blockchain’s progress and status. Block height is commonly used to calculate transaction confirmations, assess network synchronization, locate records on block explorers, and it can also impact the wait time and risk assessment for deposits and withdrawals.

A rebound refers to a temporary price recovery following a period of decline, commonly observed during highly volatile phases in the crypto market. Rebounds are typically triggered by factors such as relief from oversold conditions, short covering, liquidity returning to the market, or news-driven events. The duration and magnitude of a rebound are variable and unpredictable. Importantly, a rebound does not necessarily indicate a full trend reversal; it is more akin to a brief pause or relief in the downward movement. Understanding the underlying causes and timing of rebounds is essential for optimizing trading strategies and managing risk effectively.

A bull market trap refers to situations during upward price trends where excessive optimism and information asymmetry lead to poor decision-making, resulting in losses when the market pulls back. Common examples include buying at inflated prices driven by hype around new tokens, acting on false signals after key price breakouts, and crowded trades amplified by leveraged borrowing. These traps can originate from both project mechanisms and inherent human behavior.

A blockchain is a shared ledger collaboratively maintained by multiple parties, where transactions are grouped into "blocks" and linked in chronological order, secured through cryptography. Updates to the ledger are recorded via a consensus mechanism, ensuring unified and transparent verification. By emphasizing decentralization, blockchain minimizes single points of control and reduces the risk of tampering. Key use cases include payments, cross-border transfers, decentralized finance (DeFi), and supply chain traceability.

Bitcoin Gold (BTG) here refers to the BEP20 token issued by the Openverse Network, operating on BNB Chain. It is designed for decentralized finance (DeFi), payments, and staking. The token has a fixed total supply of 20 million, with approximately 1.9 million currently in circulation. As a utility token within the ecosystem, BTG can be used for transfers, participation in projects, and earning staking rewards. Management of BTG requires a wallet that supports smart contracts. Please note that this BTG is distinct from the historical Bitcoin Gold.

The Black-Scholes Model is a mathematical pricing framework developed by Fischer Black and Myron Scholes in 1973 that calculates the theoretical value of financial options contracts. The model determines option prices by analyzing variables including underlying asset price, strike price, time to expiration, risk-free interest rate, and asset price volatility, establishing the foundation for modern financial engineering.

A block in blockchain functions as a “ledger page,” sequentially recording all transactions and state changes that occur within a specific time frame. Each block is cryptographically linked to the previous one through its hash, forming a tamper-resistant chain. Blocks are created by miners or validators and are validated through network consensus mechanisms. The block header contains fields such as the hash and timestamp. Block size and block production time directly impact transaction fees and processing speed. Additionally, different blockchains may implement unique block structures and validation rules.

Block trading refers to the execution of large-scale transactions—significantly exceeding typical order sizes—through over-the-counter (OTC) channels or dedicated trading pathways. The primary objective is to facilitate substantial asset transfers without causing noticeable market disruption. These trades are typically coordinated by brokers or trading platforms, using negotiated prices or reference market prices, with disclosure and settlement processes governed by established protocols. Block trading is widely utilized across equities, bonds, commodities, and crypto assets to meet OTC and Request for Quote (RFQ) requirements. Key use cases include institutional portfolio rebalancing, fund subscription/redemption hedging, private equity exits, and cross-market arbitrage. The core of block trading lies in balancing price stability, liquidity, and secure settlement. New participants should pay close attention to minimum trade thresholds, price limitations, counterparty creditworthiness, and custody/clearing arrangements. In crypto markets, factors such as 24/7 price quoting, on-chain asset withdrawals, and compliance checks for funds also affect execution costs.

A Bitcoin ETF is a type of exchange-traded fund that is listed and traded on traditional securities markets, allowing investors to buy and sell shares using standard brokerage accounts. Its primary objective is to closely track the spot price of Bitcoin. The fund's assets are held by regulated custodians, and a management fee is charged for the service. Trading follows conventional market hours and rules. By providing exposure to cryptocurrency prices within a regulated investment framework, Bitcoin ETFs appeal to investors who prefer compliant channels and do not wish to manage their own private keys. However, it is important to consider management fees, tax implications, and the risks associated with price volatility.

The beta coefficient is an indicator used to measure the strength and direction of an asset's correlation relative to a chosen market benchmark. In the crypto market, BTC or a crypto index is often selected as the benchmark to assess how sensitive a token's price is to overall market movements. The beta coefficient helps evaluate risk exposure and is also applied in portfolio management and hedging strategies, making it valuable for risk control in both spot and derivatives trading.

The native token of Bytom (BTM) serves as the fundamental asset of the Bytom/BytomDAO network, utilized for paying on-chain transaction fees, incentivizing miners, and facilitating ecosystem-wide circulation. BTM is issued through a mineable mechanism, with a capped supply of 2.1 billion tokens. It is commonly used in scenarios such as asset tokenization, decentralized finance (DeFi), and payment settlements. Additionally, Bytom offers cross-chain versions on ecosystems like Ethereum and Polygon, enabling seamless usage across multiple blockchain applications. For specific contract details and network information, please refer to the official website.

A bear market is a period characterized by prolonged price declines and increasingly cautious market sentiment. In the crypto industry, bear markets are often accompanied by reduced trading volumes, more challenging fundraising conditions, widespread deleveraging, and diminished interest in popular narratives. While high-quality projects continue to develop, their valuations typically contract. Both individuals and institutions shift their focus toward cash flow management and risk control, transitioning trading strategies from chasing upward momentum to dollar-cost averaging and phased portfolio allocation. During this phase, the ecosystem enters a period of recovery and selective filtering of projects.

Bollinger Bands are a technical indicator composed of three lines plotted around an asset's price: the middle band represents the moving average over a specific period, while the upper and lower bands define a “reasonable range” based on price volatility. This tool helps traders monitor periods of contraction and expansion in volatility, identify potential breakout points, and set support and resistance levels. The most common default settings use a 20-period moving average and a 2x volatility coefficient, making Bollinger Bands suitable for both cryptocurrency and traditional financial markets.

BSCScan, the official block explorer for the BNB Chain, functions as a public query platform similar to a blockchain "search engine." It allows users to view transaction status, wallet balances, token details, and smart contract code. Common use cases include checking withdrawal progress, tracking gas fees, and analyzing transaction interactions. Importantly, BSCScan does not hold user funds; it only displays on-chain records. By searching transaction hashes or wallet addresses, users can trace fund movements and verify the accuracy of blockchain data.

A BTC address functions as your “receiving account” within the Bitcoin network. It is generated cryptographically to securely send and receive Bitcoin. BTC addresses typically start with 1, 3, or bc1—each prefix represents a different format, with specific rules and compatibility considerations. When depositing or withdrawing on exchanges such as Gate, or transferring funds between wallets, it is crucial to use the correct BTC address and corresponding network. Selecting the wrong address or network may result in irretrievable loss of funds.

Binance Evolution Proposals (BEPs) are a set of public standards on the BNB Chain that define the rules for tokens, NFTs, and on-chain functionalities—similar in concept to Ethereum’s Improvement Proposals. BEPs specify executable guidelines for processes such as token issuance, transfers, and application integration, ensuring interoperability among wallets, exchanges, and dApps. Key standards include BEP-2 for Binance Chain, BEP-20 for BNB Smart Chain, and BEP-721 and BEP-1155 for NFTs. Understanding BEPs is crucial for selecting the correct network during deposits, withdrawals, and cross-chain transactions, helping reduce errors. Additionally, familiarity with the BEP governance process allows users to better assess the technical reliability of the ecosystem.

Bounty refers to a reward offered by a project for completing specific tasks. In the Web3 ecosystem, bounties cover activities such as bug reporting, security testing, testnet participation, content creation, and community promotion. Rewards are typically distributed in cryptocurrencies or stablecoins, based on the complexity of the task and the rules set by the project. Bounties are designed to attract developers and users, enhance security, and drive growth. Common bounty distribution channels include bug bounty platforms, open-source collaboration networks, and event hubs on crypto exchanges. Individuals or teams submit their work following the required procedures and, after review and approval, receive their rewards. This mechanism effectively outsources security and growth efforts to the community, reducing costs for projects while providing substantial incentives to participants.

A Bitcoin forum is an online community centered around topics related to Bitcoin, aggregating policy updates, market discussions, technical insights, and trading experiences. Developers, miners, and retail investors can access tutorials, announcements, and Q&A sessions in Bitcoin forums, interact with moderators and project teams, and obtain background details and risk disclosures that go beyond official sources. Common platforms include both global and Chinese communities, as well as exchange-based discussion areas such as the Gate Community and the Learn comment section.

A bounty refers to a paid task or bug reward program released by a project to the public, designed to incentivize activities such as security testing, development, translation, and operations. Participants complete tasks according to predefined rules and submit evidence of their work. After review by the platform or a smart contract, rewards are distributed in either crypto assets or fiat currency. Bounties are commonly found in DeFi, NFT platforms, on-chain games, and DAO communities. The process is transparent, compensation is based on results, and both risks and rewards are clearly measurable.

"Building" is a common social term within the Web3 community, referring to practical contributions and active involvement rather than simply discussing token prices. This concept covers actions such as writing tutorials and translating documentation, submitting code and testing networks, participating in governance and organizing events, as well as maintaining community order and providing support. Often associated with the term "BUIDL," it emphasizes long-term value creation and sustainable ecosystem development.

A barter economy refers to a system where goods or services are exchanged directly without the use of money. This organizational approach was common in early societies, environments with limited resources, and small communities. The core principle centers on matching mutual needs: “you have what I want, I have what you need.” In the digital realm, direct token swaps, peer-to-peer transactions, and simultaneous execution through smart contracts are considered technological extensions of this model.

Crypto miners serve as the "accountants" of blockchain networks. By providing computational power through the Proof of Work (PoW) consensus mechanism, they validate and bundle transactions, produce new blocks, and receive block rewards and transaction fees as compensation. Mining operations require specialized hardware, reliable electricity, and often collaboration within mining pools to maximize efficiency. Miners play a crucial role in maintaining network security and decentralization. Today, crypto miners are primarily active on public blockchains like Bitcoin and Litecoin that utilize PoW.

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) refers to digital legal tender issued directly by a country's central bank. CBDCs are designed for transactions such as receiving and transferring funds through mobile wallets, payment apps, or banking systems. These currencies can be made available to the general public or restricted to financial institutions. Technologically, CBDCs may utilize centralized ledgers or permissioned blockchain networks, and typically incorporate compliance and programmability features. Additional functionalities often include transaction traceability and support for offline payments.

Coin-denominated refers to a method where cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin or Ethereum are used as the unit of account and settlement. In this approach, profits, losses, and positions are measured by the number of coins held, rather than in USD or stablecoins. Coin-denomination is commonly seen in coin-margined perpetual contracts, mining and staking rewards, and NFT pricing in ETH. It contrasts with USD-denominated (USDT-margined) systems. The main advantage is that it aligns with the habits of long-term holders. However, the key risk is that fluctuations in coin prices can directly amplify changes in account net value.

Consolidation, often referred to by traders as “sideways trading” or “range-bound movement”, describes a period when asset prices fluctuate within a relatively narrow range, with both volatility and trading activity decreasing in tandem. This phase typically follows significant price surges or declines, acting as a “breather” for the market. In the context of the always-on crypto market, consolidation is often characterized by liquidity accumulation and anticipation of new information or events. Identifying this stage is crucial for optimizing entry and exit strategies as well as risk management.

The Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) is a regulated derivatives platform in the United States, offering Bitcoin and Ethereum futures and options. These contracts are settled in cash and cleared centrally. Contracts expire on a monthly basis and are settled according to reference indices. This structure enables institutional participants to engage in price discovery, hedging, and arbitrage, while providing professional traders with a risk and cost profile distinct from perpetual contracts. To participate, users must open an account with a futures broker and post margin.

Circulating supply refers to the number of tokens currently available for free trading on the market. It is a key metric for assessing price stability, market capitalization, and the distribution of tokens among holders. Circulating supply differs from total supply and maximum supply, as it is affected by factors such as token lock-ups, unlocking schedules, burning events, and new issuance. When analyzing a token on an exchange, the level of circulating supply directly impacts trading depth, price volatility, and valuation assessments.

A consensus mechanism is a set of rules and processes used in blockchain networks to enable decentralized computers to agree on which transactions are valid and what data should be recorded in the next block. It functions like a reconciliation system for a shared ledger, ensuring all participants maintain a consistent record. Common approaches include Proof of Work (PoW), which relies on computational competition, and Proof of Stake (PoS), which uses staking and validator voting. Consensus mechanisms are crucial for preventing fraud, resisting downtime, and determining a network's speed, transaction fees, and security level. Public blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum utilize consensus mechanisms, and they are also applied in consortium blockchains for business collaboration. The choice of consensus mechanism involves trade-offs among confirmation times, throughput, energy consumption, and the degree of decentralization.

A canary network is an independent blockchain environment designed for real-world experimentation, positioned between a testnet and a mainnet. Unlike testnets, it operates with actual assets and open governance, allowing new features and protocol parameters to be deployed at a faster pace. Similar to a canary in a coal mine, its purpose is to reveal potential risks early. Developers use canary networks to validate upgrades and economic mechanisms under live conditions, while users participate and provide feedback. Once solutions have proven successful and stable, they are migrated to the mainnet.

A cold storage area refers to a dedicated offline environment designed for safeguarding cryptocurrency private keys and long-term assets. By remaining disconnected from the internet, it significantly reduces risks posed by malware and remote attacks. Common cold storage methods include hardware wallets, air-gapped computers, paper backups, and multisignature vaults, each accompanied by physical security measures and access audits. Cold storage is typically layered with hot wallets: everyday transactions are handled via hot wallets, while significant funds are managed with offline signatures in the cold storage area and require approval before transfer.

Ciphertext refers to unreadable data produced by processing readable information using algorithms and cryptographic keys. This process conceals the original details during transmission or storage, ensuring that only those with the correct key can restore the information. In the Web3 ecosystem, ciphertext is widely used in wallet communications, on-chain data protection, decentralized storage, and cross-chain messaging. Its main function is to reduce the risk of data exposure and theft.

A core wallet typically refers to the Bitcoin Core wallet, which functions both as a full node application and a local wallet. It downloads and verifies the entire blockchain, allowing users to independently validate transactions without relying on third-party servers. This makes it suitable for individuals seeking self-custody and enhanced verification security, though it requires significant storage space and higher synchronization costs.

A cold wallet is a method of storing cryptocurrency private keys offline, similar to keeping your bank card and password locked in a safe. By remaining disconnected from the internet, cold wallets significantly reduce the risk of theft. Common forms include hardware devices or air-gapped smartphones and computers. Cold wallets are well-suited for long-term holding and safeguarding large amounts of assets. When a transaction is needed, the signature is generated offline before interacting with the blockchain.

“Candy” (CANDY) typically refers to a blockchain project’s native token sharing this name, often used in contexts such as gaming, membership points, or community rewards. Since different projects may issue tokens called CANDY on various public blockchains, the only reliable way to identify the correct asset is by verifying the contract address. The specific use cases depend on the project and may include payments, governance voting, transaction fee discounts, or powering in-game economies. Before purchasing, users should confirm the token’s ownership rules and liquidity conditions.

“Leek” is a slang term in the crypto community used to describe inexperienced retail investors who are easily influenced by market trends. These individuals are often caught in a cycle of “price pumps—FOMO buying—dumping—panic selling,” resulting in significant losses. The term frequently appears in contexts such as spot trading, derivatives, token launches, and meme coins, where issues typically stem from delayed information, poor position management, and insufficient risk awareness. Understanding the concept of “leek” helps traders identify market manipulation tactics, improve trading and risk management strategies, and avoid losses from buying high and selling low.

Consensus algorithms are mechanisms that enable blockchains to achieve agreement across global nodes. Through predefined rules, they select block producers, validate transactions, manage forks, and record blocks to the ledger once finality conditions are met. The consensus mechanism determines the network’s security, throughput, energy consumption, and level of decentralization. Common models include Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), and Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT), which are widely implemented in Bitcoin, Ethereum, and enterprise blockchain platforms.

The term "cutting leeks" refers to practices in the crypto market where experienced participants exploit information asymmetry and market sentiment to manipulate prices—such as through pump-and-dump schemes—causing inexperienced traders to buy at inflated prices and suffer repeated financial losses. This behavior is frequently observed in scenarios like speculative trading of new tokens, social media hype campaigns, low-liquidity trading pairs, and environments where leverage or derivatives amplify market volatility. These activities not only present significant risks of market manipulation but also raise concerns regarding regulatory compliance. For newcomers, understanding the common tactics of "cutting leeks," recognizing warning signals, and implementing effective risk management are essential skills for engaging in spot trading, leveraged trading, or any activity on platforms like Gate.

A candidate block refers to a provisional block assembled by miners or validators, who select and package transactions from the transaction pool. This block has not yet become a confirmed record on the blockchain. Serving as the bridge between transaction submission and consensus finalization, candidate blocks involve considerations such as transaction fee prioritization, block size limits, the underlying block production mechanism (such as Proof of Work or Proof of Stake), and network broadcasting. Candidate blocks may be replaced if a faster or more optimal block is produced by another participant. While Bitcoin and Ethereum differ slightly in how candidate blocks are generated and accepted, their role within the network remains fundamentally the same.

In the crypto market, a "whale" or "market maker" refers to an entity or individual who holds a significant amount of assets, with the ability to influence price movements and market sentiment. These major players shape market dynamics through tactics such as strategic order placement, rapid execution, leveraging liquidity, and timing information releases. Understanding the motivations and methods of whales or market makers helps traders identify unusual volatility, optimize trading strategies, and manage risk exposure.

Consensus in blockchain networks refers to the process by which all participants validate transactions and agree on their order according to a shared set of rules—much like a unified protocol for collaborative bookkeeping. It determines who is authorized to add new blocks, when recorded transactions become valid, and how disagreements are resolved. Different consensus mechanisms, such as Proof of Work and Proof of Stake, offer varying levels of security, speed, and cost. These mechanisms also influence the number of confirmations required for transactions and the finality of records, directly impacting scenarios like deposits and withdrawals.

Bull and Bear Certificates are leveraged structured products issued by institutions, designed to track the movement of specific stocks or indices. There are two types: Bull Certificates, which benefit from upward price movements (long positions), and Bear Certificates, which profit from downward trends (short positions). Each certificate features a barrier level—once this threshold is reached, the product is automatically terminated and redeemed. The price of these certificates fluctuates in line with the underlying asset and reflects factors such as financing costs and maturity terms. Typically used for short-term trading to amplify market views, investors should fully understand the risks associated with leverage dynamics, expiration restrictions, and the product’s issuance mechanism.

A front-side photo of an ID card is used for online identity verification, displaying details such as name, ID number, and expiration date. This type of photo is commonly required for exchange KYC (Know Your Customer) and anti-money laundering (AML) procedures, as well as for withdrawal reviews and account recovery processes. In the Web3 ecosystem, it is essential for accessing fiat on-ramps and reducing fraud risks, while also requiring careful consideration of privacy and data security management.

Cryptography is a set of mathematical tools used to establish trust in open environments, ensuring both identity verification ("you are you") and data integrity ("data has not been altered"). In the context of blockchain, cryptography leverages mechanisms such as hashing, public and private keys, digital signatures, and zero-knowledge proofs. These technologies enable transactions to be validated by the entire network without exposing private keys, providing the security foundation for networks like Bitcoin and Ethereum.

A stop-loss is a protective mechanism that allows traders to automatically exit a position when the price moves unfavorably, by setting predefined trigger conditions to limit losses within acceptable bounds. Stop-loss orders are commonly used in both spot and derivatives trading, and can take the form of stop market or stop limit orders; they may also be combined with OCO (One Cancels the Other) orders. In highly volatile crypto markets, effective use of stop-loss strategies—together with proper position management and risk-reward analysis—can enhance trading discipline and overall stability.

Confidential transactions are techniques that conceal transaction amounts and certain identity details on public blockchains, while still allowing the entire network to verify transaction validity. This method encrypts the transaction amount inside a cryptographic "envelope," so external observers cannot see the actual numbers, but the network can still confirm that no overspending or forgery has occurred. Common implementations include cryptographic commitments and range proofs, as well as zero-knowledge proofs. These technologies are already used in sidechains, privacy coins, and Ethereum applications.

Hodling refers to a strategy where crypto assets are accumulated and held over the long term, focusing on diversifying entry points, managing portfolio allocation, and ensuring secure storage. A common approach is dollar-cost averaging—purchasing a fixed amount at regular intervals—often combined with staking or yield-generating products to earn returns during the holding period. This strategy can be implemented by consistently buying and storing assets on exchanges or in self-custody wallets, making it suitable for participants taking a multi-year perspective on the market.

Smart contract security refers to the comprehensive risk management throughout the lifecycle of smart contracts, including design, coding, deployment, and operation. The objective is to ensure that both funds and logic perform as intended and remain resilient against attacks and unexpected events. Key features of smart contract security include code auditing, access control, oracle data verification, monitoring systems, and emergency response mechanisms. It is especially critical for the launch and operation of DeFi platforms, NFT projects, and on-chain applications.

Cryptocurrency speculation refers to the short-term buying and selling of crypto assets with the goal of profiting from price fluctuations. Speculators typically use tools such as spot trading and derivatives contracts, relying on changes in market sentiment, prevailing narratives, and liquidity. The focus is on trading rhythm and risk management. On exchanges like Gate, features including spot trading, leverage, and grid trading enable speculators to manage gains and losses through strategic discipline.

Capital Gains Tax (CGT) is a tax imposed on the profit realized from the sale of assets, commonly applied to stocks and real estate, and increasingly relevant to crypto assets. The calculation focuses on the purchase price, the sale price, and the holding period to determine the taxable amount. In crypto, spot trading, token swaps, and NFT sales can all trigger CGT liabilities. Since regulations vary by country, it is essential to maintain detailed records and ensure proper tax reporting for compliance.

The contract layer in a blockchain serves as the execution environment and state repository for smart contracts. It encodes business logic into code, which is processed by a virtual machine according to the network's consensus order, with results immutably recorded on-chain. Key operations such as token transfers, decentralized trading, and NFT minting are all handled within this layer. Users interact through wallets and DApps, initiating contract calls by paying gas fees. Major public blockchains typically implement the contract layer using either EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) or WASM (WebAssembly). Contract addresses are publicly accessible and can be verified via block explorers.

Spot trading refers to the direct exchange of one crypto asset for another on an exchange or decentralized platform, without involving fiat currencies. For example, swapping USDT for BTC. On centralized exchanges (CEX), trades are matched through order books, while on decentralized exchanges (DEX), pricing is determined by liquidity pools using algorithmic ratios. Common trading pairs include BTC/USDT and ETH/USDT. Factors such as execution efficiency, trading fees, and liquidity impact overall costs and slippage. Spot trading is widely used for portfolio rebalancing, hedging, arbitrage, and participating in new token launches.

Altcoin refers to any cryptocurrency other than Bitcoin, encompassing both native tokens of public blockchains such as Ethereum and Solana, as well as application tokens in sectors like DeFi, NFTs, gaming, RWA, and meme coins. Altcoins serve various functions including payments, governance, staking, and incentives, often introducing innovative features. However, they carry high risk and volatility, making careful selection of projects and use cases essential. Common methods of issuance include smart contract deployment or mainnet block rewards. Altcoins can be traded on exchanges or through on-chain transactions. Project quality varies significantly, so users should pay attention to liquidity and regulatory compliance.

Computational infeasibility refers to problems that are theoretically solvable but practically impossible to complete within available computing power and reasonable time. In cryptography and blockchain, this level of difficulty serves as a critical security barrier: processes like deriving a private key from a public key or reversing a hash to its original input are deliberately designed to be infeasible. This principle underpins address generation, transaction signing, and consensus security, ensuring that the cost of an attack is prohibitively high and effectively unrealistic.

Coin mixing refers to the practice of enhancing transaction privacy by pooling multiple users’ cryptocurrency transactions together or using smart contracts to break up and reassemble funds. This process makes it more difficult for outside parties to trace the origin of funds on public blockchains. Common examples include Bitcoin’s CoinJoin and mixing contracts on Ethereum. While coin mixing can improve the confidentiality of transfers, it is also subject to regulatory scrutiny and can trigger risk controls on certain platforms.

Transaction confirmation refers to the process by which an on-chain transaction is recorded in a block and subsequently reinforced by additional blocks. The higher the number of confirmations, the lower the probability of a transaction being reversed, making the credited funds more secure. Confirmation count directly impacts withdrawal and deposit times on exchanges, token swaps in DeFi protocols, NFT minting, and cross-chain bridge waiting periods. It is also a widely accepted standard for determining when funds are safely usable. Different blockchains have varying block times: Bitcoin generally requires multiple confirmations, while Ethereum and Solana typically confirm transactions faster. Exchanges specify the required number of confirmations for each token, with the details displayed on relevant pages.

Hashrate refers to the computational power of a device to perform cryptographic calculations per unit of time, and it is a key metric for evaluating blockchain mining efficiency and network security. In Proof-of-Work blockchains such as Bitcoin, hashrate represents the number of hash computations performed each second. Hashrate is influenced by factors like hardware performance, algorithm difficulty, and electricity costs. Common units include H/s (hashes per second) and its multiples, such as TH/s (terahashes per second) and PH/s (petahashes per second). Higher hashrate increases the probability of successfully mining new blocks and strengthens resistance to attacks. Cryptocurrency exchanges and platforms often display network-wide hashrate trends for reference.

Contract trading involves buying and selling contracts pegged to the price of crypto assets. Traders can take long or short positions, using margin and leverage to amplify exposure. Common contract types include perpetual contracts and futures, with funding rates settled periodically to help anchor prices. Exchanges such as Gate offer USDT-margined contracts and risk management tools, making these products suitable for both speculation and hedging. However, traders should be aware of liquidation risks and slippage.

Bitcoin (BTC) is a decentralized digital currency operating on a publicly verifiable blockchain. Its ledger is maintained collectively by nodes worldwide, and network security is ensured through the Proof of Work consensus mechanism. Bitcoin has a fixed maximum supply of 21 million coins. It is primarily used for value storage and peer-to-peer transfers. The issuance of new coins is controlled by a halving event, which reduces block rewards at regular intervals, making Bitcoin widely regarded as "digital gold" due to its scarcity.

Crypto investors are individuals and institutions participating in the blockchain and token markets. They engage with assets such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, stablecoins, DeFi protocols, and NFTs through exchanges, wallets, and on-chain platforms. Their primary objective is to achieve returns under controlled risk while actively contributing to the evolution of blockchain technology and applications.

A sell-off refers to a market condition where a large number of assets are sold within a short period, resulting in insufficient buy-side support and a significant drop in prices. Unlike routine trading turnover, a sell-off is typically triggered by negative news, leveraged liquidations, or reduced liquidity. In the crypto market, sell-offs can impact both spot and derivatives markets simultaneously, often accompanied by increased trading volume, wider bid-ask spreads, and higher slippage. Understanding the triggers, characteristics, and strategies for responding to sell-offs is essential for managing trading risk.

A cryptographic algorithm is a set of rules designed to securely “lock” and “verify” information, preventing unauthorized disclosure or tampering, and ensuring that messages come from trusted sources. In blockchain and Web3, cryptographic algorithms form the backbone of essential features such as wallet security, transaction record integrity, and exchange connectivity. They safeguard the confidentiality, integrity, and verifiability of assets and data as they are transmitted and stored across the network.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) serves as the core component for computation and task management in digital devices. It retrieves instructions from memory, decodes and executes them, and coordinates input/output operations as well as storage interactions. Whether in smartphones, laptops, or servers, the CPU determines processing speed, energy efficiency, and compatibility. In blockchain nodes and cryptographic signature processes, the CPU is equally vital, ensuring reliable performance for digital applications.

A Collateralized Debt Position (CDP) is an on-chain mechanism where users lock up crypto assets as collateral to generate a debt position denominated in stablecoins. CDPs require over-collateralization—if the collateralization ratio drops below the liquidation threshold, the assets will be sold to repay the debt, with interest accruing as a “stability fee.” CDPs are widely used in DeFi protocols like MakerDAO, where users deposit ETH, BTC, stETH, and similar assets to mint DAI or borrow stablecoins such as USDT. These positions support capital rotation, hedging, and yield strategies. Centralized exchanges like Gate also implement similar mechanisms for borrowing and leverage trading: users must maintain a required collateral ratio for their positions, and if the liquidation threshold is reached, the collateral will be forcibly sold.

Cold wallet cryptocurrency refers to storing the private keys of crypto assets in an offline environment, typically using hardware wallets or physical backups such as paper wallets. By generating and signing transactions offline, cold wallets significantly reduce risks from malware, phishing attacks, and remote hacking attempts. This approach is ideal for long-term holding and safeguarding large amounts of funds. Private keys are commonly backed up using mnemonic phrases, and while the assets remain on the blockchain, the cold wallet device only controls access to them.

Community Takeover (CTO) refers to the process in which token holders and contributors assume control over a project’s funds, codebase, and brand through multisig and governance voting after the original team has exited, ceased updates, or become unreachable. This phenomenon is common in token, NFT, and blockchain gaming ecosystems. The primary objectives of a community takeover are to preserve asset value, restore operations, and enhance transparency and security.

Custodial services refer to a model where a third party holds and manages your crypto assets and private keys. This approach is commonly seen in exchanges, regulated custodians, and ETFs. By relying on these platforms for activities such as trading, deposits, withdrawals, and asset management, users benefit from convenience and regulatory compliance, but also face risks if the platform fails or is compromised by hackers. To mitigate these risks, platforms typically use methods like proof of reserves, insurance, multi-signature wallets, and risk controls. Custodial solutions are especially suitable for fiat onramps, institutional fund management, and bulk settlements.

A cryptographic algorithm is a set of computational rules for "locking" and "unlocking" information, designed to protect data from unauthorized access. In Web3, cryptographic algorithms play a critical role in securing wallet private keys, verifying transaction signatures, and maintaining the integrity of on-chain data. Common types include symmetric encryption, asymmetric encryption, and hashing. Rather than operating as standalone programs, these algorithms are embedded as foundational capabilities within wallets, exchange communications, and blockchain validation processes.

"CME" typically refers to CME Group, a US-regulated global derivatives marketplace based in Chicago. In the crypto industry, CME offers cash-settled futures and options contracts for assets such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, catering to institutional and professional investors seeking price discovery, risk management, and portfolio allocation. CME products serve as key market references alongside spot and perpetual contracts.

Crypto authenticator apps are security tools designed to generate one-time verification codes, commonly used for logging into crypto accounts, withdrawals, password changes, and API operations. These dynamic codes are used alongside passwords or devices to enable multi-factor authentication, supporting offline time-based codes or push confirmations. This significantly reduces account risks from phishing attacks and SMS hijacking.

ConsenSys is a development company specializing in providing tools and infrastructure for the Ethereum ecosystem. Its products include the MetaMask wallet, Infura node service, Truffle development suite, the Layer 2 network Linea, and the enterprise platform Quorum. By offering software solutions, cloud services, and compliance frameworks, ConsenSys connects users, developers, and institutions, serving as a gateway and support system for building, accessing, and operating decentralized applications (dApps).

Cathie Wood is the founder of ARK Invest and has long focused on disruptive innovation investments. In the crypto sector, she has championed the launch of a spot Bitcoin ETF in collaboration with 21Shares and has integrated blockchain technology into ARK's research framework. Her research and products serve as a bridge between traditional capital markets and Web3, and her public commentary and portfolio decisions frequently influence market expectations.

A cryptographic key is the essential element that controls access to data and digital assets, functioning much like a key to a locked door. Cryptographic keys are categorized as either symmetric or asymmetric: symmetric keys use the same key for both encryption and decryption, while asymmetric keys involve a private key for signing and a public key for verification. In blockchain wallets and transaction requests, the private key generates the address and authorizes actions, ensuring trusted identity and data integrity.

A Crypto Visa Card is a payment card issued by a regulated institution and integrated with the Visa network, enabling you to spend funds sourced from your crypto assets. When making a purchase, the card issuer converts your cryptocurrencies—such as Bitcoin or USDT—into fiat currency for settlement. These cards can be used at POS terminals and online merchants. Most Crypto Visa Cards are prepaid or debit cards, requiring KYC verification and are subject to regional restrictions and spending limits. They are ideal for users who want to spend crypto directly, but it is important to consider fees, exchange rates, and refund policies. Crypto Visa Cards are suitable for use while traveling and for subscription services.

Capital refers to resources that can be allocated to production, transactions, or projects with the expectation of generating returns. This includes not only cash and equipment but also data and tokens. In traditional finance, capital typically takes the form of equity or debt, with a primary focus on costs and returns. In Web3, capital can be tokenized and participate in lending, staking, and liquidity provision via smart contracts. This enables capital to operate efficiently on-chain and be subject to public audit.

Crypto trading simulation refers to services that allow users to practice placing orders, risk management, and strategy testing using virtual assets and simulated market data, without using real funds. This approach is commonly used to help users become familiar with spot and derivatives trading, validate order types and fee impacts, practice position management, and rehearse trading logic in an environment that closely mimics actual order matching. For beginners, it reduces the cost of trial and error, while for strategy developers, it provides a safe space for iterative testing. However, it does not fully replicate the real market’s liquidity or emotional factors.

Cryptocurrency rankings are ordered lists of digital assets based on quantifiable metrics. Common ranking criteria include market capitalization (calculated as price multiplied by circulating supply), trading volume (the total value of trades within a specific period), price change percentage, and liquidity. These rankings help users assess trading activity and asset scale among numerous cryptocurrencies, and are directly utilized in market data and filtering tools on platforms like Gate. Rankings serve as references and do not constitute investment advice or guarantees of returns.

Crypto Salt, commonly referred to as a "cryptographic salt," is a piece of random data added to a password or message before hashing or key derivation. Its main purpose is to break the predictability of identical inputs, thereby reducing the risk of dictionary attacks and rainbow table attacks. In Web3 use cases, cryptographic salts are used in processes such as account login, wallet encryption, and privacy commitments to enhance resistance against cracking attempts. However, a salt is not a key and cannot replace strong passwords or multi-factor authentication.

A centralized exchange is a crypto asset platform where a company centrally manages user funds and facilitates trade matching. These platforms offer services such as fiat on-ramps, order matching, clearing and settlement, and risk management support. Users can deposit, place orders, and withdraw assets all within a single interface. Common features include spot trading, derivatives, and financial products. Compared to self-custody solutions, centralized exchanges function as an all-in-one service that combines asset custody and trade execution on behalf of users. However, this model requires users to trust the platform’s asset management practices and regulatory compliance.

A four-letter acronym token refers to a cryptocurrency whose trading symbol consists of four letters. These tokens often gain attention through memorable branding and viral social media exposure, and are commonly seen in meme coins and new narrative-driven projects. However, their success depends on more than just the name; key factors include liquidity, utility, community engagement, regulatory compliance, and ongoing support from exchanges. After launching on-chain, project teams typically provide initial liquidity through market making and aim to get listed on platforms. Participants should evaluate a token’s sustainability by examining its rule design, allocation structure, and the execution capabilities of the team.

A crypto debit card is a tool that converts your held crypto assets into a spendable balance for use at physical stores, online platforms, and ATMs. These cards are typically issued in partnership with exchanges or card providers, and during each transaction, assets like USDT are exchanged into fiat currency at either real-time or pre-set rates. Funds are managed through KYC (Know Your Customer) and compliance procedures. Most crypto debit cards are integrated with Visa or Mastercard networks, allowing you to swipe or link them to mobile payment systems just like a traditional debit card. Stablecoins are tokens pegged to the value of fiat currencies, and KYC functions as identity verification during account setup.

CZ, also known as Changpeng Zhao, is a prominent entrepreneur in the crypto industry who founded and led a global cryptocurrency exchange platform. His influence spans liquidity development, risk management and compliance initiatives, product and technology innovation, as well as advocacy for industry governance. Understanding CZ’s background and approach provides valuable insight into how exchanges operate, how user security is maintained, and how regulatory environments shape business strategies.

Casascius physical bitcoins are tangible coins that encapsulate a Bitcoin private key within a metal commemorative token. The exterior displays a receiving address that can be verified on the blockchain, while the internal private key is secured by a tamper-evident holographic seal. Holders can keep these coins as collectibles or break the seal to "redeem" the Bitcoin on-chain. First introduced between 2011 and 2013, Casascius coins are no longer minted and are now mainly regarded as collectibles at the intersection of cryptocurrency and numismatics. Buyers and holders should be vigilant about authenticity and security when purchasing or storing these coins.

Capital efficiency refers to the level of actual output or returns generated from a given amount of capital investment. It focuses on whether the same principal can achieve higher trading volumes, returns, or service capacity. In both traditional finance and Web3, capital efficiency is commonly measured using metrics such as capital utilization rate, turnover speed, and output per unit of TVL (Total Value Locked). This concept significantly influences the design of lending, market-making, and leverage strategies.

Check types refer to the various verification and constraint mechanisms executed at different stages of a blockchain to ensure transaction validity and network security. These include wallet signature verification, node-level checks on transaction format and balances, consensus mechanisms confirming block validity and finality, smart contract permission and balance assessments, as well as fraud proofs and validity proofs within Layer 2 networks.

A crypto miner is a participant who uses computing devices to provide computational power for a blockchain, bundle transactions, and produce new blocks, most commonly found in Proof of Work (PoW) networks like Bitcoin. Miners earn income through block rewards and transaction fees. The term can also refer to users who engage in "liquidity mining" on exchanges. To increase income stability, miners often collaborate via mining pools. Home GPUs and specialized ASICs are used for different cryptocurrencies. Key risks include fluctuations in token prices, electricity costs, and regulatory changes.

Bagholding refers to the act of purchasing assets from others who are selling, often during a phase when prices have been driven up and capital is rotating. In the crypto market, bagholding is closely linked to factors such as market maker price manipulation, liquidity, and FOMO (Fear of Missing Out), and may result in investors being stuck with assets bought at high prices. Understanding order book matching, AMM (Automated Market Maker) slippage, and risk management strategies can help reduce unnecessary exposure to bagholding scenarios. The manifestation of bagholding differs between centralized and decentralized trading environments: in the former, trades are matched through buy and sell orders, while in the latter, asset pricing is determined by pool ratios and fluctuates with trade size due to slippage. Employing strategies like split-order trading, stop-loss orders, and monitoring trading volume or depth charts can enable more stable participation in the market.

The term “crypto community members” refers to individuals actively engaged in the digital asset space, including traders, investors, developers, and community operators. These participants utilize exchanges, wallets, and decentralized finance (DeFi) tools to buy and sell assets, stake tokens, provide liquidity, and participate in governance voting. Their objectives are to generate returns or advance project development, while simultaneously navigating challenges such as price volatility, regulatory compliance, and security risks.

Client-side cryptocurrency refers to the method of managing private keys and signing transactions locally on the user's device, rather than denoting a specific type of coin. This approach relies on light clients or remote nodes to broadcast transactions and is commonly found in wallets, browser extensions, and mobile apps. While this model enhances user control and privacy, it requires careful backup of mnemonic phrases and vigilance against front-end phishing attacks and malicious signatures.

Cryptocurrency contract signals refer to entry and exit alerts and rules specifically designed for futures or perpetual contracts. These signals are generated based on data such as price, trading volume, funding rates, and open interest, and are used to guide long or short trading decisions. While they do not guarantee profits, contract signals help traders make more disciplined decisions when engaging in leveraged trading. They are commonly found on trading platforms, strategy bots, and community services, and should be used alongside stop-loss orders and position management strategies.

The Che Guevara avatar refers to a personal profile picture (PFP) featuring the iconic image of Che Guevara, used for social display, community identity, and collection purposes. In the Web3 space, such avatars often appear in the form of NFTs. This visual originates from historic photography and has become a widely recognized cultural symbol, frequently reimagined through derivative works. Purchasing or minting a related NFT does not automatically grant commercial usage rights; the ability to use it for branding or promotion depends on the specific license terms and platform regulations. This is also closely related to scenarios involving decentralized identity binding.

Credit rating is a professional assessment of whether a borrower or bond can meet repayment obligations on time, assigning a grade to indicate default risk. This rating directly influences interest rates, issuance costs, and secondary market prices. Credit ratings are applied to corporate bonds, government bonds, and bank credit, and are increasingly being used in on-chain RWA (Real World Assets) and lending protocols. They provide a unified and comparable reference for investment decisions and risk management.

A centralized marketplace refers to a crypto trading environment where a single platform manages both order matching and asset custody—most commonly seen in centralized exchanges. These platforms offer features such as order books, matching engines, fiat on-ramp services, and KYC (Know Your Customer) support, while unified risk controls and customer service are provided to enhance user experience. Users benefit from convenience and liquidity in exchange for placing their trust in the platform’s operational integrity and compliance standards, but must carefully weigh the trade-offs between custodial control and transparency.

Bitcoin (BTC) is a decentralized peer-to-peer digital cash system and a store of value asset operating on a public blockchain. It utilizes the Proof of Work consensus mechanism to record and verify transactions without the need for banks or central authorities. Bitcoin has a maximum supply cap of 21 million coins, with issuance rates halving periodically through block rewards, emphasizing its scarcity and censorship-resistant features. It is suitable for global transfers, holding as an asset, and payments with select merchants.

Sell-off refers to a concentrated action where large amounts of crypto assets are sold within a short period. This typically occurs in both spot and derivatives trading, leading to a rapid price decline and increased market volatility. Sell-offs can be triggered by events such as profit-taking after positive news, the release of negative information, liquidation of leveraged positions, or token unlocks. The use of market orders and insufficient liquidity often create a cascading effect during sell-offs. Effective monitoring and risk management are essential to mitigate the impact of these events.

A cryptographic algorithm is a set of mathematical methods designed to "lock" information and verify its authenticity. Common types include symmetric encryption, asymmetric encryption, and hash algorithms. In the blockchain ecosystem, cryptographic algorithms are fundamental for transaction signing, address generation, and ensuring data integrity, all of which help safeguard assets and secure communications. User activities on wallets and exchanges, such as API requests and asset withdrawals, also rely on the secure implementation of these algorithms and effective key management.

Cryptocurrency market capitalization refers to the total value of a cryptocurrency, calculated by multiplying its current price by the circulating supply. This metric is commonly used to gauge the size and popularity of individual tokens as well as the overall crypto market. It frequently appears on exchanges, market indexes, and industry reports, helping users assess project scale, capital flows, and associated risks. Market cap also serves as a key reference for position management and asset allocation strategies.

Market capitalization in cryptocurrency refers to the total value of a single token or the entire crypto market, typically calculated as "price × circulating supply." This metric enables users to quickly compare the relative size, risk profile, and liquidity of different cryptocurrencies. Common measurements include circulating market cap and fully diluted market cap. Market capitalization is widely used for exchange rankings, index fund selection, and DeFi filtering. In practice, market cap interacts with indicators such as Bitcoin dominance and the scale of stablecoins. Changes like token unlocking, burning, or additional issuance alter the supply and impact market capitalization. Newcomers often use platforms like Gate to sort tokens by market cap and evaluate them further based on trading volume and circulation rate.

Collateral refers to liquid assets temporarily pledged to obtain a loan or guarantee performance. In traditional finance, collateral can include real estate, deposits, or bonds. On-chain, common forms of collateral are ETH, stablecoins, or tokens, which are used for lending, stablecoin minting, and leveraged trading. Protocols monitor the value of collateral through price oracles, with parameters such as collateralization ratio, liquidation threshold, and penalty fees. If the collateral value falls below the safety line, users are required to add more collateral or face liquidation. Choosing highly liquid and transparent collateral helps minimize risks from volatility and difficulties in asset liquidation.

A cryptocurrency bubble refers to a period when asset prices are rapidly inflated due to hype and speculation, far exceeding their actual utility or intrinsic value. This phenomenon is often driven by narrative marketing, media coverage, leveraged capital, and platform-driven events. Notable examples include Bitcoin and NFTs, both of which have experienced such bubbles. While a bubble is not synonymous with a scam, it is characterized by extreme volatility and the risk of significant price corrections. Understanding how bubbles form and recognizing their warning signs can help users develop effective risk management and portfolio strategies on exchanges like Gate.

Cross-chain technology refers to the ability to securely transfer assets or data from one blockchain to another. This capability enables users to move funds, swap tokens, or interact with smart contracts across different networks without being restricted to a single ecosystem. Typically, cross-chain operations are achieved through mechanisms such as cross-chain bridges and messaging channels, which validate and execute outcomes from the source chain on the target chain. Cross-chain solutions are essential for applications in DeFi, NFTs, blockchain gaming, and other use cases requiring interoperability.

Centralized Exchange (CEX) is a cryptocurrency trading platform operated and controlled by a single entity where users must deposit assets into exchange-controlled wallets with the exchange holding private keys. Acting as a bridge between traditional finance and cryptocurrencies, CEXs offer user-friendly interfaces, high liquidity, and diverse services, though their centralized nature contradicts blockchain's decentralization ethos.

Collateral refers to assets pledged as security for loans or trades. Once locked, collateral reduces the risk of default and can be liquidated if the borrower fails to repay. In the crypto industry, common types of collateral include BTC, ETH, stablecoins, and staking derivatives. Collateral is widely used in DeFi lending, synthetic assets, margin trading, and liquidation mechanisms, helping to improve capital efficiency and manage risk.

Commingling refers to the practice where cryptocurrency exchanges or custodial services combine and manage different customers' digital assets in the same account or wallet, maintaining internal records of individual ownership while storing the assets in centralized wallets controlled by the institution rather than by the customers themselves on the blockchain.

The token conversion mechanism refers to the process of exchanging one cryptocurrency for another based on predefined rules. This includes considerations such as pricing, transaction fees, slippage, and liquidity sources. Common approaches are order book matching, swaps using automated market makers (AMMs), and automatic conversion features. In exchanges and wallets, this mechanism is applied for stablecoin swaps, consolidating small balances, and reallocating funds across different products. Token conversion affects the final amount received and the overall cost, making it essential for scenarios like deposits and settlements, reinvesting earnings, currency exchange for payments, and managing liquidity for market making. Different platforms use varying algorithms and fee structures; understanding how the mechanism works helps users avoid unnecessary losses.

Cryptography is a set of mathematical techniques used to secure information and identity. In blockchain and Web3, it is responsible for verifying transactions, managing wallet permissions, ensuring data immutability, and enabling privacy control. Cryptography generates a "fingerprint" of data using hashing algorithms, confirms the originator through digital signatures based on public and private key pairs, and leverages zero-knowledge proofs to provide verifiable evidence without disclosing sensitive details. These methods allow open networks to establish trust and reliable order.

A custodian is a third-party entity or service provider responsible for the secure storage and management of clients' cryptocurrency assets, utilizing specialized security infrastructure to mitigate the risks and complexities associated with self-custody of private keys. These services typically fall into two main categories: cold storage custody (offline secure storage) and hot storage custody (online immediate access).

A crypto cold wallet is a type of wallet where private keys are stored completely offline, typically using hardware devices, paper-based seed phrases, or computers that are disconnected from the internet. This setup relies on an offline signing and online broadcasting process to reduce the risk of hacking attacks, making it suitable for long-term holding and storing large amounts of assets. When withdrawing or depositing funds on exchanges such as Gate, a crypto cold wallet can serve as a secure receiving and storage address. Users should carefully back up their seed phrases and set a PIN code for additional protection.

Centralization refers to an operational model where resources and decision-making power are concentrated within a small group of organizations or platforms. In the crypto industry, centralization is commonly seen in exchange custody, stablecoin issuance, node operation, and cross-chain bridge permissions. While centralization can enhance efficiency and user experience, it also introduces risks such as single points of failure, censorship, and insufficient transparency. Understanding the meaning of centralization is essential for choosing between CEX and DEX, evaluating project architectures, and developing effective risk management strategies.

The Central Processing Unit, also known as the CPU, is the core component responsible for executing instructions and managing tasks within a computer system. In Web3 environments, the CPU plays a vital role in node validation, transaction signing, hash computations, and zero-knowledge proof operations. Its performance directly impacts block synchronization speed, validator stability, and overall system latency. Choosing the right CPU is essential for securely operating wallets, running nodes, and optimizing both quantitative strategies and development workflows.

A cold wallet is a method of storing cryptocurrency private keys in an offline environment, typically using hardware wallets or devices that are not connected to the internet. With cold wallets, transaction authorization is completed locally through offline signing, and then the signed transaction is transferred to an online device for broadcasting. This significantly reduces the risks of malware infections and remote attacks. Cold wallets are ideal for long-term holding of assets such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, and can also be used in combination with exchanges for withdrawals or certain DeFi operations.

In Web3, integration refers to aggregating fragmented resources, data, or transaction channels into a more user-friendly interface or set of rules, reducing redundant operations and minimizing price discrepancies. Common types include liquidity aggregation, data and wallet integration, cross-chain interoperability, and unified asset dashboards. These integrations enhance efficiency and cost control in trading, investing, and account management. At the market level, integration also describes the consolidation process where leading players gain larger market share through mergers or the exit of competitors, impacting price discovery, market depth, and regulatory compliance pathways.

Crypto games integrate blockchain capabilities into video games, allowing players to manage their accounts and in-game assets through digital wallets. In these games, items are typically represented as NFTs (non-fungible tokens), while rewards and currencies are issued as tokens. Key transactions are recorded on-chain, ensuring transparency and security. Crypto games emphasize verifiable ownership and open marketplaces, enabling asset transfer across different games and supporting player-driven governance mechanisms.

A custodian is a professional service provider responsible for safeguarding and managing crypto assets and their private keys on behalf of users. Custodians handle transaction authorization, settlement and reconciliation, compliance auditing, and risk control. They are commonly found in exchanges, trust institutions, and technology vendors. In the Web3 ecosystem, custodians use mechanisms such as multi-signature (multi-sig), MPC (multi-party computation), and hot-cold wallet separation to reduce operational risks. This approach is particularly suitable for institutional teams and users who are not familiar with key management.

The definition of money refers to understanding money as a medium for pricing, exchange, and store of value, and extends to its issuance methods, characteristics, and use cases. In traditional finance, money includes cash and bank deposits. In Web3, it takes the form of stablecoins and crypto tokens, which circulate through blockchain ledgers and smart contracts. Understanding the definition of money helps distinguish between fiat currency and cryptocurrency, as well as their respective roles and integration in payment and settlement processes.

Cloud mining refers to the process of turning mining computing power into an online service. Instead of purchasing mining machines or setting up physical facilities, users can rent hash power for Proof-of-Work networks like Bitcoin through a platform and receive corresponding mining rewards based on the contract period. The service provider manages electricity, maintenance, and hosting, while you are responsible for the contract fees and rates. Mining rewards and settlements are distributed to your designated address according to the agreement. Cloud mining is suitable for users without hardware expertise. Popular supported cryptocurrencies include BTC and ETC. Returns are influenced by factors such as token prices, network difficulty, and service fees. Mining output stops when the contract expires. The mined rewards can be sent to your blockchain wallet address or platform account for your own management, provided the service provider maintains stable operations and settles payouts as agreed.

A cold wallet refers to the practice of storing cryptocurrency private keys offline, such as in a hardware wallet, on a paper backup, or on an air-gapped computer. These wallets are never connected to the internet or stored in the cloud. Transactions are signed offline, and then broadcast through an online device, significantly reducing the risk of remote hacking. Cold wallets are well-suited for long-term holding and safeguarding large amounts of assets. When using a cold wallet, it is crucial to securely back up your seed phrase and verify the authenticity of your device.

The term "Merge definition" refers to the major Ethereum upgrade completed in 2022, which transitioned the network’s consensus mechanism from proof-of-work (PoW), reliant on computational power, to proof-of-stake (PoS), based on staking and validators. This upgrade fundamentally changed Ethereum’s energy consumption, issuance, and security model, laying the groundwork for scalability solutions and reduced Layer 2 costs. Additionally, it enabled regular users to participate in network operations through staking.

Consensys is a technology company focused on delivering products and infrastructure around Ethereum, bridging everyday users, developers, and enterprises. Its flagship offerings include the MetaMask wallet, Infura node API, Truffle development tools, and the Linea layer 2 network. Consensys also provides auditing services and enterprise blockchain solutions, supporting applications to be more user-friendly, enabling smoother transactions, and ensuring greater scalability. Within the Ethereum ecosystem, Consensys plays a critical role as an entry point, connectivity channel, and scaling solution provider.

Collateral refers to assets pledged as security when borrowing funds. In traditional finance, this often includes property or vehicles, while in the crypto world, common examples are ETH, BTC, or USDT. Once deposited into a platform or smart contract, the system calculates the borrowing limit based on the collateral’s assessed value and continuously monitors its price. If the value falls below a certain threshold, the collateral may be liquidated to repay the debt. Collateral is fundamental to on-chain lending, stablecoin generation, and leveraged trading applications.

Shorting Bitcoin involves anticipating a potential price decline by first selling borrowed BTC or opening a short position using perpetual contracts. The goal is to buy back the asset at a lower price to close the position, profiting from the price difference. This strategy is commonly used for hedging existing holdings or short-term trading opportunities. However, it comes with costs such as leverage and margin requirements, funding rates, and interest charges. There are also significant risks, including forced liquidation and short squeezes during periods of high volatility. It is essential to fully understand the mechanisms and risk management strategies before engaging in short selling.

Range trading is a strategy that involves making trades within a defined horizontal price range. Traders typically buy near support levels and sell or open short positions near resistance levels, using stop-loss orders to manage the risk of breakouts. This approach is commonly applied during periods of sideways movement in the crypto market. By identifying price consolidation and declining trading volume, traders aim to capitalize on price differences by buying low and selling high. Range trading can be enhanced with technical indicators and grid strategies, and can be executed in both spot and derivatives markets, with contingency plans in place for unexpected breakouts.

Cryptocurrency creation refers to the end-to-end process of developing a digital token that can be transacted on a blockchain. This includes selecting a public blockchain, writing and deploying smart contracts, designing token supply and distribution, completing token minting and circulation, applying for exchange listings, and ensuring compliance and security. The process involves a combination of technical implementation, economic design, and risk management.

In the financial sector, the Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) is responsible for connecting financial products with user needs and developing brand and growth strategies under strict regulatory oversight. With the emergence of Web3, blockchain, and token-based innovations, the CMO must integrate education, compliance, and data-driven approaches. By leveraging clear content and secure processes, the CMO transforms complex concepts into actionable marketing initiatives.

A CDP database is a repository designed to organize on-chain collateralized debt position (CDP) data. It records information such as collateral assets, debt amounts, collateralization ratios, and liquidation statuses, while also linking to oracle price feeds and protocol parameters. This structured data resource offers developers, researchers, and investors a comprehensive perspective for risk management, alerting, and visualization purposes, facilitating a deeper understanding of how stablecoins and lending protocols operate in practice.

Cryptocurrency investment tools are a suite of products and features designed to assist investors in buying, selling, managing risk, and optimizing returns within the digital asset market. Common examples include spot trading, derivatives contracts, grid trading, leveraged tokens, staking and yield products, and copy trading. On exchanges and decentralized applications, these tools operate under various rules and fee structures, catering to a wide range of needs such as short-term trading, long-term holding, and portfolio allocation.

Exchange liquidity in the context of cryptocurrencies refers to how quickly and efficiently a specific token can be bought or sold on an exchange with minimal price fluctuations. Key indicators of liquidity include order book depth, bid-ask spread, slippage, and trading volume. Liquidity is influenced by market makers, arbitrage traders, stablecoin capital, and overall market sentiment. Higher liquidity leads to lower trading costs, making it more suitable for both spot and derivatives trading as well as for executing large transactions.

Introduction

Crypto asset recovery refers to the process of retrieving or managing digital assets and mitigating risks in scenarios such as private key leaks, mnemonic phrase loss, transferring assets to the wrong blockchain or address, or falling victim to phishing attacks. This process leverages on-chain tracking, exchange support tickets, social recovery mechanisms, and compliance assistance to maximize the chances of asset retrieval or appropriate handling. As a comprehensive approach combining technical solutions and procedural workflows, the primary goal is to minimize losses and prevent further harm in the inherently irreversible environment of blockchain.

Cryptocurrency gas fees refer to the network charges you pay when performing actions on a blockchain, such as transferring assets, swapping tokens, or minting. These fees serve to incentivize validators and help prevent spam transactions. The amount varies depending on the blockchain and current network congestion. On Ethereum, for example, gas fees typically consist of a “base fee” plus an optional “priority tip.” When withdrawing from exchanges, swapping assets in DeFi protocols, or minting NFTs, it is important to consider the impact of gas fees.

A cross-chain bridge is a tool that connects different blockchains, enabling the transfer of assets or messages between two chains. Similar to a bridge linking two cities, it typically works by locking or burning your tokens on the source chain and then minting or releasing an equivalent amount of tokens on the destination chain. Depending on the specific design, cross-chain bridges rely on validators, relayers, or light clients to verify events across networks. Common use cases include moving USDT from BSC to Ethereum or migrating in-game assets from a sidechain to the mainnet.

Crypto.com fees refer to the various costs incurred when trading, depositing, withdrawing, or making on-chain transfers on the Crypto.com platform. These include trading fees, withdrawal fees, and network fees determined by blockchain congestion. Fee rates may vary depending on the specific product and account tier. Holding or staking CRO tokens often provides discounted rates.

CZ4 typically refers to the token symbol of a specific blockchain project, representing the transferable digital asset issued by that project. Depending on its smart contract design and tokenomics, it may serve various functions such as governance voting, ecosystem incentives, payment of transaction fees, or providing access rights. Before investing, it is important to verify the contract address, issuing blockchain, and token circulation arrangements. Additionally, check the project team’s information and official disclosures to avoid confusion caused by tokens with identical names but different contracts. Pay close attention to the token unlock schedule, as it may introduce potential dilution and price volatility.

Centralized institutions refer to crypto service providers that are operated and managed by a single company or team, and which custody users' assets. This category includes exchanges, custodians, fiat gateways, and lending platforms. They offer convenient deposit, trading, and wealth management services through account systems, risk control measures, and customer support. However, these platforms also come with governance and regulatory risks, requiring users to trust in the platform's security and audit transparency.

A certificate of deposit (CD) is a fixed-term, interest-bearing deposit instrument issued by banks. When you deposit funds for a set period, the bank pays interest at an agreed rate, and you receive both principal and interest upon maturity. Withdrawing funds before the term ends typically results in a penalty or forfeiture of part of the interest. CDs are considered conservative cash management tools and are often compared to savings accounts or government bonds. In user experience, they are somewhat similar to "locked staking" in the crypto sector; however, the guarantees and risk factors involved are fundamentally different.

A contract account is an address on the blockchain that is governed by code rather than a private key. It holds assets and responds to calls based on predefined rules. When users or other smart contracts interact with it, the on-chain virtual machine executes its programmed logic, such as issuing tokens, transferring NFTs, or processing transactions. Contract accounts are commonly used to automate and increase transparency in business processes, and they are widely adopted on public blockchains like Ethereum.

Coyyn Digital Identity is a blockchain-based decentralized identity verification system that enables users to create, manage, and control their personal identity information without relying on traditional centralized authorities. It incorporates Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs), Verifiable Credentials, and zero-knowledge proofs to ensure data integrity and user privacy protection, primarily used for cross-platform authentication and fraud prevention.

The cash pyramid scheme is an illicit fundraising model characterized by recruitment and hierarchical expansion. Participants purchase entry “qualification” with cash, and payouts to earlier members are funded by money from subsequent joiners. This scheme frequently appears in community-based investment programs, offline promotional activities, and on-chain profit-sharing contracts. By promising high returns and offering reward mechanisms, it lures new participants. When the flow of funds stops, the entire structure collapses.

Capitulation selling refers to a scenario in which investors, facing continuous price declines or sudden negative news, collectively and rapidly sell off their assets with little regard for price. This accelerates the downward movement of prices and is typically accompanied by a sharp increase in trading volume and a widening of bid-ask spreads. During this phase, panic is common, leveraged accounts may be liquidated involuntarily, and market liquidity can briefly dry up. Capitulation selling can occur in both stock and crypto markets, and is often viewed as a temporary emotional release and a transfer of holdings between market participants.

Bitcoin contract addresses typically refer to "script addresses", which encapsulate spending conditions within an address using mechanisms like P2SH (Pay-to-Script-Hash) or Taproot. Unlike Ethereum contract addresses that can actively execute code, Bitcoin script addresses primarily specify rules for spending funds. These are commonly used in scenarios such as multi-signature wallets, timelocks, and payment channels. Understanding the differences between these contract types is crucial for secure deposits and verifying transactions.

Prudence accounting is an approach to bookkeeping that prioritizes recognizing potential losses early and being conservative in confirming gains, especially under uncertain conditions. In the context of crypto assets—which are characterized by high volatility and information asymmetry—prudence accounting utilizes impairment testing, delayed revenue recognition, and comprehensive disclosures to reduce the risk of financial statements being distorted or overstated by short-term market fluctuations. This methodology helps both project teams and investors make more rational assessments of capital safety and operational performance.

Computational power refers to a device's ability to complete specific tasks within a given period, similar to how horsepower relates to a vehicle's speed. In the context of blockchain, computational power is typically measured as hash rate, which serves as a key metric for assessing mining efficiency and network security. In AI and distributed computing, computational power also encompasses GPU or CPU floating-point performance and memory bandwidth, both of which directly impact the speed and cost of training and inference processes.

Cryptocurrency capacity refers to the ability of a blockchain or its associated scaling networks to process and store transaction data and settlement results within a given time frame. This capacity is influenced by factors such as block size or weight, block time, gas limits, node bandwidth and hardware, data availability, and Layer 2 solutions. Capacity directly impacts transaction fees, confirmation speed, and the maximum number of applications the network can support.

Cash possesses fungibility, meaning that units of cash with the same denomination and purpose are interchangeable, sharing identical usage and value. In the context of digital assets, this concept aligns with the interchangeability of fungible tokens: for example, each unit of BTC, ETH, or USDT can be exchanged on a one-to-one basis, facilitating straightforward pricing and settlement. Understanding the fungibility of cash is essential for distinguishing NFTs, building payment systems, and assessing market liquidity.

Cold storage security refers to the long-term offline preservation of private keys, utilizing physical isolation, hierarchical access controls, controlled deposit and withdrawal processes, and cryptographic signatures to minimize risks of intrusion and operational errors. This approach is commonly implemented in hardware wallets and exchange cold wallets. The fundamental principle is that the private key remains offline—never exposed to the internet—yet can still be managed and utilized securely. When combined with multi-signature (multisig) schemes, Multi-Party Computation (MPC), address whitelisting, and audit mechanisms, cold storage ensures that large-scale assets are safeguarded, controlled, and transparently monitored.

Cryptocurrency drawdown refers to the percentage decline in price from a recent high, commonly measured as a percentage. For example, a drop from 100 to 80 represents a 20% drawdown. This metric reflects downside risk and is closely related to strategy evaluation, position management, and stop-loss setting. In the highly volatile crypto market, drawdown is frequently used to assess an asset's risk resilience, the robustness of trading systems, and to help select appropriate tools in both spot and futures trading scenarios.

A cryptocurrency domain is a human-readable name that operates on a blockchain, serving as an alternative to complex wallet addresses. It can be linked to payment details, personal profiles, and decentralized websites. Functioning like your digital business card, others can use this name to find you or send you funds. Cryptocurrency domains are typically managed by smart contracts, with records that are publicly verifiable. They are used for scenarios such as payments, identity verification, and content publishing.

A crypto expert refers to an individual who demonstrates a systematic approach and strong discipline in the cryptocurrency market. Such professionals excel at conducting research, managing positions, controlling risks, and ensuring secure operations. They are well-versed in both centralized exchanges and on-chain tools, and they routinely analyze and review their decision-making processes using data. Crypto experts can consistently execute strategies across DeFi, NFTs, staking, and airdrop scenarios. Unlike large-scale investors, being an expert emphasizes process management and risk awareness rather than simply having substantial capital.

A crypto couple refers to a romantic partnership where both individuals actively participate in, invest in, or deeply research blockchain and cryptocurrency technologies together. This relationship model is characterized by shared knowledge development, collaborative asset management, and aligned values around decentralization and financial innovation, representing the integration of crypto culture into intimate relationships.

Crypto market corrections refer to short-term price declines that occur after a period of upward trending cryptocurrency prices. Measured as the percentage decrease from a recent peak to a subsequent low, these corrections are typically more frequent and pronounced in cryptocurrency markets than in traditional financial markets, ranging from a few percentage points to several tens of percent.

Forex currency trading involves the buying and selling of different national currencies, aiming to profit from price differences by speculating on exchange rate fluctuations. Trades are executed in currency pairs, such as EUR/USD, and commonly utilize margin and leverage. The forex market is influenced by central bank policies, economic data, and liquidity conditions. Costs include the spread and overnight interest, while the security of funds depends on using regulated platforms and robust risk management practices.

Crypto games integrate in-game assets, points, and transactions onto the blockchain. Players use wallets to directly own tokens and NFTs, and participate in quest rewards, item trading, and season settlements via smart contracts. The core features are verifiable digital ownership and an open economy. Common mechanics include Play-to-Earn (P2E), tokenized items, and cross-platform trading, while considerations such as gas fees and fund security remain essential.

Cryptography is the science of protecting information and secure communications using mathematical algorithms and protocols to ensure data confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation. As a foundational pillar of blockchain technology, cryptography employs core techniques including hash functions, asymmetric encryption, digital signatures, and zero-knowledge proofs to provide security guarantees for decentralized systems.

The term "Crypto Wolf" typically refers to third-party services or accounts that assist users in tracking opportunities and risks within the cryptocurrency market. Common forms include websites, apps, or Telegram bots. These platforms aggregate data such as price fluctuations, on-chain fund movements, and market sentiment signals, delivering insights to users through alerts, dashboards, or strategic prompts. Crypto Wolf services are often used in conjunction with exchange price alerts and notification features provided by blockchain explorers.

A crypto yield farming suite is a set of tools designed to help users discover, execute, and manage yield strategies within decentralized finance (DeFi). Typical components include auto-compounding vaults, strategy aggregators, risk dashboards, and multi-chain routing. The suite integrates with self-custody wallets to streamline liquidity provision, lending, and staking operations, while offering yield analytics, fee disclosures, and risk alerts. Most suites support Ethereum and Layer 2 networks, featuring auxiliary functions such as simulated yield calculation, asset allocation, and tax export. These suites automate strategy execution under transparent rules but do not guarantee returns and carry smart contract and market risks.

The Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) is an international non-profit organization that drives companies and governments to disclose environmental impact data, particularly regarding climate change, water security, and forest protection. As the world's largest environmental reporting platform, CDP provides standardized methods for measuring, managing, and reducing environmental footprints, while serving as a critical data infrastructure for blockchain-driven decentralized carbon markets and carbon credit t

In cryptocurrency trading culture, "Chad" is an internet slang term referring to traders who demonstrate exceptional performance, confidence, decisiveness, and success in the market. These traders typically possess high risk tolerance, contrarian thinking strategies, and excellent technical analysis skills, allowing them to remain composed in volatile markets and generate significant profits.

Crypto farms are large-scale facilities dedicated to cryptocurrency mining, equipped with hundreds or thousands of specialized mining hardware (such as ASIC miners or GPUs), professional cooling systems, and stable power supplies. These operations maintain blockchain network security, validate transactions, and participate in the issuance of new digital coins.

A cryptocurrency consortium is a collaborative organization formed by multiple participants in the blockchain and digital asset industry (including blockchain enterprises, financial institutions, technology companies, and academic institutions) that aims to promote technical standardization, best practice sharing, regulatory compliance, and overall industry development by collectively addressing challenges and enhancing ecosystem health.

Crypto fork events are protocol splits in blockchain networks that occur when developers or communities disagree on network rules, causing the original blockchain to divide into two or more independently developing chains. Forks primarily fall into two categories: soft forks (backward-compatible updates) and hard forks (incompatible complete splits, typically creating new cryptocurrencies). These events reflect the self-governing nature of decentralized systems and represent critical evolutionary junctures

The Crypto Fear & Greed Index is a market sentiment analysis tool that quantifies cryptocurrency investors' emotional state on a scale from 0-100, ranging from "Extreme Fear" to "Extreme Greed". It aggregates multiple factors including market volatility, trading volume, social media sentiment, surveys, Bitcoin dominance, and search trends, serving as a contrarian indicator to help investors identify extreme market sentiment and potential reversal points.

RSA encryption is an asymmetric cryptographic algorithm developed in 1977 by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman, employing a pair of distinct keys (public and private) for encryption and decryption operations. Its security relies on the computational difficulty of factoring large prime numbers, serving as a cornerstone of modern public-key cryptography widely used for digital signatures, authentication, and secure communications.

Crypto liquidation refers to the process where trading platforms forcibly sell an investor's assets to repay loans when their position value falls below a specific threshold in leveraged or margin trading. This mechanism is executed through automated systems with defined liquidation thresholds and fees, designed to protect lending platforms from risks associated with extreme market volatility.

Cryptocurrency ETFs (Exchange-Traded Funds) are financial products that allow investors to gain exposure to cryptocurrency values through shares traded on conventional stock exchanges without directly owning the underlying digital assets. These instruments provide regulated access to digital asset markets for traditional investors while eliminating technical challenges related to private key management and exchange security.

Cryptocurrency use cases refer to the practical implementations and application areas of blockchain and crypto assets in the real world, encompassing payments, cross-border transfers, decentralized finance (DeFi), digital identity verification, smart contracts, and governance among others. These applications transform crypto technology from purely speculative instruments into functional tools that solve actual problems, demonstrating the practical utility of blockchain technology across financial and non-fi

The Coinbase puzzle is a special data field within the first transaction (coinbase transaction) of each block in the Bitcoin blockchain, allowing miners to embed up to 100 bytes of custom information. As part of the block reward transaction, this field serves both technical functions (providing mining entropy, preventing block hash collisions) and has evolved into a cultural expression space on the blockchain, recording historical information since Satoshi Nakamoto's genesis block.

Cold wallet storage is a security method that keeps cryptocurrency private keys in completely offline environments, protecting them from remote attacks through physical isolation from the internet, and can take various forms including hardware wallet devices, paper wallets, or offline computer systems.

Coinbase stock (ticker symbol: COIN) refers to the publicly traded common shares of Coinbase Global Inc., the largest U.S. cryptocurrency exchange, listed on NASDAQ through direct listing on April 14, 2021, making it the first major cryptocurrency exchange to go public and providing traditional investors an indirect investment channel to gain exposure to the cryptocurrency industry.

A cryptographic hash function is a mathematical algorithm that converts data of arbitrary size into a fixed-size string of characters (hash value or digest), with properties including one-way operation (irreversibility), determinism, computational efficiency, and collision resistance. Major algorithms include the SHA family (such as SHA-256 used in Bitcoin), MD family, and RIPEMD family, widely implemented in blockchain technology, data integrity verification, and digital signature systems.

Custodied refers to a service model where digital assets are held and managed by third-party entities (such as exchanges or professional custodians) rather than the asset owners themselves controlling their private keys. Custodial services typically fall into two categories: fully custodied (complete transfer of control) and semi-custodied (managed through multi-signature or smart contract arrangements).

A convergence point refers to a key location on a blockchain or platform where capital, users, or information are highly concentrated and flow together. Typical examples include exchanges, liquidity pools, cross-chain bridges, and Layer 2 networks. Convergence points play a significant role in price discovery, trading efficiency, and risk transmission. Identifying these hotspots is essential for assessing market trends and entry opportunities—common indicators include trading volume, total value locked (TVL), and the number of active addresses. On Gate, these convergence points are visually presented through its market data and activities.

A cryptocurrency cross-chain bridge is a tool that enables the transfer of assets or data between different blockchains. Typically, it works by locking tokens on the source chain and minting equivalent tokens on the target chain, thereby allowing value to move across networks. Cross-chain bridges play a crucial role in scenarios such as DeFi and NFTs, connecting Ethereum with various sidechains or Layer 2 networks. However, users should be aware of associated costs, waiting periods, and security and risk management considerations.

A cryptocurrency address serves as a “receiving account” on the blockchain, similar to a bank account number or email address, and is used to send and receive assets like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and others. It is derived from a public key and encoded with checksum bits to reduce input errors. Once a transaction is confirmed on-chain, it is generally irreversible. Address formats and rules vary across different networks, so it is essential to verify the blockchain, any required tags, and fee settings before use. Only share your cryptocurrency address—never disclose your private key or seed phrase.

A candlestick chart is a graphical tool used in trading to display price movements over a specific period. Each candlestick represents four key price points: the opening price, closing price, highest price, and lowest price. The candlestick’s body and wicks illustrate market direction and volatility. Candlestick charts are widely utilized in cryptocurrency trading, including on platforms like Gate, for analyzing spot and futures markets, identifying trends, spotting potential reversal signals, and setting stop-loss or target levels. Common timeframes include 1 minute, 1 hour, daily, and weekly intervals. Different timeframes serve various trading strategies—for example, daily candles help assess overall trends, while shorter intervals are used to pinpoint entry points. Combining candlestick analysis with trading volume can enhance decision-making effectiveness.

CPU mining refers to the use of a standard computer processor (CPU) to participate in blockchain proof-of-work (PoW) consensus by calculating hashes for specific algorithms in order to compete for block rewards. This method relies on CPU-friendly algorithms, such as RandomX, which enable home devices to take part in mining activities. Common practices include joining a mining pool, using software like XMRig, transferring earnings to a digital wallet, and then managing or trading them on supported cryptocurrency exchanges.

"Centralized Exchange vs Decentralized Exchange" refers to a comparison between two methods for trading crypto assets. Centralized exchanges, such as Gate, match orders and hold users’ funds on the platform. In contrast, decentralized exchanges rely on smart contracts, allowing users to retain control of their assets in personal wallets. Key differences include the ease of deposit, trading fees and slippage, asset transparency, compliance, and risk management. These factors influence which trading path may be more suitable for you.

A pullback refers to a brief movement in the opposite direction of an established price trend, occurring after a sustained rise or fall. Often described as the market “breathing,” a pullback helps release pressure and tests key support levels (areas where prices tend to pause) or resistance levels (areas where prices often face downward pressure). Given the high volatility in crypto markets, understanding the meaning of pullbacks is essential for assessing trend strength, timing entry and exit points, setting stop-losses, and managing position sizes. Pullbacks are relevant across spot trading, derivatives, and quantitative strategies. In trading plans, pullbacks are commonly used for averaging into positions or adjusting stop-loss orders.

Censorship refers to the restriction and filtering of information, transactions, or activities. In the context of Web3, it typically describes the blocking or removal of on-chain data by nodes, miners, platforms, or front-end interfaces. Censorship in Web3 involves compliance, governance, and technical decisions, impacting fund transfers, content publication, and application availability. It can occur at various layers, including network entry points, transaction packaging and broadcasting, application interfaces, or within legal and regulatory frameworks. The extent and severity of censorship depend on the authority and incentives of the participants involved.

Accounting conservatism is an accounting approach that emphasizes recognizing potential losses as early as possible and confirming profits cautiously, in order to prevent financial statements from being overstated. In the context of volatile crypto assets, token accounting, and protocol treasury management, common practices include excluding unrealized gains from income, recording impairment losses promptly when prices decline, and deferring revenue until obligations are fulfilled. For exchanges and DAOs, conservative disclosure practices help support governance and compliance communication.

A central bank is a public institution responsible for managing a country’s currency and ensuring financial stability. It influences inflation, employment, and exchange rates by issuing fiat currency, setting benchmark interest rates, managing bank reserves, and conducting open market operations. In the digital era, central banks are also exploring central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) to accommodate electronic payments and cross-border settlement needs. Serving as the bank for commercial banks and the government, a central bank provides lender of last resort support and payment clearing infrastructure, helping to maintain liquidity and safeguard the functioning of the financial system during crises.

Crypto assets are digital value units verified and transferred via blockchain technology. These include tokens, stablecoins, NFTs, and more, and are commonly used for payments, investment, governance, or proof of ownership. Control over these assets is managed through wallets and private keys. Transactions can occur on exchanges or directly on-chain, and users can participate in DeFi protocols to earn yield. The value of crypto assets may derive from protocol revenue, collateral backing, or scarcity, with significant risk differences across asset types. Typical use cases include on-chain transfers, staking to earn rewards, participating in governance, and trading spot or derivatives on exchanges. Regulatory compliance and asset custody are also crucial considerations.

A collateralized bond is a type of bond secured by liquidatable assets pledged by the issuer. In the event of default, investors have priority claims to the collateral. This instrument emphasizes a margin of safety through asset-backed security, with typical collateral including real estate, equipment, and accounts receivable. Key evaluation factors include contract terms, collateral value, and the order of repayment priority. Collateralized bonds differ from unsecured corporate bonds in terms of risk and return structures.

The crypto cycle refers to the periodic changes experienced by crypto assets over a certain timeframe, encompassing price fluctuations, capital inflows and outflows, and shifts in participant sentiment. Much like the seasons of a market, these cycles are often influenced by factors such as Bitcoin halving events, macroeconomic liquidity, on-chain activity, and emerging narratives. Understanding the crypto cycle is essential for trading, investment strategies, and risk management, as it helps market participants anticipate trends and avoid excessive risk exposure.

A crypto credit card is a payment product that allows you to convert your crypto assets into fiat currency either at the time of transaction or beforehand, enabling you to spend just like with a traditional bank card. These cards operate on established payment networks such as Visa or Mastercard, requiring identity verification and credit limit management. They typically involve conversion fees and cashback rewards, along with integrated risk controls. Most offerings function more like prepaid or debit cards and commonly use stablecoins to minimize price volatility.

The term "crypto winter" refers to an extended period of stagnation in the cryptocurrency market, characterized by declining prices, reduced trading and fundraising activity, and a slowdown in user growth. During this time, projects shift their focus toward survival and operational efficiency. Crypto winters are often linked to broader macroeconomic tightening, regulatory changes, or major risk events. These periods demand more rigorous capital management, strategic pacing, and long-term planning from both investors and project teams.

A cryptocurrency symbol is a short code used to represent a crypto asset on exchanges and in wallets, such as BTC, ETH, or USDT. These symbols are used to display trading pairs, market data, and facilitate searches. While convenient, symbols are not unique identifiers—duplicate or similar symbols across different chains or projects are common. When buying or depositing assets, always verify both the blockchain network and the token contract address to avoid mistaken purchases or transfers caused by similar symbols.

Token price manipulation, often referred to as a "pump," involves a small group of investors or organizations coordinating large buy orders and generating trading activity and market buzz. By controlling liquidity, they drive up the token's price rapidly within a short period, attracting additional participants to follow the trend. This is typically followed by phased sell-offs to secure profits. Such practices are common in low market cap tokens and thin order book environments, especially within community-driven trading scenarios.

A password encryptor is a module that converts user passwords or mnemonic phrases into a secure format. Common methods include adding a salt and then generating a secure value using a hash function or key derivation function, or performing symmetric encryption after key derivation. In Web3, password encryptors are used in scenarios such as account login, wallet keystore management, and private key backup. By configuring parameters to increase the cost of brute-force attacks, password encryptors help both platforms and users reduce the risk of plaintext password exposure.

Token lockup refers to the arrangement where a portion of tokens is restricted from being transferred for a predetermined period and released in stages according to a preset schedule. This process is typically enforced through smart contracts or platform rules. Token lockups are commonly used for team and investor vesting, delayed governance actions, staking rewards, and liquidity pool security. The mechanism clearly defines unlocking windows and proportions, directly impacting the supply schedule and trading performance.

CDP supply chain refers to the practice of utilizing Collateralized Debt Positions (CDPs) for supply chain financing. In this model, enterprises tokenize real-world assets such as accounts receivable and deposit them into CDP vaults within smart contracts. Based on the collateralization ratio, they receive stablecoins to facilitate procurement and payment. Once payments are collected, the stablecoins are repaid and the collateral is redeemed. The CDP supply chain involves participants such as suppliers, core enterprises, tokenization platforms, oracles, and liquidation mechanisms. A compliant legal structure underpins the enforceability of claims and effective risk management.

Stock resonance refers to the phenomenon where signals from multiple dimensions align in the same direction at the same time and reinforce each other. For example, this may involve price movements across different timeframes, technical indicators and trading volume, or sector and market indices moving in sync. Stock resonance enhances the reliability of trend analysis and is commonly used to identify breakouts or trend continuations. However, it should always be combined with risk management and further validation.

Fund commingling refers to the mixing of assets from different sources, making it difficult to distinguish ownership or origin. In the crypto industry, this includes both centralized platforms that blend user assets with their own funds and on-chain privacy tools like coin mixers that break up and reassemble funds. Fund commingling has a direct impact on compliance, auditability, and risk management. Potential consequences range from account restrictions to serious legal violations.

Crypto audit is a specialized service that provides systematic security assessments of blockchain applications, including their code, architecture, and operational processes. This service is commonly applied to smart contracts, wallets, cross-chain bridges, and trading platforms. By combining automated scans with manual reviews, crypto audits deliver detailed reports and remediation recommendations. Audits are typically conducted before project launches, contract upgrades, or changes in fund permissions, aiming to reduce vulnerabilities and risks of misuse.

Circulating supply refers to the amount of a cryptocurrency token that is currently available for public trading on the market, excluding tokens that are locked, held in foundation reserves, or already burned. This metric is widely used to calculate market capitalization and assess liquidity, both of which directly affect price volatility and supply-demand dynamics. Circulating supply figures are commonly displayed on crypto exchanges and DeFi dashboards. Tracking events such as new token unlocks, scheduled burns, and staking ratios helps users gauge short-term selling pressure and long-term scarcity. Related concepts include total supply and maximum supply.

Encryption and decryption involve using a "key" to lock information and unlock it when needed, safeguarding privacy and control within the public blockchain environment. These techniques are essential for securely storing large volumes of data, as well as for wallet signing and secure account login procedures. Symmetric methods focus on efficiency by using the same key for both encryption and decryption, while asymmetric methods separate roles through the use of public and private keys for transmission and authentication.

In a CLOB, buy and sell orders are lined up like bids in a queue, continuously matched by the matching engine. Orders with better prices and earlier positions in the queue are prioritized for execution. This model is widely adopted by crypto exchanges for spot, margin, and derivatives trading, making it ideal for scenarios where traders seek controllable execution prices, transparent market depth, and stable order fulfillment. Users can place limit orders at their desired price or execute market orders at the current available price. The order book provides real-time visibility into the available quantity at each price level, enabling traders to assess potential slippage and manage risk effectively.

Shorting Bitcoin refers to the practice of betting on a decline in Bitcoin’s price in order to profit from the downward movement. Common instruments for shorting include perpetual contracts and futures, margin borrowing and selling, as well as establishing bearish positions through options. Shorting can be used to hedge spot holdings or to implement short-term trading strategies, but it involves mechanisms such as leverage, funding rates, slippage, and forced liquidation. Perpetual contracts use a funding rate mechanism, where short sellers may either pay or receive funding fees depending on market conditions. Forced liquidation is triggered based on the mark price, and the higher the leverage, the lower the margin for error. On Gate’s derivatives platform, users can open short positions using either USDT-margined or coin-margined contracts, with the ability to set stop-losses and reduce-only orders for risk management.

Token A is a digital asset issued on a blockchain, typically representing either a project’s native asset or governance rights. It operates through smart contracts that automatically enforce its rules and can be used to pay network fees, participate in governance voting, or earn rewards through staking. The features and risks of Token A may vary depending on the blockchain and smart contract design, so users should refer to the project’s whitepaper and official announcements for accurate information, and ensure compliance and security checks before participating.

Australian centralized cryptocurrency exchanges are platforms that combine order matching, asset custody, and fiat on/off ramp services in one place, specifically catering to users who trade with the Australian Dollar (AUD) and adhering to local compliance requirements. Users are typically required to complete identity verification, and the platforms support order book-based trading as well as withdrawals to personal wallets. Common features include spot trading and yield products. Regulatory oversight is provided by AUSTRAC and ASIC, while tax reporting is guided by the ATO.

A crypto domain name is a service that transforms long blockchain addresses into human-readable names, such as receiving payments with "alice.eth" or linking to a decentralized website. Operated on-chain, it stores records via smart contracts, making wallet transfers, identity display, and application login more intuitive. Crypto domains can also function as transferable digital assets. Popular examples include .eth from ENS and .crypto from Unstoppable Domains. A single domain name can link to multiple blockchain addresses and social media profiles, and set IPFS content pointers, forming a cross-application Web3 identity.

Gaming cryptocurrency refers to tokens used within blockchain games, enabling players to purchase in-game items, claim rewards, participate in governance, and pay on-chain transaction fees. These tokens are connected to the user's wallet, allowing interaction with digital assets such as NFTs. The rules and transactions are governed by smart contracts, ensuring transparency and security. Gaming cryptocurrencies can be exchanged for fiat currency or other tokens on regulated platforms, bridging the game economy with the broader crypto market.

Computation refers to the process of processing inputs into results according to predefined rules. In blockchain systems, computations are executed in parallel by a global network of nodes, allowing anyone to verify the consistency of outputs. The execution of smart contract computations requires gas fees to limit resource consumption and is governed by the consensus mechanism, which manages state changes. To balance security and efficiency, Layer 2 solutions and zero-knowledge technologies offload intensive computations off-chain, generate cryptographic proofs, and then securely record the results back on-chain.

Range-bound trading is a strategy that operates within a horizontal price channel, focusing on the support and resistance boundaries. Traders aim to generate frequent, small profits by “buying low and selling high” within this range. This approach is most suitable during periods of low volatility and unclear market trends. It is often combined with tools such as limit orders, take-profit and stop-loss mechanisms, price alerts, or grid trading systems. Strict risk management is essential to guard against false breakouts. Range-bound trading is commonly applied to daily or hourly charts of Bitcoin and major tokens, with the primary objective being systematic entries and exits within the range—rather than attempting to predict the next market trend.

"Crypto coin flip" (FLIP) typically refers to a probability-based event or related token executed via smart contracts on the blockchain. A smart contract is a self-executing program that operates according to predefined rules. Coin flip mechanisms often utilize verifiable random numbers, allowing participants to place bets or enter lotteries with tokens, with outcomes that are fully traceable on-chain. Common use cases include mini-games, airdrop selection, and NFT allocation. It is not the name of a single project; specific rules and symbols are determined by the issuing contract.

Chain applications are software programs that run directly on blockchain networks rather than centralized servers, executing business logic through smart contracts and ensuring all transactions and operations are recorded on a distributed ledger with characteristics of decentralization, transparency, and immutability. As the core form of decentralized applications (DApps), chain applications break the limitations of traditional centralized applications that rely on single entity control.

Cryptopunks are a pioneering collection of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) on Ethereum, featuring 10,000 unique algorithmically generated pixel avatars that represent distinct digital assets recorded on the blockchain. Ownership and transfer of these characters are secured through smart contracts, making them popular for identity representation, collecting, and trading. Cryptopunks have played a significant role in advancing NFT applications and shaping the broader NFT culture.

Cryptocurrency trading volume refers to the total quantity or value of trades executed for a specific asset or across the entire market within a defined time frame, such as 24 hours. This metric aggregates data from both centralized exchanges and decentralized exchanges. Trading volume serves as an indicator of market activity and capital participation, and is commonly used to assess trend strength, liquidity conditions, and the potential for price volatility.

Cryptorank.io is a professional cryptocurrency data aggregation platform that provides comprehensive market information including prices, market cap rankings, trading volumes, and project analyses for over 7,000 crypto assets, serving various user groups from individual investors to institutional analysts.

A South Korean cryptocurrency exchange is an online platform designed for Korean users to buy, sell, and custody digital assets. These exchanges typically support Korean Won (KRW) payment channels, real-name account verification, and anti-money laundering (AML) checks. They serve as a bridge between blockchain-based assets and the local financial system, offering both spot and derivatives trading under regulatory compliance. The exchanges are responsible for asset safekeeping and risk management. Users can buy and sell cryptocurrencies, deposit or withdraw funds in KRW, and execute on-chain transfers through the platform. Exchanges must adhere to regulations on information disclosure, asset segregation, and customer protection, while competing through fee structures and service offerings. South Korean crypto exchanges are suitable for individuals and institutions seeking to participate in the digital asset market using Korean Won.

A revenue-generating node refers to a role within a blockchain or other decentralized network where a reliably operating computer participates in services such as consensus, storage, or bandwidth, earning rewards in the form of tokens. This includes validators in Proof of Stake systems, masternodes, and various types of service nodes. Income sources typically consist of block rewards, transaction fees, and service fees. Nodes can be self-hosted or participate through delegation and protocol-based mechanisms.

Crypto gold refers to the use of blockchain technology to hold and transfer the value of gold. There are two main types: one is the narrative that treats Bitcoin and similar cryptocurrencies as "digital gold" and safe-haven assets; the other involves tokens backed by physical gold reserves, which can be circulated on-chain (such as PAXG and XAUT). Crypto gold is commonly found in spot, leveraged, and lending products on exchanges, and is also used as collateral in some DeFi protocols. While it offers convenient applications, users should be mindful of custody, compliance, and price risks.

Crypto lock-up refers to restricting the withdrawal of crypto assets on a platform or within a smart contract for a predetermined period. This mechanism is used to earn interest, receive rewards, or enhance governance power while improving protocol security. Crypto lock-ups cover scenarios such as staking, liquidity pool (LP) token locks, team token vesting, and time locks, and are commonly found in exchange-based savings products and DeFi protocols. When making decisions, it is important to balance potential returns, associated risks, and the flexibility of your funds.

Cash settlement refers to the process in trading or at contract maturity where the underlying asset is not physically delivered; instead, only the price difference between the buy and sell positions is settled in cash. This method is commonly used in financial instruments such as futures, options, and contracts for difference (CFDs), and is also adopted by perpetual contracts in the crypto market. For beginners, understanding cash settlement is crucial for grasping profit and loss calculations, margin adjustments, settlement mechanisms, and for evaluating capital requirements and associated risks.

A cryptocurrency trading bot is a software tool that automates trading and fund management by connecting to exchange APIs or on-chain smart contracts. It places orders, provides liquidity, executes arbitrage strategies, and monitors risks according to predefined strategies. Commonly found on platforms like Gate and communication channels such as Telegram, these bots enhance execution consistency and response speed, making them suitable for high-frequency or repetitive operations. However, proper risk control and compliance management remain essential.

The expense ratio is a metric that measures the annual costs required to maintain an investment, expressed as a percentage of the total assets. Commonly used for funds, ETFs, and crypto wealth management products, the expense ratio includes management fees, custody fees, platform charges, and certain transaction costs, all converted into a percentage. A higher expense ratio directly reduces net returns. In on-chain scenarios, gas fees and protocol performance fees are also components of the expense ratio. Understanding and comparing the expense ratios of different products can help users on platforms like Gate select strategies with better cost efficiency, minimizing the impact of fees on long-term compounding returns.

A consolidation pattern refers to a market state where the price fluctuates within a defined range over a period of time. During consolidation, market participants pause in making decisive directional moves, resulting in price volatility narrowing and repeated tests of support and resistance levels. This pattern is common in both crypto and traditional markets, serving as an important indicator for identifying potential breakouts, formulating trading strategies, and managing risk.

A centralized system operates under the control of a single entity or a small group of administrators who hold key authority and manage critical data. This structure is commonly found in banks, internet platforms, and cryptocurrency exchanges. Centralized systems rely on unified servers and databases, where matching and settlement processes occur internally, and user funds are often held in custody by the platform itself. This approach delivers high efficiency and a consistent user experience, but requires users to place trust in the operator and comply with regulatory requirements. Within Web3 environments, centralized systems are typically utilized for fiat on- and off-ramps, trade matching, and customer support services. They cater to users who prioritize speed and convenience but are exposed to risks such as single points of failure and custodial vulnerabilities.

A cryptocurrency mining pool is a collaborative service that aggregates the computational power of individual miners to collectively participate in block production and distribute block rewards and transaction fees based on each participant's contribution. Mining pools significantly reduce the volatility of earnings for solo miners, offering increased payout stability. They are commonly used in proof-of-work networks such as Bitcoin and Litecoin. Miners connect to the pool's server via mining software and submit "shares" representing their work. The mining pool is responsible for packaging transactions, broadcasting new blocks, and periodically settling payouts. Typical payout schemes include fixed payments per share and proportional rewards based on actual block production.

Cross Margin is a margin management mode in cryptocurrency derivatives trading that uses all available funds in an account as shared collateral for all open positions, allowing profitable positions to provide margin support for losing positions to reduce forced liquidation risk for individual trades, while subjecting all assets in the account to unified liquidation.

A cryptocurrency attack refers to malicious actions targeting blockchain assets and accounts. Common types include phishing links, malicious authorization, smart contract vulnerability exploitation, exchange or hot wallet breaches, cross-chain bridge hacks, and hash rate attacks. New users are especially vulnerable when connecting wallets, participating in DeFi protocols, minting NFTs, or depositing and withdrawing funds on exchanges. Understanding how these attacks work is crucial for safeguarding your assets.

A crypto mining pool is a collaborative mechanism where multiple miners combine their computational resources to participate collectively in the block validation and mining process of a blockchain network, distributing mining rewards proportionally based on individual contributions. Under the Proof of Work (PoW) consensus mechanism, mining pools aggregate hash rate from numerous miners to increase the collective success rate of discovering blocks within the network, subsequently distributing block rewards and transaction fees according to each miner's proportional contribution of hash power, addressing income volatility caused by individual miners' limited computational capacity.

A crypto card is a physical or virtual payment card that integrates digital assets with traditional payment networks, typically issued by cryptocurrency exchanges or wallet service providers. It enables users to convert holdings such as Bitcoin or Ethereum into fiat currency in real-time during transactions at global merchants through payment networks like Visa or Mastercard. These cards are categorized functionally into debit-type cards (directly spending crypto assets from accounts) and prepaid-type cards (requiring advance conversion to fiat), essentially serving as a bridge between crypto assets and fiat financial systems.

Crypto procedures refer to the standardized technical protocols and sequential steps followed in blockchain networks to execute transaction verification, consensus achievement, and data recording, encompassing the complete technical chain from transaction initiation, node verification, block packaging to ledger synchronization, serving as the core mechanism through which decentralized systems achieve security and transparency.

A cryptocurrency name is a standardized identifier for blockchain projects, consisting of a token symbol and complete project name, defined through standard fields in smart contracts (such as name and symbol in ERC-20). This identifier not only distinguishes different digital assets but also serves critical functions including on-chain transaction confirmation, cross-chain asset mapping, exchange listings, and brand recognition, acting as a key element connecting technical implementation with market circulation.

Crypto Motives refer to the underlying reasons and incentive factors driving individuals, institutions, or enterprises to participate in cryptocurrency and blockchain ecosystems, encompassing dimensions such as investment return pursuit, technological belief, privacy protection, decentralization ideology, and community governance participation, which directly influence participant behavior patterns, project token economic design, and industry development trajectories.

Crypto Batter refers to a group of investors in cryptocurrency markets who frequently engage in high-risk trading, chase short-term hotspots, and attempt to profit through rapid buying and selling. The term originates from baseball's \"batter,\" symbolizing investors constantly swinging to hit \"home run\" opportunities for massive profits. This slang primarily describes speculative trading behavior patterns active in decentralized finance (DeFi), meme coin, and low-liquidity token markets, relying on social media information and community hype for decision-making. Key characteristics include high volatility tolerance, market hype chasing, and the use of on-chain data analysis tools and automated trading strategies.

A custodial wallet is a type of wallet where the platform holds your private keys on your behalf. Instead of managing your own private keys, you access and control your funds using an account and two-factor authentication, making the user experience more similar to a traditional bank account rather than a personal safe. Custodial wallets are commonly used for exchange accounts, fiat onramps, and convenient transfers, allowing users to avoid the need to back up seed phrases. However, you must comply with the platform’s regulatory checks and security policies. Custodial wallets are suitable for beginners and high-frequency traders, but it is important to be aware of counterparty risk and the platform’s withdrawal rules.

Currency pegging is a monetary policy tool where a government or central bank fixes or maintains its national currency's exchange rate at a specific ratio to another currency (typically major reserve currencies such as the US dollar or euro) or a basket of currencies. In the cryptocurrency domain, the core concept of this mechanism is applied to stablecoin design, anchoring digital asset values to fiat currencies, physical commodities, or algorithmic mechanisms to address the inherent high volatility of cryptocurrencies, thereby providing value-stable transaction mediums for the decentralized finance ecosystem. Primary classifications include fiat-collateralized pegging, commodity-collateralized pegging, algorithmic pegging, and hybrid pegging models.

Crypto Market Sentiment refers to the collective psychological state and emotional disposition of investors toward the overall trend of digital asset markets, typically quantified through multi-dimensional indicators such as the Fear and Greed Index, social media discussion intensity, and on-chain data activity levels. Originating from behavioral economics theory in traditional financial markets, this concept becomes a core driver of price formation in the cryptocurrency space due to its high volatility, 24/7 trading characteristics, and lack of mature valuation models. It is primarily categorized into five levels: Extreme Fear, Fear, Neutral, Greed, and Extreme Greed, directly influencing investors' buy-sell decisions and asset price fluctuations.

Cryptocurrency gold coins are a class of digital tokens backed by physical gold reserves as the underlying asset, with each token representing ownership of a specific weight of gold that can be traded, transferred, or redeemed for corresponding physical gold on the blockchain. These tokens combine gold's value-preserving properties with blockchain's transparency and instant settlement characteristics, primarily categorized into fully-reserved types (1:1 pegged to physical gold) and partially-reserved types (including other asset compositions), with common abbreviations represented by specific project names such as PAXG (Pax Gold) and XAUT (Tether Gold).

Crypto Spans is a systematic risk quantification methodology derived from the traditional financial market SPAN system, specifically adapted for crypto asset portfolios to assess potential risk exposure of multi-asset combinations under market volatility through standardized calculation models. Its core functions include margin computation, scenario stress testing, and dynamic risk parameter adjustment, primarily serving institutional investors, exchanges, and market makers in capital allocation and risk management decision-making.

Cryptocurrency robot is automated trading software that operates on algorithms and preset rules, executing buy and sell orders through exchange API interfaces without continuous manual intervention. Main categories include grid trading bots, arbitrage bots, market-making bots, and trend-following bots, distinguished by strategy logic and application scenarios.

Shorting meme coins refers to a trading strategy that profits from anticipated price declines of meme coins through financial instruments such as perpetual contracts, futures contracts, or lending protocols. This strategy belongs to the categories of derivatives trading and risk hedging, with the core mechanism involving selling (borrowing or opening short positions) the target asset first, then buying it back at lower prices to close positions and capture the price difference. Since meme coins are predominantly speculative tokens driven by community hype and popular culture with minimal fundamental support, shorting operations require leveraged instruments and trading platforms with sufficient liquidity.

Centralized crypto products are cryptocurrency service platforms operated and managed by a single entity or institution, requiring users to entrust their assets to the platform in order to access trading, storage, lending, and other functionalities. The典型 representative is the centralized exchange (CEX), such as Binance and Coinbase, characterized by platform control over user funds and private key management, providing high liquidity, fiat on-ramps, and compliance frameworks through professional operations, while users relinquish autonomous control over assets, establishing a custody model where trust is transferred to the platform.

A centralised network is an architectural model where a single entity or limited nodes control network operations, with all data transmission, verification, and decision-making authority concentrated in central servers. This architecture manages user data, processes transactions, and maintains system security through a central authoritative node, commonly found in traditional financial institutions, social platforms, and cloud services. It features high efficiency and unified management but introduces single points of failure, data privacy concerns, and power concentration risks, contrasting with decentralised networks advanced by blockchain technology.

Cross-Chain Swaps, also known as Atomic Swaps or Interchain Trading, are decentralized technical protocols that enable users to directly exchange crypto assets between different blockchain networks without relying on centralized exchanges or third-party custodians. This technology primarily operates through mechanisms such as Hashed Timelock Contracts (HTLC), Cross-Chain Bridges, or Relay Chains, ensuring transaction atomicity and security. Based on implementation approaches, cross-chain swaps can be categorized into three types: peer-to-peer exchanges based on smart contracts, mapped asset exchanges via cross-chain bridges, and cross-chain messaging through relay networks.

Cryptocurrency Limited Supply refers to a scarcity constraint mechanism where digital assets pre-set a maximum issuance cap through underlying protocol code, achieving technically enforced restrictions against arbitrary inflation at the protocol level. Originating from the need to hedge against unlimited expansion risks of traditional fiat currencies, representative examples include Bitcoin's fixed cap of 21 million coins. This mechanism constitutes a core element of tokenomics, guaranteeing supply determinacy through mathematical rules rather than centralized authority, thereby endowing digital assets with value storage properties analogous to precious metals.

Cryptojacking is a cyberattack where attackers hijack victims' computing device resources (CPU, GPU, etc.) without authorization through malicious software, scripts, or system vulnerabilities to secretly mine cryptocurrencies and collect profits. This attack primarily divides into browser-based temporary script mining and malware-based persistent mining, typically targeting privacy coins like Monero, characterized by strong concealment, low cost, and high detection difficulty.

Crypto trading volume refers to the total amount of buy and sell transactions completed for a digital asset in the market over a specific time period, typically denominated in fiat currency (such as USD) or base cryptocurrencies (such as BTC or ETH). This metric serves as a core quantitative tool for measuring market liquidity, participant activity level, and capital flow intensity, and can be categorized by product types such as spot, futures, and perpetual contracts, or distinguished between on-chain trading volume (actual blockchain transfer records) and exchange trading volume (internal matching data on centralized platforms).

A consortium blockchain is a permissioned distributed ledger technology jointly managed and operated by multiple pre-selected institutions or organizations controlling network nodes, with participation rights governed through consortium member authorization mechanisms. Unlike fully open public blockchains, consortium blockchains permit only identity-verified entities to join the network and participate in consensus processes, preserving blockchain's tamper-proof and multi-party consensus characteristics while enhancing transaction efficiency, data privacy protection, and regulatory compliance through access control. Classification includes single-consortium-led models and multi-party equal collaboration models, with common technical frameworks such as Hyperledger Fabric, R3 Corda, and Enterprise Ethereum platforms.

Composability refers to the technical property of blockchain systems, smart contracts, or protocols that enables them to be invoked, integrated, and reused as modular components. This characteristic allows different decentralized applications and protocols to achieve interoperability in a permissionless manner, enabling developers to build new functionalities based on existing components and form protocol stacks. Composability is primarily categorized into synchronous composability (instant interactions within the same blockchain) and asynchronous composability (delayed interactions across chains or shards), serving as the core architectural principle driving the rapid evolution of decentralized finance ecosystems.

Crypto wash trading is a market manipulation practice where traders simultaneously act as both buyers and sellers, or coordinate with affiliated parties, to artificially generate false trading volumes and price movements. While explicitly prohibited in traditional financial markets, this behavior remains prevalent in the cryptocurrency space due to relatively lax regulation, with its core objective being to mislead market participants by creating illusions of sufficient liquidity and active markets, thereby distorting price discovery mechanisms and harming retail investor interests.

Cash refers to the most liquid assets that can be used immediately for payments and settlements. This includes physical currency such as banknotes and coins, as well as bank deposits that are readily accessible. In financial management, cash is often managed together with "cash equivalents" to ensure smooth and flexible operations. In Web3 contexts, stablecoins are frequently used as the on-chain equivalent of cash, making it easier to deposit, withdraw, and settle transactions.

The Cantillon Effect refers to the phenomenon where the order in which newly created money enters an economy leads to distributional differences: those who gain access to new capital earlier are more likely to benefit before prices rise across the board, while late recipients typically face already inflated prices. This effect is commonly observed in scenarios such as central bank monetary injections, government subsidies, and bank credit expansion. In the crypto space, it is also evident in the sequencing of token issuance, airdrops, and mining rewards. Understanding this process helps to assess the timing gap between price movements and returns.

Centralized exchange crypto assets refer to blockchain assets that users purchase, hold, deposit, and withdraw via centralized exchanges. On these platforms, the exchange manages users’ private keys, using internal ledgers and order books to track balances and match trades. Deposits and withdrawals are facilitated through specific on-chain deposit addresses. Users access their balances and transaction details through account interfaces, while fiat on-ramps and support for multiple blockchain networks provide a smoother onboarding experience. Centralized custody makes these platforms ideal for newcomers seeking quick exposure to major tokens; however, users should pay close attention to proof of reserves, withdrawal status, and security settings due to the custodial risks involved.

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) refers to a digital form of fiat currency issued directly by a central bank, designed for use by the general public or for interbank settlements. Essentially, it functions as the electronic equivalent of cash, enabling instant transactions for payments, transfers, and cross-border settlements. Its value is pegged 1:1 to the national fiat currency, eliminating price volatility. Unlike stablecoins, CBDCs operate on regulated networks and support features such as tiered wallets, transaction limits, and programmable payments.

Market capitalization is a key metric used to measure the overall size of a crypto asset. It is calculated by multiplying the current price by the circulating supply. Market cap is widely used to compare the scale of different projects, assess risk and liquidity, and serves as a reference in scenarios such as exchange listings, DeFi collateral, and governance voting. In the crypto industry, there is also a distinction between circulating market cap and fully diluted market cap. “Market cap ranking” is commonly seen on price tracking platforms, reflecting capital preferences and trending sectors at different stages.

Centralization refers to the concentration of control, data, and assets within a limited number of organizations or platforms, which make decisions and execute operations in a unified manner. In the crypto industry, this commonly manifests as exchanges custodizing user funds, conducting asset listings reviews, and managing risk controls. Centralization offers advantages in efficiency and regulatory compliance, but also introduces risks such as single points of failure, censorship, and potential misappropriation of funds. It is important to evaluate the trade-offs based on specific use cases.

An Initial Coin Offering (ICO) is a fundraising method where a blockchain project sells its native tokens to the public, similar to crowdfunding. Participants typically exchange assets such as USDT or ETH for new tokens, with the project promising that these tokens will be used for payments or governance within its ecosystem in the future. ICOs are commonly associated with whitepapers, token distribution models, vesting periods, and eventual listing on exchanges. It is essential to understand the associated risks and compliance requirements beforehand.

A crypto faucet is an online service that distributes small amounts of cryptocurrency, commonly used in testnet environments to help users acquire tokens for paying on-chain gas fees and validating network functions. Some projects also offer small amounts of tokens on mainnet to onboard newcomers and encourage user engagement. Crypto faucets are typically found on test pages or project event sites for networks like Ethereum, and often include CAPTCHA challenges, social account binding, and claim limits to prevent abuse. After claiming, users can view their faucet rewards in their wallet and on block explorers. These assets are primarily intended for learning and testing purposes rather than profit.

Ciphertext refers to text rendered unreadable by applying encryption algorithms to lock plaintext content, which can only be unlocked with the corresponding decryption key. In Web3 contexts, ciphertext plays a critical role in securing wallet seed phrases, chat messages, files, and transaction channels—for example, through browser-to-server TLS connections or off-chain encrypted storage solutions. Ciphertext relies on public-private key cryptography or symmetric keys and is often paired with authentication mechanisms to prevent tampering and ensure data integrity.

CME Group shares refer to the publicly traded equity of the United States-based CME Group, representing ownership and dividend rights in the world-leading derivatives trading and clearing platform. The company’s primary revenue streams come from transaction and clearing fees, as well as data and technology services. CME Group’s connection to the crypto sector stems from offering Bitcoin and Ethereum futures products. The share price is mainly influenced by trading volume, interest rate cycles, and regulatory developments, but its performance does not directly correlate with cryptocurrency prices.

Cryptocurrency market capitalization is the overall valuation calculated by multiplying the current price of a token by its circulating supply. This metric is commonly used to compare the scale and development stage of different projects. It frequently appears on market data pages and indices, allowing users to quickly assess the relative size of Bitcoin, Ethereum, and new projects. However, market capitalization does not represent the amount of capital that can be liquidated at any given moment.

Cryptocurrency halving refers to a scheduled event on certain blockchains where the reward for mining new blocks is reduced by 50%, serving as a mechanism to control new token issuance. A prominent example is Bitcoin, which undergoes halving approximately every four years. In 2024, the block reward dropped from 6.25 to 3.125 BTC, resulting in an average daily addition of about 450 new coins. Halving impacts miner earnings, network hash rate, and market supply and demand, making it a significant cyclical event in the crypto ecosystem.

Cypherpunk is a technology-driven culture that leverages cryptography to protect privacy and individual freedom. It advocates for open-source software, permissionless networks, and self-custody as ways to minimize intermediary risks. This movement has driven the development of innovations such as Bitcoin, zero-knowledge proofs, and privacy coins, with common use cases including encrypted payments, secure data sharing, and censorship-resistant communication. Originating from email-based communities in the 1990s, Cypherpunk philosophy emphasizes personal control over data and the right to choose, significantly influencing practices like exchange withdrawal habits, wallet design, and regulatory debates within the crypto industry.

Collateralization involves using your crypto assets as security to obtain funds or credit, such as borrowing stablecoins, opening leveraged positions, or minting stablecoins. Platforms determine your borrowing limit based on a collateral ratio, and if asset prices fall below the liquidation threshold, your collateral may be sold off. This mechanism is commonly used in exchange margin trading, DeFi lending protocols, and platforms like MakerDAO. It relies on price oracles and risk management rules. Properly managing your collateral can optimize capital efficiency while helping to avoid liquidation and penalty fees.

Crypto exchange fees refer to the charges users incur when conducting transactions, depositing, or withdrawing assets on a crypto exchange. These fees typically include maker and taker fees for spot and derivatives trading, funding rates, on-chain network fees, and platform service charges. Exchange fees directly affect the actual cost and net amount received for each transaction, making them a critical factor to consider when selecting an exchange or trading method.

Encoding refers to converting information into a different format, based on predefined rules, that can be stored, transmitted, and interpreted by various systems. It is not the same as encryption; rather, encoding standardizes data representation to ensure interoperability across different platforms. In blockchain networks, encoding is essential for addresses, transaction parameters, signatures, and NFT metadata. When depositing or withdrawing assets from wallets and exchanges, it is crucial to match the network and address encoding formats. Additionally, checksums are used alongside encoding to minimize the risk of errors during these operations.

Token issuance refers to the process by which a blockchain project creates and distributes tokens to the public or early participants for the first time. This process serves several key purposes: fundraising, community building, and incentivizing ecosystem growth. Common token issuance models include exchange offerings, decentralized launches, and fair launch mechanisms, where participants acquire tokens via wallets or exchanges. After issuance, tokens can be traded on exchanges or directly on-chain. Typical use cases include paying transaction (gas) fees, participating in governance voting, or rewarding contributors within the ecosystem. Key risks associated with token issuance include price volatility and regulatory compliance requirements.

The CoinMarketCap Exchange section is a dedicated area on the CoinMarketCap website that displays comprehensive data on spot, derivatives, and decentralized exchanges. It highlights trading volumes, liquidity scores, market information, and provides links to proof of reserves. This section does not facilitate direct order placement; instead, it helps users compare and evaluate platforms, with the option to navigate to the specific market page of a selected exchange.

Capitulation in cryptocurrency markets refers to the phenomenon where investors are forced to sell their holdings due to severe market downturns or extreme volatility. This typically occurs when panic dominates the market, causing prices to plummet rapidly, forcing leveraged traders to face margin calls or automatic liquidations, or causing long-term holders to abandon their investment positions as they can no longer bear continued losses.

Market capitalization regulation refers to oversight mechanisms designed to enhance transparency, disclosure, and risk management around the “market cap” of crypto assets (calculated as price multiplied by circulating supply). Its primary goal is to prevent investor misinformation caused by artificially inflating circulating supply, wash trading, or opaque token distribution. This framework spans exchange audits, project team disclosures, data platform monitoring, and community governance. Key areas of focus include fully diluted valuation, token lockups and unlocks, minting and burning activities, all of which can significantly impact market cap metrics.

A crypto card allows you to use your digital assets for everyday purchases through card networks such as Visa or Mastercard. When making payments, your Bitcoin or stablecoins are converted into fiat currency to complete the transaction. These cards can be used for online shopping, subscriptions, and in-store payments. Typically, a crypto card is linked to your exchange account or wallet and requires identity verification and spending limits to be set. Before using a crypto card, it is important to understand the fees, exchange rates, and associated risks.

A crypto debit card connects your digital asset account to payment networks like Visa or Mastercard. When you make purchases in stores or online, your Bitcoin, Ether, or stablecoins are converted to local fiat currency at the real-time exchange rate for settlement. Crypto debit cards can be used for various scenarios such as shopping at supermarkets, paying for subscriptions, or traveling. Most require identity verification (KYC) and are subject to issuer fees, transaction limits, and compliance regulations specific to your region.

Blended finance refers to the practice of pooling philanthropic or policy-driven capital together with commercial funds to structure investments. By incorporating mechanisms such as concessional terms, guarantees, or subordinated tranches, blended finance helps share risk and distribute returns, thereby unlocking capital for climate, infrastructure, and SME projects that are typically difficult to finance. Originating from development finance, blended finance has recently begun integrating with RWA (Real-World Asset) tokenization and smart contracts. This combination enables transparent on-chain disclosures, automated settlements, and auditable impact measurement.

Chainlink's market data on CoinMarketCap refers to the portal and methods for accessing comprehensive LINK information, including price, trends, trading volume, market capitalization, and circulating supply. The CoinMarketCap page aggregates quotes from multiple exchanges, displays historical charts and market listings, and helps beginners quickly grasp the market position of the oracle network. It serves as a valuable resource for trading decisions and risk assessment.

The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is a federal regulatory agency in the United States responsible for overseeing rules and enforcement in the derivatives markets, including futures, options, and swaps. Its primary focus is on market integrity, transparency, and risk control. In the crypto sector, products such as Bitcoin futures and perpetual contracts often involve leverage and margin requirements, which fall within the CFTC’s regulatory scope. This has a direct impact on trading platform compliance and the risk management practices of users.

The Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) is a leading global derivatives marketplace, offering futures and options contracts that cover commodities, interest rates, and stock indices. The CME has also introduced crypto derivatives such as Bitcoin and Ethereum contracts. By utilizing margin requirements and a clearinghouse system, it mitigates counterparty default risk. Most contracts are settled in cash, providing institutions and regulated capital with robust channels for price discovery and risk hedging.

Crypto lending is a financing method where you use your digital assets—such as Bitcoin or Ethereum—as collateral to borrow stablecoins or fiat currency from an exchange or lending protocol. The borrowed funds can be used for trading or liquidity needs, and must be repaid with interest by the due date. If the value of your collateral drops and triggers liquidation, the platform will sell your assets to cover the outstanding debt.

A custodian in the crypto asset industry is a third-party service provider responsible for safeguarding and managing digital assets on your behalf. The custodian holds the “private keys” that control access to these assets, executes transfers as authorized, and offers risk management, auditing, and compliance support. Custodians are commonly used by institutions, funds, and teams for account management. Compared to self-custody wallets, custodians emphasize the separation of processes and responsibilities, making them suitable for users who require permission controls and compliance with regulatory standards.

A crypto exit scam refers to situations where project teams attract funds by issuing tokens, promising returns, or generating hype, and then abruptly withdraw liquidity, alter contract parameters, or restrict trading through unaudited smart contracts or liquidity mechanisms on decentralized exchanges. This leaves token holders unable to sell their assets or causes the price to plummet to zero. Such scams commonly occur during new token launches, DeFi liquidity pools, and NFT sales.

A cryptocurrency bubble refers to a phase where prices are driven by narratives and capital inflows, temporarily diverging significantly from their actual utility value. This period is often characterized by high-leverage trading, intense social sentiment, and rapidly spreading speculative behavior, which eventually corrects through market pullbacks. In the crypto market, the rapid pace of innovation and abundant liquidity make bubbles more frequent and volatile. Investors need to recognize the warning signs and implement robust risk management strategies.

A descending wedge is a chart pattern where the price contracts gradually during a downtrend, with both the highs and lows contained by two converging downward-sloping trendlines. On the candlestick charts of crypto assets, this formation is often seen as a potential reversal signal. A more prudent approach involves waiting for an upward breakout, confirming with increased trading volume and a successful retest, and then managing the trade according to a predefined plan for entry, stop-loss, and take-profit levels. Patterns identified on higher timeframes are generally considered more reliable.

Dorian Nakamoto is an American engineer who was mistakenly identified by the media as "Satoshi Nakamoto," the creator of Bitcoin. In 2014, a news report brought him into the global spotlight, but he later publicly denied any involvement in the development of Bitcoin during interviews. The controversy surrounding Dorian Nakamoto highlights the complex interplay of identity, evidence, and media ethics within the crypto industry. Understanding this episode helps newcomers appreciate the significance of Bitcoin’s history and the importance of verifying information. It also serves as a reminder for investors to exercise caution when trading or interpreting news, and to distinguish rumors from verifiable facts.

A denial-of-service (DoS) attack refers to methods that make a service unavailable or significantly slower, typically by overwhelming network and computing resources or causing program-level bottlenecks. In Web3 environments, DoS attacks not only affect website access points but can also disrupt blockchain nodes, RPC endpoints, mempool transaction queues, and smart contract logic. This can result in delayed deposits and withdrawals, slower transaction confirmations, and increased gas fees.

A death cross is a bearish indicator in technical analysis, referring to when a short-term moving average crosses below a long-term moving average—most commonly the 50-day moving average crossing under the 200-day moving average. This signal suggests a shift from bullish to bearish market momentum, and is widely used for risk management and timing decisions in both stock and crypto trading. However, the death cross is not foolproof; it is typically confirmed with additional tools such as trading volume and support or resistance levels.

The Goldilocks Principle refers to finding a “just right” balance between two extremes: not too small or too large, not the fastest but also not too slow. This concept is widely used in science and engineering, and in Web3, it applies to optimizing factors such as block size, block time, gas fees, collateralization ratios, and token incentives. By using the Goldilocks Principle, systems can maintain stability and efficiency while balancing performance, cost, and security.

Introduction

DGENCT refers to the collective “high-risk player culture” and information stream within the crypto community on Twitter (now known as X). It typically manifests through long-form posts by key opinion leaders (KOLs), Spaces discussions, and the spread of memes. DGENCT serves as both a window for discovering new narratives and projects, and a hub for sentiment amplification. While it can influence traders’ focus and capital flows, it is equally associated with significant noise and risk.

"Delisting" refers to the process where a platform or marketplace ceases to support the trading and display of a specific token, trading pair, or NFT. The platform will announce the effective date and withdrawal arrangements in advance. Delisting typically occurs due to compliance requirements, project risks, low trading volume, or technical migration. It directly impacts the asset's price and liquidity. Users should closely monitor official announcements, note withdrawal deadlines, and explore alternative trading channels.

A co-signer is an individual who signs a loan or contract alongside the primary borrower and shares joint liability for repayment. Co-signers are commonly involved in scenarios such as student loans, rental agreements, and credit card applications to supplement the borrower’s credit history, increase approval rates, or secure more favorable terms. However, the associated risks and obligations also shift to the co-signer. In the crypto space, the concept is often compared to multisig wallets.

In the context of Web3, "provenance" refers to the origin and ongoing transactional lineage of on-chain assets. It documents who created an asset, when it was created, which smart contract was used, the addresses involved in its transactions, and on which blockchain these events took place. Utilizing blockchain explorers and exchange tools, provenance serves key functions such as verification, anti-counterfeiting, value assessment, and compliance checks—most commonly applied to NFTs and token transfers. Provenance is also closely tied to cross-chain bridge reminting, metadata storage, and risk labeling, assisting in the identification of suspicious funds and counterfeit assets while preserving a transparent and verifiable transaction history.

Hyperinflation refers to an extreme scenario where purchasing power plummets rapidly within a short period and prices surge at an exceptionally high rate. It is commonly characterized by a monthly inflation rate approaching or exceeding 50%. Hyperinflation is often associated with fiscal deficits, excessive money printing, currency collapse, and a severe loss of public confidence. In such conditions, wages and savings struggle to maintain their value, prompting individuals and businesses to seek alternative means of pricing and settlement—such as dollarization, stablecoin payments, or diversified asset holdings.

A Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) is a networked organization that operates through blockchain-based protocols and governance tokens. The rules are encoded in smart contracts, while proposals and voting processes are fully transparent and open to all participants. Treasury funds are managed on-chain for enhanced security and accountability. DAOs are commonly found in DeFi protocols, NFT communities, Layer 2 ecosystems, and grant projects, enabling members from anywhere in the world to participate in decision-making and resource allocation.

GitHub is a Git-based code hosting and collaboration platform designed to help individuals and teams manage project history, review changes, and execute automated workflows. It integrates key features such as repositories, issue tracking, pull requests, and Actions. For Web3 developers, GitHub is commonly used for managing smart contract and DApp codebases, maintaining dependencies, facilitating code audits, conducting automated testing and security scans, and supporting open-source sharing and version releases.

Balloon loan repayment is a type of payment arrangement where the borrower makes smaller, regular payments—often covering only the interest—during the initial period, with a large lump-sum principal payment due at the end of the term. This structure is commonly found in mortgages, auto loans, and term loans. Its key features include lower cash flow pressure during the early stages and a concentrated repayment at maturity. In traditional finance, balloon loans are often combined with refinancing or loan renewal upon maturity. In the crypto lending sector, some fixed-term protocols also adopt a balloon repayment model, requiring a single repayment at the end of the term. Understanding the advantages and risks of this arrangement can help borrowers avoid cash flow disruptions and the risk of being unable to refinance at maturity.

A Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is a data structure where elements are connected by arrows, and cycles do not form. In Web3, DAGs are commonly used to record and validate transactions, content, or events in parallel. This structure illustrates "who depends on whom" and enables multiple pathways to progress simultaneously. Key use cases include IOTA’s transaction graph, parallel transaction processing on Avalanche X-Chain, Hedera’s event graph, and Merkle-DAG content addressing in IPFS.

Daedalus Wallet is a desktop wallet that operates as a full Cardano node, allowing users to locally synchronize and validate blockchain data. With Daedalus, users retain complete control over their mnemonic phrases and private keys, enabling secure self-custody. The wallet supports sending and receiving ADA as well as native assets, and facilitates staking delegation within the Cardano network. As of 2025, Daedalus is particularly suitable for users who prioritize strong blockchain validation and require a desktop environment. However, initial synchronization can be time-consuming and demands significant system resources.

Economic monopoly refers to a situation where one or a few entities maintain long-term dominance in a particular market, enabling them to significantly influence prices, rules, and entry barriers. Even in Web3, which emphasizes openness and decentralization, similar patterns can emerge: stablecoin dominance, concentration of mining pools or validators, and strong network effects among node service providers and exchanges. Such monopolistic trends can impact transaction fees, user experience, and innovation pathways, making it crucial to identify and mitigate these risks.

Financial aid refers to arrangements that provide funding support to individuals, businesses, or projects with the aim of advancing public welfare or developmental outcomes, rather than in exchange for equity or fixed interest. This concept includes traditional subsidies and charitable grants as well as Web3 applications such as DAO treasury allocations and on-chain donations. Typically, financial aid programs feature clear rules for application, review, and disbursement.

"Off the chain" is an American slang expression used to describe something as extremely good, exciting, or beyond normal expectations. Originating from African American Vernacular English (AAVE) culture and popularized through hip-hop music, this term functions as an intensifier similar to "amazing" or "incredible" and should not be confused with blockchain technology's "off-chain" transactions.

A short squeeze refers to a market phenomenon where traders holding short positions are forced to buy back assets due to rising prices, increased margin requirements, or higher borrowing costs. This concentrated buying activity drives prices even higher in a feedback loop. Short selling involves borrowing an asset to sell it, aiming to repurchase it later at a lower price to return it. However, when prices surge rapidly, forced liquidations and short covering can combine to create significant upward price pressure. Short squeezes are especially common in crypto perpetual contracts and leveraged trading.

A barter system enables asset-for-asset exchanges without relying on a unified currency. In Web3 contexts, this approach is commonly used for token-to-token trades, NFT-related swaps, and atomic swaps of cross-chain assets, all facilitated by smart contracts that ensure both parties’ conditions are met and settlement is secure. Barter systems are well-suited for peer-to-peer negotiations, community-based exchanges, and multi-chain asset allocation needs.

An intermediary is a third-party entity that connects buyers and sellers, reduces communication and trust costs, and provides ongoing services. Intermediaries are commonly found in sectors such as real estate, finance, and e-commerce. They address issues like information asymmetry, risk management, and clearing and settlement, typically earning profits through service fees. In the context of blockchain and Web3, intermediaries encompass not only exchanges, fiat on-ramps, and custodians but also smart contracts that enforce rules through code. The goal of disintermediation is to reduce reliance on human trust, not to eliminate intermediaries entirely.

A market buy refers to purchasing an asset on an exchange or through a decentralized trading platform at the best available current price, without specifying a particular price. This method prioritizes speed and execution certainty, making it suitable for highly liquid trading pairs or situations where quick entry is essential. However, the final price may vary due to factors such as slippage, spreads, and market volatility. On Gate’s spot trading platform, a market order can be executed simply by entering the desired amount. In decentralized exchanges (DEXs), users need to set a slippage tolerance and pay attention to price impact and gas fees.

Web3 discussion refers to a form of online collaboration centered around on-chain identity. Participants interact and vote by signing with their wallets instead of using traditional usernames and passwords, ensuring that both the process and outcomes are verifiable and can be reused across different applications. This method is commonly utilized in scenarios such as DAO governance, project announcements, and airdrop appeals, spanning decentralized social platforms, forums, and token-gated communities. Compared to traditional platforms, Web3 discussion places a strong emphasis on data ownership and open interoperability.

A beta version refers to a pre-release phase where a product undergoes trial operation before its official launch. This stage is commonly used to gather issues and user feedback in either real or simulated environments. In the Web3 space, beta versions may operate on testnets or mainnets and are often used for functional validation of DApps and smart contracts. The primary goals are to reduce launch risks, enhance user experience, and fine-tune incentive and security strategies.

Premine refers to the process of minting and allocating a portion of tokens to the team or investors before a cryptocurrency is publicly launched. Bitcoin did not have a premine; all bitcoins were mined by network participants according to predefined rules after the network went live, and the genesis block reward is unspendable. Some people mistakenly interpret the early dominance of miners as a form of premine, but in reality, it was due to the low number of participants during the initial public mining phase, leading to a more concentrated distribution. Understanding this distinction is important for assessing the fairness and risk profile of a crypto project.

Electrum is a lightweight wallet designed for Bitcoin that does not require downloading the entire blockchain. Instead, it uses Simplified Payment Verification (SPV) to connect with trusted servers and verify transactions. Electrum manages private keys with a seed phrase, ensuring users retain full control over their funds. It supports integration with hardware wallets, offline signing, and multisignature features, making it well-suited for fast and resource-efficient Bitcoin transactions on desktop environments.

Onion routing is a transmission method for network communications that “wraps” data in multiple layers. Information is encrypted in successive layers and relayed through several intermediary nodes. Only the entry node knows the source, while only the exit node knows the destination; nodes in between simply forward the data. By separating information in this way, onion routing reduces the risks of tracking and traffic analysis. It is commonly used in scenarios such as anonymous access via Tor, privacy-focused browsing, and Web3 wallet connections to RPC endpoints. However, it requires a trade-off between speed and compatibility.

A Roth Individual Retirement Account (Roth IRA) is a U.S. retirement savings vehicle funded with after-tax dollars. When certain conditions are met—such as reaching age 59½ and holding the account for at least five years—withdrawals of investment earnings are generally exempt from income tax. Unlike traditional IRAs, which follow a "tax-deferred now, taxed later" model, Roth IRAs offer the advantage of tax-free growth on future withdrawals. Assets can include stocks and mutual funds held through a custodian, or, via a self-directed IRA, cryptocurrency allocations, provided all income limits, contribution caps, and compliance requirements are strictly observed.

Design rule checks refer to an automated auditing process conducted on smart contracts or on-chain protocols before they go live. This process uses a predefined checklist of security and compliance standards to systematically review code and configurations. Common risks such as access control, reentrancy vulnerabilities, and standard compatibility are translated into machine-verifiable rules. These checks are integrated with static analysis and testing workflows, enabling teams to identify issues during the testnet phase and minimize post-deployment remediation costs.

IBIT is a spot Bitcoin ETF issued by an asset management institution, with its holdings primarily consisting of actual Bitcoin. Dividend distribution depends on whether the fund generates distributable income, such as cash interest or other occasional gains; since Bitcoin itself does not produce cash flow, regular dividends are uncommon. If the fund does have a distributable amount, a one-time payout may occur; ultimately, refer to the fund’s official announcements and distribution records for specifics, and consider the tax and fee implications.

Purchasing tokens through a DApp refers to the process of using a connected wallet to interact with on-chain smart contracts within a decentralized application, exchanging one blockchain asset for a target token. This is commonly done via a decentralized exchange (DEX), and users must hold the native token of the network to pay gas fees. Many users first acquire stablecoins on a centralized platform, transfer them to their wallet, and then complete the swap on the corresponding blockchain network. Typical scenarios include swapping assets across multiple chains like Ethereum or conducting transactions after bridging assets between different blockchains.

Monero (symbol: XMR) is a privacy-centric cryptocurrency designed to keep transaction details—such as sender, receiver, and transfer amount—hidden by default. Monero operates on its own independent blockchain and uses a proof-of-work (PoW) consensus mechanism based on the RandomX algorithm, enabling ordinary CPUs to participate in mining. Key technologies like ring signatures, stealth addresses, and confidential transactions enhance Monero's fungibility and ensure robust financial privacy for individuals and merchants. While Monero offers strong protection for personal finances and business payments, it also faces challenges related to regulatory compliance and exchange listing reviews.

Decentralized application rules refer to the publicly defined and automatically enforced protocols that govern applications running on a blockchain. These rules encompass contract logic, permission management, voting thresholds, reward distribution, and risk control mechanisms. They determine how transactions are processed, how assets are issued, and how upgrades are implemented—commonly seen in DeFi, NFT, and DAO use cases. These rules are encoded into smart contracts and deployed on-chain, making them auditable and reusable by anyone, which minimizes manual intervention and eliminates black-box operations. Understanding these rules helps users assess risks, choose products, participate in governance, and enhance both the security and overall experience of their transactions.

Gambler-style advice refers to a type of investment rhetoric commonly seen on social media, which emphasizes betting and short-term gains while downplaying research and risk management. In the Web3 space, this advice is often accompanied by slogans like “all in” or “double your money overnight,” encouraging users to buy highly volatile tokens or NFTs without providing verifiable evidence or clear risk boundaries. Such advice typically leverages emotional appeal and herd mentality, amplifying FOMO (Fear of Missing Out), and is especially prevalent in highly volatile markets. Recognizing and avoiding this type of advice can help reduce impulsive trading and financial losses.

“Decentralized” refers to the distribution of control, data, and decision-making across a wide range of participants, rather than being managed by a single authority. In the crypto space, decentralization is exemplified by networks like Bitcoin and Ethereum, which are maintained by distributed nodes. Transactions and protocol rules are agreed upon through consensus mechanisms. Common use cases include decentralized trading, governance, and storage. Key advantages are resistance to censorship, reduced single points of failure, and open collaboration, while trade-offs often include lower efficiency and a potentially diminished user experience. Users can earn trading fees by providing liquidity in DeFi platforms, participate in DAO voting to manage pooled funds, and developers rely on open-source smart contracts and distributed storage for application deployment.

Decentralized Science (DeSci) refers to the application of blockchain technology to scientific research funding, data sharing, and intellectual property rights management. DeSci leverages DAOs and token-based governance to organize research initiatives, using transparent voting to determine funding priorities. Through IP-NFTs, research outcomes can be traded or licensed, and both funding flows and ownership of results are traceable on-chain. This model connects researchers, funders, institutions, and the public, lowering barriers to participation, enhancing transparency and reproducibility, and introducing innovative mechanisms for financing and distributing scientific achievements.

Decentralized finance collateral refers to a basket of on-chain crypto assets used to secure debt in scenarios such as lending protocols and stablecoin issuance. Common examples include ETH, stablecoins, staking receipts, LP tokens, and select real-world assets (RWA). Protocols determine the borrowing limit based on the collateralization ratio, with asset prices sourced from oracles; if the value falls below a set threshold, liquidation is triggered. Collateral impacts interest rates and the health factor, requiring over-collateralization and maintaining a buffer. Platforms like Aave, MakerDAO, and centralized exchange lending services all utilize this mechanism.

Decentralized currency refers to a digital asset that does not rely on central banks or commercial banks, but instead is maintained by a global network of nodes. Examples include the native coins of Bitcoin and Ethereum. These currencies are issued and transferred using cryptographic techniques and consensus mechanisms, allowing users to independently manage their assets via private keys. Decentralized currencies are well-suited for use cases such as cross-border payments, value storage, and DeFi collateralization. Transactions are irreversible, settlement is available 24/7, and fees are transparent. However, it is important to be aware of price volatility and the risks associated with losing private keys. Beginners are advised to start with small amounts for practice.

A Launchpad serves as the primary gateway for new blockchain projects to debut and raise funds, commonly found on exchanges and decentralized platforms. Users can participate by subscribing or staking to obtain allocation rights, while project teams gain both funding and exposure. Tokens are distributed according to predefined rules and subsequently listed for trading. Typical launchpad mechanisms include project vetting, whitelist registration, lottery or first-come, first-served allocation, vesting periods, and token unlocking. This model is widely adopted across sectors such as DeFi, gaming, and AI.

A bar chart is a graphical representation that uses rectangular bars to display the magnitude of data. In Web3 contexts, bar charts are commonly used to compare metrics across different categories or time periods, such as daily transaction counts, gas fees, trading volume, and the number of active wallets. Each bar represents a group, with the height of the bar corresponding to the value size. Bar charts are well-suited for intuitive comparisons and visualizing changes over time, and are frequently seen on on-chain data dashboards and trading platform volume views.

Capital money refers to funds allocated toward activities that generate returns, such as purchasing bonds, investing in stocks, participating in exchange-based financial products, or lending stablecoins on-chain. The focus is on the time value of money and risk premium—returns are earned through mechanisms like interest rates, dividends, yield rights, or token incentives, while investors simultaneously bear risks such as market volatility, default, and technical failures. In practice, capital money is diversified across various assets to balance yield and security, and it is managed based on measurable costs and expected returns.

SafePal (SFP) is the utility token powering the SafePal wallet ecosystem. Built on the BNB Chain as a BEP-20 token, SFP serves multiple functions, including payment of fees within the wallet and related products, access to discounts, participation in staking for rewards, and involvement in community governance. The BEP-20 standard is a universal token protocol on BNB Chain, ensuring broad compatibility with various decentralized applications (dApps). SFP operates at the core of both SafePal hardware wallets and the mobile app, enabling multi-chain asset management and trading. Additionally, SFP holders can participate in exclusive events to receive discounts or collectible items.

In the context of Web3, an upgrade refers to the modification and deployment of rules or code for blockchain protocols, smart contracts, or wallet and node software. Upgrades are implemented to fix vulnerabilities, improve performance, or add new features. Typically, upgrades are carried out through governance voting, version releases, and node updates, and may involve a hard fork or soft fork. This process requires balancing security and compatibility considerations.

Virtual reality is an interactive technology that uses computers to generate three-dimensional environments, immersing users through headsets, controllers, and tracking sensors. Within these virtual spaces, people can see, hear, move, and manipulate objects—working, learning, and playing as if they were in another world. In the context of the metaverse and Web3, virtual reality often integrates with blockchain-based assets, digital identities, and virtual goods, creating digital experiences that are tradable and portable.

Tight binding refers to establishing a strong and secure connection between an online identity and another robust credential, such as linking a social media account with a blockchain wallet, phone number, or real-name information. This process emphasizes strong verification and a non-interchangeable relationship, aiming to enhance trustworthiness and reduce abuse. Tight binding is commonly used in scenarios like airdrops, voting, and gated access to ensure one-person-one-account policies and traceability.

The derivatives market is a venue where contracts based on the prices of crypto assets are created and traded. The value of these contracts is derived from underlying assets like Bitcoin, rather than physical goods. Common instruments include futures, options, and perpetual contracts, which are used for hedging and speculation. Derivatives markets enhance capital efficiency through margin and leverage, while mechanisms such as mark price, index price, and funding rates help maintain orderly trading. These features are utilized across both centralized exchanges and on-chain protocols.

Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is a shared database collaboratively maintained by multiple participants. Data is redundantly stored across various nodes, with synchronization and verification achieved through a consensus mechanism, reducing the risks of single points of failure and unauthorized tampering. DLT is utilized in blockchain, cross-border payments, supply chain tracking, and digital asset issuance. It supports smart contracts and access control, emphasizing transparency, traceability, and automated execution.

Dual-token systems refer to projects that issue two distinct tokens simultaneously, typically combining a governance token with a utility or reward token. The governance token is used for voting and value capture, while the utility or reward token serves purposes such as payments, fueling transactions, or incentivizing users. This design separates responsibilities, making stable operations easier to maintain. However, it can also introduce risks like reward inflation and price volatility, requiring careful evaluation based on specific use cases and underlying mechanisms.

The double-spending problem refers to the risk that the same unit of digital currency could be spent more than once. Because digital information is easily duplicated, if there is no reliable system for recording and verifying transactions, attackers might exploit conflicting payments to deceive recipients. In blockchain networks, consensus mechanisms, block confirmations, and transaction finality significantly reduce the risk of double-spending. However, unconfirmed transactions can still be replaced or affected by chain reorganizations, making it essential to establish appropriate security thresholds and operational guidelines.

The term "gambler-style investors from remote regions" refers to individuals who enter the crypto market from environments with limited resources and restricted access to information. Relying heavily on cues from social media, these participants tend to favor high-risk, short-term betting strategies, such as trading highly leveraged contracts, chasing meme coins, or seeking airdrop rewards. This label highlights a particular behavioral pattern rather than geographic bias, reflecting underlying issues like informational asymmetry, lack of educational resources, and insufficient risk management.

DEPIN is a network that uses token incentives to organize communities in building and operating real-world infrastructure, such as storage, computing power, wireless connectivity, and mapping services. By moving tasks, verification, and rewards onto the blockchain, DEPIN directly connects supply with demand and reduces intermediary costs. Participants can contribute bandwidth, hardware, or data to earn token-based rewards based on their contributions, fostering a sustainable infrastructure ecosystem.

Satoshi (or Sats) is the smallest unit of Bitcoin (BTC), named after Bitcoin's creator Satoshi Nakamoto. One Bitcoin equals 100 million satoshis, enabling Bitcoin to be divisible for microtransactions and small value transfers.

Bailout refers to external intervention—such as capital injection, guarantees, or institutional arrangements—when an organization or market faces a liquidity crunch or insolvency. The primary goal is to prevent cascading defaults and systemic risk. Common bailout measures include government capital infusions, central banks providing emergency liquidity and guarantees, deposit insurance schemes, as well as insurance funds and risk reserves maintained by trading platforms. These mechanisms are designed to stabilize transactions, protect user interests, and uphold financial order.

Degen Chain is an EVM-compatible scaling network designed for social interactions and micropayments. It is centered around the DEGEN token and is commonly used for tipping, content payments, and in-game transactions within applications like Farcaster. Utilizing a layered architecture, Degen Chain processes transactions on a lower-cost layer while anchoring security and settlement to the Ethereum ecosystem. This approach enables smoother on-chain social interactions and offers greater control over transaction fees.

A Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack is a technique where attackers use thousands of compromised devices to simultaneously send massive requests, overwhelming bandwidth and server resources. This causes websites, APIs, or blockchain nodes to become unresponsive. DDoS attacks frequently target exchanges, wallets, and RPC services, resulting in slow access, timeouts, and disconnections. Such disruptions can impact essential processes like order matching, asset queries, and deposit or withdrawal operations.

Degen coin flipping refers to a short-term trading strategy where participants rapidly buy trending tokens during periods of high volatility and quickly sell them after price surges. This approach is commonly seen in on-chain automated market maker (AMM) liquidity pools or when new tokens are listed on exchanges, relying heavily on community sentiment and liquidity. Traders engaging in this strategy closely monitor timing, slippage, and transaction fees. Returns are unpredictable and risks are high, making it suitable only for small amounts of capital that traders can afford to lose.

Insider trading refers to the act of using material, non-public information—information that could significantly impact prices—to buy or sell assets in advance and gain an unfair advantage in the market. While commonly associated with traditional securities markets, insider trading also occurs in crypto assets and NFT environments, such as trading based on undisclosed token listings, DAO voting outcomes, or smart contract updates. Most jurisdictions classify this behavior as illegal and enforce strict regulations against it.

Premine refers to the process in which a project mints and allocates a portion of its tokens to the team, foundation, private investors, or ecosystem incentives before the public launch or official listing. These tokens are typically used to bootstrap the network, fund development, and support marketing efforts. To determine whether Pyrin has undergone a premine, one should review the project's whitepaper for initial token allocation details, examine the genesis block and smart contract minting records, and cross-check the supply structure disclosed by exchanges.

Distributed consensus refers to the set of rules and processes that enable mutually untrusted nodes within a decentralized network to agree on the order of transactions and the state of the system. This mechanism is fundamental in blockchain technology for transaction confirmation, block generation, and establishing finality. Common consensus mechanisms include Proof of Work, Proof of Stake, and Byzantine Fault Tolerance. Through proposing, validating, and voting, nodes collaborate to minimize risks such as double-spending, chain forks, and rollbacks. The consensus process directly impacts the number of confirmations required for deposits and withdrawals, as well as the overall transaction speed.

MACD is a technical indicator that measures the strength of price trends using moving averages, commonly seen on charts for stocks, futures, and crypto assets. It works by calculating the difference between two moving averages—typically referred to as the fast and slow lines—and incorporates a signal line and histogram to indicate trend continuation, reversals, and changes in momentum. MACD is well-suited for identifying swing trading directions, but its signals are not guarantees and should be used in conjunction with timeframes and risk management strategies.

A distributed network distributes computation and data across numerous interconnected devices that collaboratively perform tasks. Each device can operate independently, while replication and coordination mechanisms prevent single points of failure. Typically, information is propagated through peer-to-peer connections, and consistency and consensus mechanisms are employed to maintain a unified view among all nodes. Distributed networks are commonly used in systems such as blockchains and IPFS to enhance availability, fault tolerance, and resistance to censorship.

Source code refers to the human-readable program text written by developers to instruct computers on what actions to perform. In the context of Web3, source code determines how smart contracts are executed, how funds are transferred, and how permissions are configured. Source code is compiled into bytecode before being deployed on-chain. Projects typically publish their source code in open-source repositories and verify it on block explorers, making it easier for auditing and collaboration.

A design flaw refers to an inherent issue at the level of system architecture, rules, or default parameters, rather than a one-off coding error. Such flaws are common in blockchain protocols, smart contracts, wallets, and tokenomics, and may result in abnormal liquidations, price depegging, privilege abuse, or the mishandling of assets. Typical triggers include reliance on a single oracle source, improper liquidation threshold settings, imbalanced token minting and burning logic, and lack of decentralized permissions. Identifying and preventing these issues is an essential skill for anyone involved in crypto trading and DeFi investment.

Degen activities are community-driven actions on crypto social platforms that boost engagement around specific topics through small token tips, task-based rewards, and interactive challenges. These activities are commonly found on decentralized social networks such as Farcaster, and may use a community token like DEGEN as an incentive. Key features include low entry barriers, rapid feedback, and transparent rules, making it easy for new users to participate and learn about the project or community.

Predefined settlement refers to a method where the terms of settlement—including the handling of funds and assets, timing, sequence, and risk management parameters—are agreed upon prior to the transaction. The system then executes these terms automatically according to preset rules. This approach standardizes the processes of delivery and clearing, minimizing manual intervention and reducing uncertainty. It is particularly suitable for regulated delivery and fund management in areas such as securities, derivatives, and on-chain transactions. By embedding procedures into contract clauses or smart contracts, settlements and accounting entries are triggered automatically when specified conditions are met, enhancing predictability and regulatory compliance while facilitating auditing and risk control. Predefined settlement can be applied in cross-border payments, exchange settlements, and on-chain asset swaps.

Mid-cap stocks refer to equities with a market capitalization that falls within the middle range of the overall market, positioned between large-cap and small-cap stocks. These stocks are often included in indexes and ETFs to represent a segment of the economy that balances growth potential with stability. The classification of mid-cap stocks is typically based on free-float market capitalization or percentile ranking, and is periodically adjusted in response to market changes. Investors frequently use mid-cap stocks for portfolio construction, volatility management, and seeking growth opportunities. In the digital asset space, a similar tiered structure exists, where tokens can be categorized by market capitalization following comparable criteria.

A DAICO is a fundraising model that combines the collective voting mechanism of a DAO with the fundraising approach of an ICO. In this model, project funds are locked in a smart contract, and contributors can vote according to predefined rules to control the rate at which funds are released. If the project's progress deviates from expectations, contributors can trigger a refund process. The purpose of a DAICO is to reduce the trust and management risks associated with one-time funding allocations, while enhancing transparency and accountability in fund management.

Moloch is a term in the crypto community that personifies the concept of "coordination failure" and is also the name of a widely used DAO governance smart contract. It serves as a reminder that individually rational actions can lead to collective losses. The Moloch framework introduces mechanisms like RageQuit, allowing members to exit with their proportional share when trust breaks down. This model is commonly used for funding initiatives, managing community treasuries, and overseeing club operations.

Ethereum does not have a fixed maximum supply, as its total supply is dynamically balanced through “issuance” and “burning.” Issuance refers to block rewards distributed to validators under the Proof of Stake consensus mechanism, while burning occurs via EIP-1559, which destroys a portion of the base transaction fees. The net inflation or deflation of ETH supply depends on on-chain activity and the scale of staked assets, directly impacting the valuation, yield potential, and risk profile of ETH.

The definition of a block in blockchain refers to the specification of its structure and the rules for connecting individual "pages" of the ledger. This includes components such as the block header, transaction list, timestamp, and hash fields, as well as how each block links to the previous one. Understanding the meaning of a block is essential for assessing transaction confirmation and security, interpreting data on block explorers, and distinguishing differences in block production and finality across various public blockchains. This foundational knowledge is key for beginners seeking to understand underlying blockchain protocols.

Annualized yield is a standardized metric that converts returns from different timeframes into an annual basis, enabling direct comparison of products such as bank wealth management, bonds, Web3 staking, and DeFi returns. Common indicators include APR and APY: APR excludes compounding, while APY factors in compound interest. Annualized yield serves as an estimate—actual results may vary due to interest rate changes, compounding frequency, lock-up terms, and token price fluctuations.

A guild is an online organization that collaborates around shared goals. In the crypto space, guilds often operate as DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations), using tokens or NFTs as membership credentials. Through voting and established rules, guilds manage resources, organize activities such as play-to-earn gaming, on-chain quests, educational initiatives, and research. They also participate in trading, airdrops, and community events to enhance engagement efficiency and maximize member rewards.

The definition of immutability refers to the characteristic whereby data, once written to a blockchain or decentralized storage, cannot be arbitrarily modified or deleted. This property relies on hash verification, chained data structures, and network consensus mechanisms to ensure that transaction records, smart contract code, and file fingerprints are traceable and verifiable. Immutability is commonly utilized in scenarios such as auditing, settlement, and provenance tracking. In practical applications, immutability is seen in Bitcoin and Ethereum blocks, DeFi protocol configurations, NFT metadata, and content addressing within IPFS. While immutability provides transparency and accountability, it also necessitates comprehensive testing and auditing before deployment.

In crypto social media, LARP refers to bringing offline “live action role-playing” online by impersonating project teams or insiders to sway public opinion and influence trading decisions. Within Web3 contexts, LARPing often accompanies announcements about airdrops, roadmaps, or partnerships, undermining the credibility of information and increasing risks related to hype-driven behavior and asset security. Understanding the meaning and implications of LARP can help you make more informed and resilient decisions.

An agent or introducing broker (commonly referred to as IB) is a partnership role in the crypto industry responsible for recruiting new users for platforms or projects, earning commissions based on user activity. This model is widely adopted by cryptocurrency exchanges, wallets, and payment services. Agents typically attract users using dedicated referral links or invitation codes and are compensated either by a share of trading fees generated by referred users or through performance-based rewards, which may be structured as one-time bonuses or ongoing revenue sharing. Participants must comply with regulations, anti-fraud policies, and risk disclosure requirements.

Decentralized applications (DApps) are applications that run on a blockchain and do not rely on centralized servers. Instead, they use smart contracts—self-executing code—to enforce rules, while users interact and manage assets through wallet signatures. Common use cases include decentralized exchanges, lending platforms, NFTs, blockchain games, and DAOs. Key features of DApps are transparency and resistance to censorship; however, user experience and transaction costs can be affected by network congestion.

The dark web refers to a private segment of the internet that can only be accessed using specialized tools such as the Onion Router (Tor), and is typically associated with .onion addresses. While accessing the dark web itself is not inherently illegal, its high level of anonymity makes it a hub for sensitive communications and illicit transactions. Cryptocurrencies are commonly used on the dark web for payments and transfers, which has attracted regulatory scrutiny, on-chain analysis, and increased risks related to fund security.

A distributed ledger is an electronic record jointly maintained by multiple network nodes. Each node holds an identical copy of the data, with a consensus mechanism ensuring consistency, traceability, and resistance to tampering. Distributed ledgers can operate on open or permissioned networks, recording transactions, asset transfers, and state changes. Common use cases include blockchain-based payments, supply chain provenance, and inter-organizational reconciliation. By eliminating single points of failure, distributed ledgers enhance audit transparency and improve collaboration efficiency.

Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) is a blockchain consensus mechanism where token holders delegate their voting power to a select group of block-producing nodes. These nodes are responsible for validating transactions, creating new blocks, and distributing rewards. DPoS operates similarly to electing representatives, enhancing network throughput and energy efficiency through an election process. This consensus model is commonly used in networks such as EOS and TRON, and is often integrated with governance voting and staking rewards.

Dark pool trading refers to executing trades in an environment where order details are not publicly displayed, commonly used by institutions to handle large or sensitive orders. Transactions are typically matched based on public market price ranges, with details disclosed after execution. The main goals are to minimize slippage and protect trading intent. In the crypto market, over-the-counter (OTC) block trades and Request for Quote (RFQ) mechanisms serve as similar tools, but it is equally important to consider compliance and counterparty risks.

Derivatives are contracts designed around the price movements of underlying assets. Common types include futures, options, and perpetual contracts, which are widely used for trading, hedging, and risk management. In the crypto market, derivatives enable investors to gain exposure to volatility with relatively small capital outlay. Through margin and leverage, participants can take long or short positions, while funding rates are used to keep derivative prices closely aligned with spot market prices.

The term "falling below the issue price" refers to a situation where a token's trading price on the secondary market drops below its initial offering price, commonly seen after IEO (Initial Exchange Offering) or IDO (Initial DEX Offering) launches. This phenomenon is influenced by factors such as circulating supply, token unlock schedules, overall market sentiment, and market-making depth. Understanding what it means for a token to fall below its issue price helps users assess the difference between Fully Diluted Valuation (FDV) and circulating market capitalization, account for trading fees and slippage, and make more informed buy or sell decisions on platforms like Gate. For beginners, recognizing this concept is crucial for effective portfolio management and risk control, requiring an analysis of both project fundamentals and broader market structure.

Discord is a community-centric online communication platform featuring tools such as "servers," "channels," "roles," and "bots." It is widely used by Web3 projects for announcements, technical support, task collaboration, and permission management. In the crypto industry, Discord serves key functions including airdrop notifications, testnet feedback, event organization, and DAO discussions.

Extreme speculators are short-term participants in the crypto market characterized by high-speed trading, heavy position sizes, and amplified risk-reward profiles. They rely on trending topics and narrative shifts on social media, preferring highly volatile assets such as memecoins, NFTs, and anticipated airdrops. Leverage and derivatives are commonly used tools among this group. Most active during bull markets, they often face significant drawdowns and forced liquidations due to weak risk management practices.

A shiller refers to an individual who, motivated by personal gain, poses as a regular user within a community or on social platforms to covertly promote a specific cryptocurrency, NFT, or blockchain project. Shillers are commonly active during events such as new token launches, airdrops, and Initial Exchange Offerings (IEOs), using tactics like persuasive messaging, collaborations with key opinion leaders (KOLs), posting fabricated screenshots, and deploying bots to generate hype and guide retail investors. The primary risks associated with shilling include undisclosed affiliations and a lack of transparency, which can mislead the broader community.

“Defining the recipient” refers to specifying the information of the party receiving funds during a digital asset transfer or smart contract invocation. This typically involves entering the recipient address, selecting the appropriate blockchain network, and in some cases, providing additional notes such as a Memo or Tag. Defining the recipient is essential in various scenarios including wallet transfers, exchange withdrawals, NFT minting, and smart contract interactions. Once a transaction is confirmed on the blockchain, the record is generally immutable, and any errors in recipient information may lead to irreversible loss of funds.

A nonce is a one-time-use number that ensures the uniqueness of operations and prevents replay attacks with old messages. In blockchain, an account’s nonce determines the order of transactions. In Bitcoin mining, the nonce is used to find a hash that meets the required difficulty. For login signatures, the nonce acts as a challenge value to enhance security. Nonces are fundamental across transactions, mining, and authentication processes.

Leverage refers to the practice of using a relatively small amount of your own capital to control a larger position, commonly seen in stocks, forex, and crypto assets. It works by borrowing funds or using contracts to amplify both potential gains and losses. Platforms manage risk through margin requirements, and positions may be forcibly liquidated if certain thresholds are breached. On Gate, leverage is displayed as a multiple in both spot margin trading and perpetual contracts, directly impacting your position size and risk exposure. For beginners, it is essential to select leverage carefully, set stop-loss orders, and manage position sizes effectively. Additionally, it is important to familiarize yourself with the specific fees and rules for each market before trading.

Fungibility refers to the property where each unit of a given asset holds the same value and can be exchanged interchangeably, making individual units indistinguishable from one another. In the context of crypto, this explains why standardized tokens like BTC and USDT are easy to trade, suitable for payments and lending, and stand in contrast to the unique nature of NFTs. This characteristic is fundamental for spot trading on exchanges and for liquidity pools in DeFi, directly affecting liquidity and price discovery. For beginners, understanding fungibility helps assess risk more effectively. Fungibility also impacts smart contract design and clearing efficiency, determining whether your orders on platforms like Gate can be executed quickly and priced fairly.

The accrual process refers to the continuous increase of an index value over time, commonly used to calculate interest, rewards, and fees. In the crypto space, staking rewards are accrued by block, while lending and yield earnings are tracked on an hourly or daily basis. The funding rate for perpetual contracts is also periodically accrued to the position cost. Understanding accrual is essential for interpreting the differences between APR and APY, and for accurately assessing real returns and risks.

A dead cat bounce refers to a brief recovery within an overall downward trend, typically triggered by short covering, oversold corrections, or a temporary return of liquidity. This phenomenon is common during crypto market bear cycles. Much like a ball that momentarily bounces after hitting the ground but lacks the momentum to change direction, a dead cat bounce does not reverse the prevailing trend. Key indicators for identifying a dead cat bounce include trading volume, structural highs and lows, and leverage levels. It is crucial to distinguish these short-lived rebounds from a genuine trend reversal to avoid misinterpretation.

Discord is a community-centric communication platform frequently used as the official gateway for Web3 projects. It organizes information and members through features like servers, channels, roles, and bots. Access permissions can be configured using wallet signatures, as well as token or NFT holdings. Discord supports announcements, AMAs, ticketing, and governance discussions, and integrates seamlessly with websites, dashboards, and forms to create a comprehensive communication ecosystem.

Decentralization refers to a system design that distributes decision-making and control across multiple participants, commonly seen in blockchain technology, digital assets, and community governance. It relies on consensus among numerous network nodes, allowing the system to operate independently of any single authority, which enhances security, censorship resistance, and openness. In the crypto space, decentralization is exemplified by the global node collaboration of Bitcoin and Ethereum, decentralized exchanges, non-custodial wallets, and community governance models where token holders vote to determine protocol rules.

A Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is a network structure that organizes objects and their directional relationships into a forward-only, non-circular system. This data structure is widely used to represent transaction dependencies, workflow processes, and version history. In crypto networks, DAGs can facilitate parallel transaction processing and consensus information sharing, helping to improve throughput and confirmation efficiency. Additionally, DAGs offer a clear order and causal relationships among events, making them valuable for ensuring transparency and reliability in blockchain operations.

Asynchronous refers to a computational model where operations don't need to complete or respond immediately, but instead can be processed in the background with results notified later. In blockchain, asynchronous processing mechanisms enable systems to handle transactions and data more efficiently by allowing nodes to receive information, validate transactions at different times, and update their local states independently, thereby improving network throughput and system resilience.

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) refers to open financial services built on blockchain networks, where smart contracts replace traditional intermediaries such as banks. Users can directly perform activities like token swaps, lending, yield generation, and stablecoin settlements using their wallets. DeFi emphasizes transparency and composability, and is commonly deployed on platforms like Ethereum and Layer 2 solutions. Key metrics for measuring DeFi’s growth include Total Value Locked (TVL), trading volume, and the circulating supply of stablecoins. However, DeFi also carries risks such as smart contract vulnerabilities and price volatility.

A Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is a structure that uses arrows to represent sequential relationships without forming any loops. In blockchain and distributed systems, DAG organizes transactions or blocks into a network that can progress in parallel, reducing congestion caused by queueing and enhancing both throughput and confirmation efficiency. This makes DAG particularly suitable for high-frequency micro-payments, Internet of Things (IoT) data, and low-latency use cases.

Dumping refers to the act in cryptocurrency markets where individuals or institutions holding large amounts of a specific crypto asset sell off their holdings in a short period, causing a sharp decline in the price of that cryptocurrency. This behavior is typically initiated by "whales" or project founding teams, and can be categorized as profit dumping, panic dumping, strategic dumping, project team dumping, or forced dumping.

An Epoch is a designated period of time within a public blockchain, structured to facilitate efficient network management. During an epoch, activities such as staking rewards settlement, validator rotation, checkpoint creation, and transaction security enhancements are processed collectively. The duration and structure of an epoch vary across different blockchains; for example, Ethereum epochs are composed of multiple slots, while Solana and Filecoin each have their own unique configurations. Understanding the meaning and function of epochs is crucial for planning staking and withdrawals, as well as for estimating transaction confirmation times.

A Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) is an online collective governed by its community, with rules encoded on the blockchain through smart contracts. Members use governance tokens or NFTs to submit proposals and vote on organizational decisions. The DAO’s treasury is managed on-chain, with fund allocations controlled by multisignature wallets or smart contracts, ensuring transparent and secure management of assets. DAOs are commonly utilized for protocol governance, ecosystem funding, and public goods initiatives. Examples include Uniswap, MakerDAO, and ENS, where key decisions such as fee structures, protocol upgrades, and funding grants are made collectively through the DAO mechanism. To participate in DAO governance, users can purchase governance tokens on exchanges, transfer them to their personal wallets, and connect to designated voting platforms. Once votes are cast, outcomes are executed directly on-chain according to the established consensus.

Capitulation refers to the act of market participants completely losing confidence after enduring prolonged downward pressure, resulting in forced mass selling of assets. This phenomenon typically occurs in the late stages of bear markets, characterized by surging trading volumes, sharp price declines, and extreme pessimism, often considered a potential signal that the market may be approaching a bottom.

Barter refers to the exchange of goods or services directly, without the use of currency. In Web3 environments, typical forms of barter include peer-to-peer swaps such as token-for-token or NFT-for-service transactions. These exchanges are facilitated by smart contracts, decentralized trading platforms, and custody mechanisms, and may also utilize atomic swaps to enable cross-chain transactions. However, aspects such as pricing, matching, and dispute resolution require careful design and robust risk management.

Decryption is the process of converting encrypted data back to its original readable form. In cryptocurrency and blockchain contexts, decryption is a fundamental cryptographic operation that typically requires a specific key (such as a private key) to allow authorized users to access encrypted information while maintaining system security. Decryption can be categorized into symmetric decryption and asymmetric decryption, corresponding to different encryption mechanisms.

A digital asset is a unit of value that exists in electronic form and can be verified, transferred, and traded. This category includes cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, NFTs (non-fungible tokens), governance tokens, tokenized bonds, and notes. Digital assets rely on blockchain technology for transparent recording and public verification, with ownership authenticated through private keys. They are available for trading around the clock on exchanges such as Gate, or can be used on-chain for payments, financial services, in-game items, and community governance. Digital assets are programmable, allowing rules to be executed automatically, making them well-suited for cross-border settlements and online economies.

The accountability mechanism refers to a comprehensive system that ensures actions are recorded, monitored, and subject to consequences in the event of violations. In the context of Web3, accountability relies on on-chain records, smart contract rules, governance processes, and external audits to make the use of power and funds transparent. Incentives and penalties are used to regulate participant behavior. Across public blockchains, DAOs, and trading platforms, accountability mechanisms are integrated into proposals, voting, fund transfers, and code upgrades. Tools such as multisignature wallets, timelocks, staking, and bug bounties help assign responsibility to specific individuals or addresses.

A merger refers to the process in which two companies combine their operations and assets, either forming a new entity or having one company absorb the other to achieve scale and cost synergies. The consideration may be in cash or through share exchange, and the transaction requires approval from boards of directors, shareholders, and regulatory authorities. Upon completion, brands, teams, and financials are consolidated, which can impact share prices and the rights of investors.

"Diamond hands" is a popular term in crypto social media, referring to investors who stick to their predetermined strategy and hold onto their assets during periods of high volatility, rather than selling based on emotions. Importantly, having diamond hands does not mean blindly resisting market moves; it involves a long-term approach that incorporates capital management, risk limits, and time horizons. The concept is closely related to "HODL." On platforms like Gate, investors can utilize features such as dollar-cost averaging (DCA), take-profit and stop-loss orders, price alerts, and strategy bots to help maintain consistent decision-making. It is essential to also recognize the risks of drawdowns and opportunity cost associated with this approach.

Auditors are professionals who assess the security and compliance of blockchain projects and exchanges, covering areas such as smart contract audits, proof of reserves verification, and reviews of permissions and operational procedures. By producing reports and conducting follow-up reviews, auditors help identify and mitigate vulnerabilities, thereby enhancing transparency and trust. They play a key role in activities like reserve disclosures for exchanges such as Gate and pre-launch reviews for DeFi protocols. Auditors also focus on operational security, key management, and incident response, offering teams improvement recommendations and verifying corrective actions. For regular users, understanding the scope of an audit and any remaining risks is essential for evaluating the quality of a project.

Anonymity in Web3 refers to minimizing the link between a user’s real-world identity and their on-chain address, making it difficult for others to confirm personal details. While transaction information remains publicly visible on blockchain explorers and observers can track fund movements, identifying the individuals behind these transactions is challenging. Common strategies to enhance anonymity include using pseudonymous wallet addresses, privacy coins, mixing services, and zero-knowledge proofs. These methods are often applied in payments, donations, voting, and other scenarios, but users must also consider KYC compliance and asset security. It is important to note that transferring assets from an exchange to a self-custodial wallet leaves a traceable record, so choosing an approach requires careful consideration.

A cryptographic algorithm is a set of mathematical rules that “lock” information, using keys to convert readable data into unreadable form and then unlocking it with proper authorization. In Web3, cryptographic algorithms underpin wallet private keys, public addresses, transaction signatures, and encrypted API communications, serving as the foundational technology for asset protection, identity management, and privacy. There are two main categories: symmetric and asymmetric algorithms, which often work alongside hashing algorithms to enable verification and prevent tampering.

Fiat currency refers to money that is granted legal tender status by national law, typically issued by a central bank and circulated through banks and payment networks. It is used for paying taxes, salaries, and everyday transactions. In the context of crypto and Web3, fiat serves as both the entry and exit point for funds—for example, purchasing USDT with fiat on Gate or withdrawing to a bank account. Understanding fiat currency is essential for assessing risks and ensuring regulatory compliance.

Diversification involves allocating funds across different assets and strategies to reduce overall volatility and single-asset risk by leveraging their varying price movements. In the crypto space, diversification typically spans BTC, ETH, stablecoins, DeFi protocols, NFTs, and other sectors. Investors often use correlation analysis and periodic rebalancing to maintain desired portfolio allocations. As a foundational approach to building a resilient crypto portfolio, diversification is recommended for both beginners and advanced investors.

A decentralized application (DApp) is an application that operates on a blockchain and does not rely on any single company or centralized server. Instead, its functions are executed automatically by smart contracts. Users interact directly through their wallets, eliminating the need for account registration or trusting intermediaries. Typical use cases include decentralized trading, lending, stable assets, NFTs and gaming, as well as community governance. DApps are commonly found on Ethereum, various layer 2 scaling solutions, Solana, and other blockchain networks.

The definition of a protocol in blockchain and Web3 refers to a set of explicit operational rules that determine how a network communicates, maintains records, and executes transactions. Protocols encompass both documented standards (such as Ethereum EIPs) and executable on-chain code, including smart contracts and network parameters, which directly impact gas fees, confirmation times, and application interactions. For example, when depositing funds on an exchange and selecting between ERC-20 or TRC-20, the differences arise from distinct protocol definitions. Protocol upgrades and governance also rely on this transparent and updatable system of rules.

DAG data refers to a type of cryptographic ledger that connects transaction records using a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) structure. Unlike traditional blockchains, DAG-based systems do not organize transactions in sequential blocks. Instead, each new transaction references multiple previous transactions, gradually "covering" and confirming historical records in a manner similar to a one-way network. This architecture enables parallel processing and lower transaction fees, making it popular in projects such as IOTA and Nano. However, it also introduces unique approaches to transaction ordering, conflict resolution, and finality.

An affiliate company refers to a business entity that maintains control, is controlled by, or shares common control with another entity through equity ownership, shared management, or contractual arrangements at legal, economic, or operational levels. In the cryptocurrency and blockchain sector, this term is used to identify relational structures among project teams, exchanges, market makers, and investment institutions, serving as a critical concept for assessing conflicts of interest, capital flow transparency, and regulatory compliance boundaries. Affiliate companies may include parent companies, subsidiaries, sister companies, or entities indirectly connected through boards of directors, shareholders, or ultimate beneficial owners, with their identification being essential for understanding the true distribution of control in crypto projects and potential market manipulation risks.

Degen Hours refers to the high-risk trading activity period in cryptocurrency markets occurring during late-night to early morning hours (typically after midnight to dawn Eastern Standard Time). The term derives from \"degen\" (short for degenerate gambler), describing the phenomenon where investors engage in aggressive trading during nighttime periods characterized by diminished rational judgment and reduced market liquidity, representing a unique speculative culture formed under the 24/7 cryptocurrency trading mechanism.

The Descending Triangle is a price consolidation pattern in technical analysis, formed by a horizontal support line and a downward-sloping resistance line. Typically classified as a bearish pattern, it indicates intensifying selling pressure while buying support remains stable, often appearing during trend continuation phases of downtrends. In cryptocurrency markets, approximately 60-70% of descending triangles break downward below support lines, triggering further declines. However, actual direction requires comprehensive assessment incorporating volume changes, market sentiment, and breakout confirmation.

Deflationary Currency refers to a category of cryptocurrency with fixed or decreasing total supply over time, utilizing algorithmic rules to restrict circulation and potentially drive unit value appreciation amid growing demand. Typical characteristics include hard-coded supply caps (e.g., Bitcoin's 21 million limit), token burn mechanisms (e.g., Ethereum's EIP-1559), or block reward halving events, contrasting with infinitely issuable fiat currencies and designed to combat inflation while providing store-of-value functionality.

Allocation of funds refers to the systematic decision-making process of distributing available capital across different asset classes, investment targets, or strategies within a portfolio management framework, based on investment objectives, risk preferences, and market conditions. In the cryptocurrency sector, this concept encompasses multi-dimensional allocation decisions including proportion balancing between mainstream and alternative coins, position distribution between spot and derivatives, and trade-offs between liquidity reserves and long-term holdings, serving as a core mechanism for maximizing returns and controlling risks.

DGI Game Crypto refers to native digital tokens issued on blockchain technology, specifically designed for decentralized gaming ecosystems, typically serving as the core economic unit of blockchain game platforms to facilitate in-game asset ownership, transaction settlements, reward distributions, and governance voting. Leveraging smart contracts and NFT technology, such cryptocurrencies transform traditional gaming's closed virtual economies into open value networks, enabling tokens earned through gameplay to circulate freely on secondary markets and forming the Play-to-Earn GameFi model. DGI projects commonly adopt dual-token systems (separating governance and utility tokens) while utilizing blockchain transparency to guarantee player asset ownership, representing the convergent innovation of the gaming industry and decentralized finance (DeFi).

A derivative is a financial contract whose value is derived from the price movements of underlying crypto assets such as Bitcoin or Ethereum. Common types include futures, options, perpetual contracts, and swaps, utilized for hedging risks, leveraged trading, or speculative arbitrage.

The Diamond Hand Gesture (symbolized as 💎🙌) is an iconic meme symbol in cryptocurrency investment culture, specifically referring to investors' behavior and attitude of firmly holding assets and refusing panic selling during severe market volatility or price crashes. Originating from Reddit's WallStreetBets community and later expanding into the cryptocurrency space, this term has become a cultural symbol for retail investors to counter market panic sentiment and express long-term holding conviction, often used in conjunction with the HODL philosophy, representing holders' steadfast belief and collective identity.

Keylogging, also known as keystroke logging or keystroke tracking, is a technique that monitors and records user keyboard input through software or hardware means. In the cybersecurity domain, it is classified as a prevalent cyber threat, exploited by attackers to steal sensitive information such as passwords, private keys, and seed phrases, posing severe asset security risks particularly to cryptocurrency users who rely on key management. Keyloggers are categorized into hardware-based types (physical devices embedded in keyboard interfaces) and software-based types (malicious programs monitoring system keyboard events), characterized by high concealment, difficult detection, and extreme destructiveness.

Backtesting is a validation method that simulates the execution of a trading strategy using historical market data to evaluate its performance under past market conditions, thereby predicting its future feasibility and profitability. Classified as a quantitative trading tool, its core components include historical data replay, trade rule execution simulation, performance metric calculation, and risk assessment, widely applied in cryptocurrency trading, algorithmic development, and portfolio management.

Define Resultantly is a mechanism in blockchain systems that explicitly determines inevitable outcomes of specific operations through pre-encoded rules and logical conditions, embodying the \"code is law\" principle to ensure transaction execution, state transitions, or contract triggers produce outputs determined entirely by predetermined logic without human intervention. This mechanism primarily applies to smart contract execution, decentralized finance protocols, and on-chain governance scenarios, leveraging deterministic state machine models to guarantee system behavior predictability, transparency, and immutability.

Alpha Finance is a quantitative metric in cryptocurrency investing that measures the excess return of an asset or portfolio relative to market benchmarks, derived from the traditional finance concept of alpha coefficient. Within the blockchain ecosystem, alpha specifically refers to risk-adjusted returns exceeding average market performance achieved through active trading strategies, decentralized finance protocol arbitrage, or yield optimization tools. Its core function is to provide investors with a standardized evaluation framework for identifying efficient asset allocation solutions, comparing protocol performance, and quantifying investment managers' active management capabilities, serving as a critical evaluative dimension in the crypto market's transition from speculation-driven to value-oriented investing.

“Diamond Hands” is a term popular in crypto social circles, referring to the unwavering commitment to holding tokens or NFTs even during periods of extreme market volatility. It is not a technical indicator, but rather a form of discipline—setting predefined positions, risk levels, and timeframes to minimize emotional trading. On platforms like Gate, this approach is often combined with stop-loss orders and incremental trading strategies. However, it is important to distinguish between genuine long-term conviction and simply refusing to cut losses without rationale.

“DID identity” refers to managing your digital identity through Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs), where you control your identity using a private key rather than relying on a single centralized platform. Verifiers can access your public key and service endpoints from your DID document and verify signatures. Combined with Verifiable Credentials, this approach enables secure use cases such as passwordless wallet login, academic degree or KYC verification, DAO access control, and cross-platform account mapping. It significantly reduces the risks associated with centralized data storage.

A dusting attack is a malicious activity where an attacker sends tiny amounts of cryptocurrency or low-value tokens to a large number of on-chain addresses. The purpose is either to analyze transaction patterns and trace relationships between wallet addresses, or to lure victims into clicking on phishing websites and authorizing access to their assets. This type of attack is commonly seen in scenarios such as privacy deanonymization through Bitcoin UTXO consolidation, spam token airdrops on Ethereum or BNB Smart Chain, and mass low-fee transfers on Solana. The main risks involve loss of privacy and potential asset theft. The primary defense is to avoid interacting with suspicious tokens or unknown transactions.

DYOR stands for "Do Your Own Research," a cryptocurrency investment principle encouraging investors to conduct independent investigation and research before making decisions rather than blindly following others' advice. Originating in the early crypto community, it functions as a self-protection mechanism against information asymmetry and market manipulation, emphasizing personal responsibility and critical thinking in digital asset investments.

Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) are blockchain-based trading platforms that enable peer-to-peer cryptocurrency transactions through smart contracts without requiring a central authority to custody funds. DEXs primarily operate through three models: Automated Market Makers (AMMs), order books, and aggregators, serving as core infrastructure within the Decentralized Finance (DeFi) ecosystem.

An intermediary refers to an entity responsible for facilitating, safeguarding, settling, or overseeing transactions and information exchange. Examples include banks, exchanges, payment gateways, and custodial institutions. In Web3, the use of public blockchains and smart contracts automates many processes and reduces the need for intermediaries. However, intermediaries still play a role in certain scenarios such as fiat on- and off-ramps, regulatory compliance, dispute resolution, and connecting to off-chain data.

Snipe (or define snipe) is a strategy used in decentralized exchanges (DEXs) to purchase newly launched tokens or NFTs at the exact moment they become available using automated tools. This technique typically involves specialized bots that monitor smart contract deployments and liquidity additions, executing transactions before general market participants can react, with the goal of acquiring assets at lower prices for later profit.

Shielded transactions (privacy-preserving transactions) are specialized transaction mechanisms in blockchain technology that use cryptographic methods to conceal transaction participants' identities, amounts, or other sensitive information while maintaining transaction verifiability. These technologies primarily fall into three categories: zero-knowledge proof-based (like Zcash's zk-SNARKs), ring signature-based (like Monero's RingCT), and hybrid privacy solutions, designed to achieve transactio

In the context of crypto social communities, "trenches" refers to spontaneously formed or semi-organized groups of supporters around a specific project or token. Members collaborate to amplify messages, share content, and participate in activities to uphold the project's narrative—that is, the overarching themes and stories told about the project. These efforts are often linked to tasks and incentives, such as reposting announcements, joining Q&A sessions, or completing check-ins to earn raffle entries or airdrop rewards.

A pullback refers to a brief counter-movement within an established price trend, such as a minor decline during an uptrend or a short-lived rebound in a downtrend. Pullbacks are often associated with profit-taking, changes in liquidity, or news-driven catalysts. In the highly volatile environment of crypto markets, understanding the meaning and dynamics of pullbacks can help traders make more informed decisions about entry points and position adjustments. However, effective risk management and confirmation signals are still essential when responding to pullbacks.

Decentralized social platforms build social networks on blockchain and open protocols, ensuring that account ownership and relationship data remain with users and can be transferred or reused across different applications. Login is typically handled via a crypto wallet, while identity and interactions are managed by smart contracts and public records. Creators can monetize directly from their audiences, and communities review and upgrade the platform through governance rules.

Drawdown refers to the decline in an asset or account from its previous peak to a subsequent lowest point, typically expressed as a percentage. This metric is used to assess risk exposure and the stability of an equity curve. Investors often use drawdown to evaluate whether a strategy is sustainable, whether position sizes need adjustment, or if stop-loss orders should be implemented. In highly volatile markets such as crypto, drawdown provides a more accurate reflection of real-world stress resilience and capital management proficiency.

The DSA algorithm is a digital signature method that uses a private key to generate a signature on the hash of a message and a public key to verify the validity of the signature. This process confirms both the sender’s identity and the integrity of the message. DSA is based on the discrete logarithm problem and shares similar principles with commonly used blockchain algorithms such as ECDSA and EdDSA. It is widely used in transaction verification, API authentication, and electronic contracts.

A benchmark serves as a reference point for evaluating investment performance, acting like a measuring stick to help determine whether returns and risks fall within a reasonable range. It is not a goal in itself but rather a mirror that reflects the overall market or the average level of a particular asset class. In traditional investing, indices such as the S&P 500 are commonly used as benchmarks. In the crypto space, the prices of BTC, ETH, or composite crypto indices often function as benchmarks to compare the performance of funds, strategies, or individual accounts, and also assist in portfolio rebalancing and fee assessment.

A Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO) is a type of structured bond that pools multiple loans or bonds into a single basket of assets, which is then divided into different tranches based on priority. Each tranche carries varying levels of risk and return and is sold to investors accordingly. By structuring cash flows into senior and junior layers, CDOs cater to different investor preferences while enabling lending institutions to transfer risk and optimize capital usage. Widely used in the 2000s, CDOs have since evolved, with variants such as Collateralized Loan Obligations (CLOs) focusing primarily on corporate loans. However, the fundamental mechanism remains the same: pooling assets and creating tranches.

A qubit is the fundamental unit of information in quantum computing. Unlike classical bits, a qubit can exist in a superposition, representing both 0 and 1 simultaneously. Qubits can also become entangled with one another, enabling collaborative computation that accelerates the solution of certain problems, such as factoring and search algorithms. This capability has significant implications for cryptography and blockchain signatures, making qubits a key focus in Web3 security and post-quantum cryptography discussions.

Sandwich Attack is a common form of transaction manipulation in DeFi. In this tactic, a bot places two transactions—one before and one after your swap—artificially pushing the price up or down so that your trade executes at a less favorable price, allowing the bot to profit from slippage. Sandwich attacks frequently occur on Ethereum and Layer 2 AMMs (such as Uniswap), especially during periods of high volatility for popular tokens. This technique is a type of Maximal Extractable Value (MEV). You can reduce the risk of sandwich attacks by using limit orders, private transactions, or protected RPC endpoints.

Diversification refers to allocating funds across various cryptocurrencies, sectors, strategies, and timeframes in order to reduce the impact of issues affecting any single asset and to smooth overall portfolio volatility. In the crypto market, diversification typically involves balancing allocations between major cryptocurrencies and stablecoins, spreading investments across different blockchains and industries, and regularly rebalancing according to a set plan. It is not a guarantee of returns, but rather a risk management framework focused on controlling correlations, limiting exposure to any one asset, and maintaining target allocations through systematic adjustments.

A whale refers to an account or on-chain address holding a substantial amount of assets in the crypto market, typically belonging to funds, exchanges, or early adopters. Whales can significantly impact price and liquidity through large transfers, concentrated buying or selling, and placing massive buy or sell walls. They also participate in governance voting and protocol fundraising. Whales frequently use stablecoins to manage capital, moving funds between on-chain addresses and exchanges. When large amounts of assets are deposited into exchanges, it may signal increased selling pressure; conversely, withdrawals or staking activities are often viewed as bullish indicators. Understanding whale behavior is key to identifying risks and opportunities in the market.

The descending triangle pattern is a common price consolidation structure characterized by a downward-sloping upper trendline connecting a series of lower highs and a flat horizontal support formed by multiple retests at the same level. This pattern indicates increasing dominance by sellers in the market. It is typically used to assess the probability of a downside breakout. Traders often incorporate factors such as changes in trading volume, post-breakout retests, and clearly defined stop-loss and target levels when forming their strategies. In highly volatile crypto markets, the descending triangle provides a structured framework for market analysis and risk management, though it should not be relied upon as an independent buy or sell signal.

Distributed ledger technology synchronizes transaction and state data across multiple participant nodes, ensuring consistent and verifiable records through consensus mechanisms. By reducing reliance on a single central authority, it emphasizes transparency, traceability, and fault tolerance. This technology is commonly used in blockchain networks, cross-border settlements, and digital asset operations such as deposits, withdrawals, and transfers. In practice, it relies on cryptographic signatures and chronological data organization, making records tamper-resistant and facilitating auditability and automated execution.

In Web3, "expiration" refers to the point at which an order, signature, or authorization becomes invalid after certain predefined conditions are met. Common triggers for expiration include timeouts, state changes, or alterations in the blockchain environment. This mechanism is used to mitigate replay risks, limit the scope of permissions, and enhance the reliability and controllability of transactions and data processing.

In the context of crypto wallets, "derivation" refers to the process of generating a series of child keys and addresses from a root secret using predetermined rules. This is structured along a hierarchical path (such as m/44'/60'/0'/0/0), allowing a single set of backup phrases to manage multiple accounts and addresses across different blockchains, and to enable consistent wallet recovery when switching devices. Derivation provides a standardized generation method for mainstream HD wallets, reducing the management burden associated with handling scattered private keys.

In the context of Web3, numbers are not only mathematical values—they are also how computers record and verify information using binary systems. Blockchains use numbers to represent balances, counts, timestamps, and address fingerprints, and rely on digital signatures to confirm transactions. Understanding number systems, units, and decimal precision is essential for accurately interpreting wallet displays, placing orders on exchanges, and executing smart contracts. This knowledge helps minimize conversion errors and operational risks.

Price suppression refers to a practice in crypto trading where certain capital holders or institutions deliberately drive asset prices lower by concentrated selling, building large sell walls, or aggressive shorting via derivatives. The aim is to push the price into a lower range to secure more favorable entry positions, enhance hedging strategies, or profit from liquidation events. Such tactics amplify slippage, trigger stop-loss cascades, and disrupt both spot and derivative pricing—effects that are especially pronounced in periods of low liquidity or heightened market sensitivity to news. Recognizing signs of price suppression can help traders on platforms like Gate optimize order placement, manage leverage and stop-loss settings, and ultimately minimize unnecessary volatility risk.

Acquisition cost refers to the total amount you actually pay to obtain an asset, including the purchase price and any directly related expenses such as transaction fees, on-chain gas fees, and platform commissions. This figure serves as the foundational basis for calculating profit and loss, as well as for tax reporting purposes. Acquisition cost is applicable to cryptocurrencies, NFTs, and various DeFi positions. Maintaining accurate records of acquisition costs enables better comparison of investment performance and helps minimize compliance risks.

Data redundancy refers to the practice of storing multiple copies of the same data across different locations. In distributed networks like blockchains, numerous nodes maintain their own copies of the ledger, creating inherent data redundancy. This approach enhances reliability and data availability, and enables independent verification of transactions. However, it also increases storage and bandwidth costs. Understanding data redundancy is essential for designing robust decentralized applications (dApps) and selecting appropriate on-chain and off-chain storage solutions.

Loan default refers to the situation where a borrower fails to repay the principal or interest as agreed, or when the value of collateralized assets is insufficient to cover the debt, triggering liquidation proceedings. In crypto lending, defaults can occur in centralized platforms through unsecured credit loans, or within on-chain protocols where automated liquidation mechanisms respond to such events. Loan defaults impact borrowers, lenders, and the overall levels of liquidity and risk in the ecosystem.

In the crypto community, “Lamborghini” is more than just a luxury car brand—it has become a social meme symbolizing sudden wealth and high profit aspirations. The phrase “When Lambo?” is commonly used to express hopes for market gains and impressive returns. This meme can influence investor sentiment and social interactions, fueling excitement and participation but also potentially triggering FOMO (fear of missing out) and risk-taking behavior. Understanding the context of “Lambo” helps set realistic goals during bull markets and encourages moderation when trading or managing assets on platforms like Gate.

Decentralized data storage is a system architecture that distributes data across multiple network nodes rather than storing it on a single central server. It implements distributed data management through content addressing, sharding techniques, and consensus mechanisms, eliminating single points of failure while enhancing data security, availability, and censorship resistance, serving as a critical infrastructure component for blockchain and Web3 applications.

Direct market access refers to traders using technical interfaces to connect directly to an exchange’s trading system for order placement and data subscriptions, without relying on manual interfaces or third-party order execution. This approach emphasizes low latency and greater control, commonly utilizing APIs and WebSocket protocols to access order book and trade data. Strategies are executed under proprietary risk management systems, making direct market access ideal for institutions and quantitative teams seeking to optimize execution quality and cost.

Monopolistic competition is a market structure characterized by a large number of sellers, differentiated products, and relatively easy market entry. Each participant attracts users through unique branding, features, or user experience, which gives them some pricing power and control over fees. However, in the long run, profits tend to be eroded by new entrants. In the crypto space, this pattern is common among tokens, exchange platforms, NFT collections, and Layer 2 solutions.

Composability refers to the ability of blockchain applications to function like building blocks, enabling different protocol features to be combined within a single transaction. Through smart contracts, universal token standards, and open interfaces, developers and users can reuse existing modules to perform integrated operations such as swapping, lending, and collateralization. However, it is important to consider the risks introduced by dependencies between these components.

A decentralized database is a type of database that does not rely on a single server; instead, data is collaboratively stored across multiple nodes, with consistency maintained through consensus mechanisms and cryptographic verification. Decentralized databases are often integrated with blockchain and decentralized storage networks, making them well-suited for scenarios such as data attestation, data sharing, and censorship resistance. However, there are trade-offs in performance and cost compared to traditional cloud databases. Rather than pursuing strong transactional consistency, decentralized databases prioritize availability, fault tolerance, and verifiability. This makes them ideal for use cases like cross-organization collaborative data, on-chain indexing, and NFT metadata. Successful deployment and governance require clear rules and robust key management.

The double top pattern is a common reversal signal that appears after an upward price trend: the price reaches a similar high point twice but fails to break through, with a pullback in between forming a “neckline.” If the closing price subsequently breaks below this neckline, it typically indicates weakening bullish momentum and the potential for a downward move. On candlestick charts, identification and confirmation of this pattern often involve analyzing trading volume, support and resistance levels, and retest actions. The double top pattern is suitable for disciplined trading strategies in both crypto spot and derivatives markets.

Digital dollar typically refers to a stablecoin pegged 1:1 to the US dollar, circulating on blockchains in token forms such as USDC. It is backed by reserves of US dollar cash and highly liquid assets like short-term Treasury bonds. The price remains close to $1 through minting and redemption mechanisms. Key use cases include on-chain settlement, risk hedging, and cross-border payments.

Swing Failure Pattern (SFP) is a price reversal signal in technical analysis. It occurs when the market briefly breaks above a previous high or below a previous low, triggering stop-losses and pending orders, only to quickly reclaim the original price range. SFP helps traders identify false breakouts and capture market turning points, and is commonly observed in the crypto markets for assets like BTC and ETH. For greater reliability, traders often analyze SFPs alongside closing prices and trading volume. Across different timeframes, the Swing Failure Pattern is used with close confirmation, risk-reward setting, and stop-loss management. It is frequently applied in both spot and perpetual contract trading for short-term and swing trading strategies.

Decryption is the process of converting encrypted content back into readable information, relying on the correct key and algorithm verification. In Web3, decryption is essential for off-chain storage, wallet communication, and API data protection, enabling secure collaboration between public blockchains and private business operations. Decryption typically falls into two categories: symmetric and asymmetric. Key aspects include secure key management, access authorization, and audit logging. Decryption can also be integrated with zero-knowledge proofs and trusted execution environments to further enhance privacy and regulatory compliance.

A Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is a data structure where records can only move forward along directed edges, never forming loops. In the context of blockchain and crypto networks, DAGs enable transactions to be written in parallel and determine their order and validity based on reference relationships, reducing transaction queuing. In this structure, nodes function like intersections and edges resemble one-way streets, preventing cycles and making the network more scalable and efficient for transaction confirmation. DAGs are commonly used in the design of projects such as IOTA and Fantom.

The term “extreme speculation meme” refers to content on crypto social platforms that wraps speculative narratives with provocative slogans, images, or catchphrases. The goal is to quickly generate attention and trading anticipation, influencing short-term buying, selling, and price movements. This phenomenon is closely associated with meme coins, influencer-driven campaigns, and FOMO (Fear of Missing Out), and tends to spread more rapidly during periods of heightened social buzz.

A DeFi oracle is a mechanism and network designed to securely bring off-chain data onto the blockchain for use by smart contracts. It collects information from sources such as exchanges, bank interest rates, or real-world events, verifies and aggregates data from multiple sources, and then publishes it on-chain. This enables protocols like lending platforms, derivatives, and stablecoins to perform pricing, liquidation, and settlement functions. DeFi oracles are engineered to balance reliability, latency, and resistance to manipulation by design.

Direct Market Access (DMA) refers to the process of routing trading orders directly to an exchange’s matching engine via compliant, dedicated channels, thereby minimizing intermediaries and latency. DMA is commonly used for algorithmic trading and institutional execution. In the crypto market, it relies on APIs or FIX gateways, with exchanges providing permission controls and pre-trade risk management. This approach is well-suited for high-frequency trading, market making, and arbitrage strategies, while requiring heightened standards for stability and security.

An EVM-compatible chain is a blockchain capable of running the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) environment. Developers can deploy smart contracts using the same Solidity language and development tools, while users can access these chains with the same wallet and address format as Ethereum. By replicating or extending the EVM, these chains aim to achieve lower transaction fees or higher throughput, while maintaining the convenience of contract migration and supporting a multi-chain ecosystem. Common examples include BNB Chain, Polygon, and Ethereum Layer 2 solutions such as Arbitrum, Optimism, and Base. When interacting with EVM-compatible chains, users should pay close attention to the network selection, gas fees, and risks associated with bridging assets between different blockchains.

An EVM address is a 20-byte hexadecimal identifier within the Ethereum Virtual Machine ecosystem, typically beginning with "0x" and generated from a public key hash. It can represent either a personal wallet or a smart contract account. This format is consistently used across EVM-compatible blockchains such as BSC and Polygon, though balances are independent on each chain. The widely adopted EIP-55 checksum standard helps reduce manual entry errors by using case-sensitive validation. EVM addresses are commonly used for transactions, authorization, and smart contract deployment.

An Ethereum blockchain explorer is a public query tool designed to provide access to information about transactions, blocks, addresses, and smart contracts on the Ethereum network. It functions like opening a live ledger: users can track transaction status, verify gas fees and confirmation counts, and parse contract events. These features help both users and developers troubleshoot issues and validate data.

A digital wallet is a tool for managing digital assets, similar to a mobile payment app but designed for blockchain environments. It securely stores your private keys, generates receiving addresses, initiates and confirms transactions, and can connect to decentralized applications (dApps) for signing operations. Digital wallets can be either custodial or non-custodial, and are commonly used for sending and receiving cryptocurrencies, depositing and withdrawing funds, and participating in on-chain activities.

ERC-404 is an experimental hybrid token standard that combines features of ERC-20 (fungible tokens) and ERC-721 (non-fungible tokens) protocols, enabling both divisibility of tokens and uniqueness of NFTs within the same asset, allowing users to own fractional tokens while receiving proportional ownership of associated NFTs.

Cryptocurrency custody refers to a service where the “keys” to digital assets are entrusted to regulated or professional institutions. These providers secure assets using specialized hardware, cold and hot wallet segregation, and multi-layered approval processes to manage access and transfers. Custody solutions integrate signature management, permission controls, and audit trails into standardized procedures, reducing the risks of loss or theft. This approach is suitable for both individual asset protection and institutional asset management use cases.

ENS domains are decentralized naming services on Ethereum that replace complex wallet addresses with easy-to-remember names, such as alice.eth. These names are managed by smart contracts, can be owned and transferred like NFTs, and can link to receiving addresses, website content hashes, and social media accounts. Common use cases include facilitating transfers, enabling login, and showcasing on-chain identity.

Economic memes are internet slang that use jokes, catchphrases, and visual illustrations to explain economics and market events. Within the crypto community, these memes are commonly used to interpret news and market fluctuations related to CPI, interest rate hikes, quantitative easing, and balance sheet reductions. Acting as a "market translator," economic memes can quickly convey sentiment and general market direction. However, due to their highly simplified nature, any interpretation should be supplemented with authoritative data and sound risk management practices, and they should not serve as the sole basis for trading decisions.

The exponential moving average (EMA) and the simple moving average (SMA) are two commonly used lines that visualize price trends based on historical data. The SMA calculates an equally weighted average of closing prices over a specific period, resulting in a smoother line. In contrast, the EMA assigns greater weight to more recent prices, allowing it to respond more quickly to market changes. Both indicators are widely used in cryptocurrency candlestick charts and strategic trading to identify trend direction, assess support and resistance levels, and observe crossover signals.

Ethereum Improvement Proposal 3074 is a protocol upgrade specifically designed for Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). It introduces two new opcodes, AUTH and AUTHCALL, allowing users to temporarily delegate execution authority to a smart contract "invoker" through a single signature within a controlled scope. This enables functionalities such as batch transactions and sponsored gas fees. The proposal aims to enhance wallet usability and lower the entry barrier for newcomers, while also introducing new considerations for signature and authorization security boundaries.

EVM jewelers are a category of service providers focused on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) ecosystem. Drawing inspiration from the meticulous selection and refinement process of traditional jewelers, they curate, design, and launch on-chain "premium assets" such as NFTs, tokens, and DeFi strategies. Their responsibilities include smart contract auditing, asset minting, cross-chain operations, and risk management. By leveraging familiar wallet and trading interfaces, EVM jewelers enable users to efficiently access high-quality applications and digital assets.

Ethash was the Proof-of-Work (PoW) algorithm used by Ethereum before its transition to Proof-of-Stake (PoS). This algorithm relies on a large dataset, making mining more dependent on memory (GPU VRAM) and reducing the advantage of specialized mining hardware (ASICs). Miners repeatedly change random values, known as nonces, to find a result that meets the network’s difficulty requirement, thereby earning block rewards and including transactions in blocks. Although Ethereum has now fully merged to PoS, Ethash continues to be influential in networks like Ethereum Classic.

An Ethereum block explorer is a web-based tool that allows users to view public data on the Ethereum blockchain, effectively placing the blockchain ledger under a microscope. It enables users to look up transaction statuses, wallet balances, token transfers, smart contract details, and block information. During deposits, withdrawals, or token transfers, an Ethereum explorer helps you locate transaction hashes, confirmation counts, and gas fees, making it easier to track progress and assess risk. Additionally, it can be used to read smart contract data and event logs for basic on-chain analysis.

Ethereum address lookup refers to entering an address starting with “0x” on a public blockchain to access publicly available data associated with that address. This data includes the ETH balance, token and NFT holdings, transaction history, smart contract interactions, and permissions granted. Common use cases include verifying deposits on exchanges, confirming successful withdrawals, tracking fund movements, tax reporting, and risk management. Address lookups are typically performed via a blockchain explorer and do not require login credentials.

An ETH block explorer is an online tool designed for Ethereum, organizing blocks, transactions, addresses, and smart contract data into searchable web pages. This enables users to verify transfers, view tokens, and estimate gas fees. By connecting to nodes, parsing blocks, and indexing data into a database, block explorers allow users to track transaction status and progress—such as monitoring withdrawals from Gate—using the transaction hash.

An ETH explorer is an online tool for querying data on the Ethereum blockchain, organizing transactions, addresses, blocks, and smart contracts into readable pages much like a map. It enables users to view transaction statuses, gas fees, token and NFT transfers, contract source code, and on-chain events. ETH explorers also offer search and analytics features, making them widely used for verifying deposits and withdrawals, tracking funds, auditing smart contracts, and assessing risks.

The Ethereum Foundation is a nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting the development of the open-source Ethereum protocol. Its core responsibilities include funding essential research and development, maintaining the developer ecosystem, facilitating technical collaboration, and coordinating communication around mainnet upgrades. The foundation does not manage user funds, nor does it influence pricing or trading activities. Its funding primarily comes from early ETH holdings and donations, with transparent reporting on how resources are allocated. The Ethereum Foundation provides grants, research support, and educational resources to developers and the broader community.

An Ethereum blockchain explorer is a tool designed to query data from the Ethereum blockchain, similar to how you track a package online. By entering a transaction hash or wallet address, users can view transaction status, amount, gas fees, timestamp, related smart contracts and tokens, as well as block information and confirmation count. Ethereum explorers are commonly used to verify deposits and withdrawals, track transfers, and check smart contract execution.

Encryption is defined as the process of converting information into a format that is only readable by individuals possessing the corresponding cryptographic key, using mathematical techniques. It is widely used for secure communication, authentication, and tamper resistance. In blockchain networks and digital wallets, encryption works alongside digital signatures, hashing algorithms, and zero-knowledge proofs to safeguard private keys and transaction security. Additionally, it enables secure data transmission between nodes and enforces access control at the application layer.

An Ethereum explorer is a web-based tool designed to search and view information stored on the Ethereum blockchain, functioning like a combination of a search engine and a ledger viewer. By entering a transaction hash, wallet address, or smart contract name, users can access details such as transaction status, confirmation count, gas fees, timestamps, and asset flows. It also allows browsing token and NFT pages, event logs, and smart contract source code. Common use cases include verifying deposits and withdrawals, tracking DeFi activities, and supporting development and debugging. Ethereum explorers do not custody assets; they simply read public blockchain data.

Ethereum Name Service (ENS) is a decentralized naming system that maps lengthy blockchain addresses to easy-to-remember names, such as alice.eth. Ownership of names and record management are handled by smart contracts, allowing wallets and applications to retrieve addresses, avatars, social profiles, or website links. This streamlines on-chain interactions like sending transactions, displaying accounts, and publishing content.

Issuance refers to the process by which a project creates new tokens or NFTs and distributes them to the market for the first time. This process includes designing the total supply, setting the release schedule, and defining allocation targets. Common methods of issuance include airdrops, IEOs/IDOs, launchpads, and liquidity mining. Issuance plays a crucial role in determining supply dynamics and price trends, involving aspects such as token unlocking, burning mechanisms, and inflation management. It is widely applied in DeFi protocols and on-chain communities.

EdDSA is a family of digital signature algorithms based on Edwards curves, generating signatures deterministically. Common implementations include Ed25519 and Ed448. By hashing and combining the message with the private key, EdDSA avoids relying on random numbers for each signature, reducing common vulnerabilities found in signature schemes. Due to its speed, simplicity of implementation, and efficient verification, EdDSA is widely adopted in blockchain networks and internet protocols.

Edge computing refers to the practice of decentralizing computational power from central clouds and data centers to locations closer to where data is generated or to the user side. By processing data locally, it reduces latency, conserves bandwidth, and enhances privacy. In the context of Web3, edge computing enables more efficient interactions for blockchain light nodes, wallets, IoT devices, and content distribution networks. It often operates in conjunction with 5G technology and carrier Mobile Edge Computing (MEC), forming a collaborative cloud-edge architecture. Importantly, edge computing does not replace the cloud; instead, it performs preliminary computation and filtering locally before aggregating and persisting data in the cloud. This approach is well-suited for hybrid on-chain and off-chain applications that require high-frequency read/write operations and low latency.

Ethereum browsing refers to the process of accessing public on-chain data via a block explorer, covering transactions, wallet addresses, smart contracts, tokens, and NFTs. Similar to checking a transaction ledger in online banking, it enables users to verify deposits and withdrawals, track transfers, review gas fees and confirmation counts, as well as identify contract permissions and potential risks. Common tools include Etherscan and various network-specific block explorers.

ERC-1155 is an Ethereum token standard that enables a single smart contract to manage multiple types of assets, supporting the issuance of both fungible tokens (FTs) and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Key features include batch transfers, unified approvals, scalable metadata URIs, and secure callback mechanisms for token reception. By reducing gas fees, ERC-1155 is widely used for in-game items and NFT collections. Compared to ERC-20 and ERC-721, it offers greater flexibility.

Soft caps and hard caps are two commonly used types of limits. A soft cap is similar to diminishing returns on attribute points in games like Elden Ring—exceeding the threshold still has an effect, but the marginal benefit decreases. In contrast, a hard cap is an absolute ceiling: once reached, additional input no longer produces any effect. In Web3, these concepts apply to token fundraising goals, supply limits, and protocol parameter settings, impacting project fundraising efficiency, scarcity, and user participation strategies.

Edge nodes are network endpoints deployed close to users, designed to provide localized blockchain access, transaction broadcasting, content distribution, and lightweight computation within Web3 ecosystems. By handling block reading, data caching, and index querying at the city or regional edge, these nodes reduce latency and enhance stability. This ensures smoother connectivity for use cases such as wallets, decentralized applications (DApps), and IPFS.

The Exponential Moving Average (EMA) is a dynamic line on trading charts that assigns greater weight to recent price data, resulting in a more responsive indicator of market trends. Compared to the Simple Moving Average (SMA), the EMA places stronger emphasis on new information, making it particularly effective for identifying trends, analyzing support and resistance levels, and setting trading triggers. EMA is readily available in candlestick charting tools across both stock and crypto markets, making it a valuable resource for integrating risk management and position sizing strategies.

Enterprise Ethereum refers to the adoption of Ethereum technology by businesses within controlled blockchain environments. This approach integrates smart contracts and EVM compatibility into business workflows, while permission management and private transactions address privacy and compliance requirements. Enterprise Ethereum can be deployed as a standalone consortium chain or interact with the public Ethereum mainnet, supporting use cases such as asset settlement, audit trails, and cross-organization collaboration.

A limited edition number refers to the serial number assigned to each individual item within a specific batch of collectibles with a fixed quantity, serving to distinguish each piece. In the crypto space, this concept is commonly applied to NFTs and on-chain assets, where smart contract standards and metadata display the item's position in the sequence—such as 001 or the last number in the run. This numbering enhances perceptions of scarcity, influences collector preferences, and can impact premium pricing. It is important to note that a limited edition number differs from a TokenID: the former indicates the edition order, while the latter serves as a technical identifier.

Converting Ether to Wei refers to translating the commonly seen ETH amounts into Wei, the smallest denomination used on the Ethereum blockchain. Similar to how Chinese Yuan (CNY) is divided into yuan and fen, ETH is more user-friendly for reading and display, while Wei is used for precise calculations in smart contracts and transactions. Most wallets display balances in ETH or Gwei, but on-chain interactions and APIs often require amounts in Wei, especially when setting gas fees, generating transactions, or reading balances.

Email spoofing is a cybersecurity attack technique where attackers forge the sender's email address to make messages appear as if they originated from trusted sources when they actually come from unauthorized accounts. This attack exploits design weaknesses in the SMTP protocol, allowing manipulation of email header information to impersonate legitimate organizations or individuals, typically serving as a foundation for phishing attempts and Business Email Compromise attacks.

Ethereum Proposer-Builder Separation (PBS) is a mechanism that decouples the authority to propose blocks from the technical process of block construction. In this system, validators act as proposers by selecting and signing the most optimal block from multiple submissions provided by builders during each slot. Builders focus on organizing transactions and competing to share MEV (Maximal Extractable Value) rewards. Relays are responsible for securely transmitting bids and blocks between builders and proposers. The primary goals of PBS are to enhance efficiency, optimize revenue distribution, promote decentralization, and mitigate risks related to centralization and censorship. Currently, most implementations utilize external marketplaces such as MEV-Boost, while protocol-level native solutions are also under active research.

"Edge and Node" refer to the two essential ends of Web3 infrastructure: edge computing, which operates close to users, and blockchain nodes within a distributed network. The edge handles local processing and caching, while nodes are responsible for consensus, data storage, and interface services. Their collaboration directly impacts the speed, stability, and security of decentralized applications (dApps), making them fundamental to understanding core services such as wallet transactions, NFT loading, and deposit confirmations.

Total Value Locked (TVL) on Ethereum refers to the aggregate value of assets deposited into various smart contracts on the Ethereum network, including those used for lending, decentralized exchanges, staking, and cross-chain bridges. TVL is typically denominated in a standard currency (most commonly USD) to measure the overall capital activity and liquidity within the ecosystem. It serves as a key metric for assessing the security of protocols, the level of user participation, and the sustainability of yields. TVL fluctuates in response to changes in token prices and the movement of funds in and out of protocols.

The Enterprise Ethereum Alliance is an industry consortium focused on promoting the adoption of Ethereum technology within enterprise environments, addressing requirements for privacy, compliance, and performance. By publishing standards and security recommendations, organizing working groups, and conducting interoperability testing, the Alliance supports companies in building smart contracts on both permissioned networks and public blockchains, ensuring secure integration with existing systems.

An exchange-traded fund (ETF) is a type of investment fund listed on an exchange, allowing investors to buy and sell shares in real-time, just like stocks. ETFs typically track a specific index or theme by bundling a basket of stocks into a single tradable unit. Investors access ETFs through brokerage platforms, while the fund uses a creation and redemption mechanism along with market makers to keep its price closely aligned with its net asset value (NAV). ETFs are widely used for low-cost portfolio allocation and risk diversification. Their operational structure is similar to spot ETFs in the crypto space.

The ENS token is the governance token of the Ethereum Name Service (ENS), enabling on-chain voting and management for protocol upgrades, fund allocation, and key parameter adjustments. While the ENS token is not required to register a ".eth" domain, it plays a significant role in ecosystem development, rule-setting, and community incentives. ENS transforms complex Ethereum addresses into human-readable names, and its token empowers holders with governance rights, proposal participation, and long-term coordination capabilities. Token holders can actively take part in decision-making within the ENS DAO.

Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) are open documents and processes through which the community collaboratively develops and updates the rules and application standards of Ethereum. EIPs turn upgrade ideas into discussable and actionable proposals, covering everything from the core protocol to application standards such as tokens and NFTs. Each EIP includes motivation, specifications, compatibility, and security implications, moving through stages from draft, review, to finalization. Widely used standards like ERC-20 and ERC-721 were established and implemented via the EIP process.

An Ethereum block explorer is a public on-chain data query tool, functioning like a search engine for the blockchain ledger. Users can look up transaction status, gas fees, token transfers, contract events, and NFT ownership by entering a transaction hash, wallet address, or block number. It retrieves data from nodes and decodes smart contract information, presenting it in a visual interface. Common use cases include verifying deposits and withdrawals, identifying failed transactions, and distinguishing between legitimate and fraudulent contracts.

Ethereum wallet lookup refers to the process of using blockchain explorers or similar tools to enter a wallet address or transaction hash and view details such as balances, tokens, NFTs, and transaction statuses. The results include information on gas fees, confirmation counts, smart contract interactions, and internal transfers. This process is useful for verifying deposits, tracking fund movements, and identifying authorization risks. It also helps new users understand the transparency and traceability of on-chain records.

The exponential moving average (EMA) is a trendline used to analyze price movements, placing greater emphasis on recent prices while gradually reducing the influence of older data. Compared to the simple moving average (SMA), the EMA responds more quickly to market changes while still smoothing out short-term volatility and noise. Crypto traders often utilize EMAs with various periods on their charts to assess trend strength and identify optimal entry and stop-loss points. Across different timeframes, the EMA can act as a dynamic support or resistance level, aiding in the development of trend-following and pullback trading strategies.

Erasure coding is a fault-tolerant method for data storage and transmission. It works by dividing a file into multiple data fragments and generating additional parity fragments using mathematical algorithms. As long as a sufficient number of fragments are retrieved, the original file can be fully reconstructed. Compared to traditional data replication, erasure coding achieves similar levels of reliability while significantly reducing storage requirements. This technique is widely used in decentralized storage, blockchain data availability, and cross-region backups.

An economic token is a digital asset used by Web3 projects to incentivize participation, allocate rights, and settle fees. These tokens serve multiple functions, including payments, governance, and staking, and are often employed as reward mechanisms in token issuance, unlocking schedules, and inflation models. Economic tokens bridge user actions with network value; examples include ETH for gas fees, UNI for governance voting, and USDT for stable payments.

Economic utility refers to the actual value and satisfaction users gain from goods or services. In the Web3 context, this is often represented by the tangible benefits provided by tokens or protocols, such as streamlined payments, reduced transaction fees, yield distribution, governance rights, and access privileges. Economic utility is reflected in specific user behaviors: the willingness to repeatedly use and pay for a product or service, the ability to replace legacy solutions, reduce costs, or create new opportunities. Examples include stablecoins enabling cross-border settlements, on-chain lending platforms, and exchanges offering fee rebates.

An Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) wallet is a tool that allows users to manage multiple on-chain accounts across EVM-compatible blockchains using a single private key. This type of wallet enables seamless switching between networks such as Ethereum, Arbitrum, Polygon, and BNB Chain, supports connecting to decentralized applications (dApps), facilitates transaction signing, and stores both tokens and NFTs. Typically, a commonly used mnemonic phrase serves as the master key for wallet creation. To send assets, users must pay gas fees with the native token of each respective chain. EVM wallets are the standard gateway for participating in the EVM ecosystem, including DeFi protocols, NFT marketplaces, and token airdrops.

Custody refers to entrusting the safekeeping, record-keeping, and access management of assets to a qualified institution or platform. This includes not only securities and cash, but also private keys and withdrawal controls for cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. Custody solutions provide a secure and compliant framework, reducing operational risk and enabling risk management tools such as approvals and whitelisting. In the context of Web3, both individuals and institutions frequently use custody services to facilitate trading and settlement activities.

Exogenous variables refer to external factors that are not determined by a project or on-chain mechanisms, yet can significantly influence prices, user behavior, and on-chain metrics. Examples include macro interest rates, regulatory policies, Bitcoin halving events, and mainnet gas fees. In Web3, incorporating exogenous variables into analytical frameworks helps assess risks, optimize trading strategies, inform governance decisions, and enhance responsiveness to market fluctuations.

An ERC20 wallet is a tool designed for managing ERC-20 tokens on the Ethereum blockchain. It operates based on wallet addresses and private keys, enabling users to view token balances, transfer assets, sign transactions, and connect with DeFi applications. Typically, ERC20 wallets support mnemonic backup for easy recovery. All operations require gas fees and correct network selection to ensure successful transactions. Common use cases include deposits, withdrawals, participating in airdrops, and comprehensive asset management. On platforms like Gate, users can select the ERC-20 network for seamless fund transfers.

Ethereum address lookup refers to the process of entering an Ethereum address into a blockchain explorer or wallet tool to view details such as ETH balance, tokens, NFTs, transaction history, and smart contract interactions associated with that address. This practice is commonly used to verify payments, track fund movements, identify risk labels, and retain information like transaction hashes and timestamps. These details support individuals and teams in conducting risk management, auditing, and bookkeeping activities.

Economic memes are informal expressions on social media that distill complex macroeconomic and market signals—such as inflation, interest rate hikes, non-farm payrolls, and quantitative tightening—into simple, easy-to-understand cues. These memes bridge the gap between news, trading activity, and community discussions, helping newcomers identify factors from data releases and policy updates that may influence crypto asset prices and proactively manage risks.

Enterprise blockchain refers to a permissioned blockchain network specifically designed for collaboration among companies and institutions. In this setup, all participating entities jointly maintain a distributed ledger and use smart contracts to automate business rules. Access to read, write, and audit data is restricted to authorized members, with a strong emphasis on privacy, regulatory compliance, and governance. Enterprise blockchains are built to integrate seamlessly with existing IT systems, offering controllable performance and costs. Typical use cases include supply chain management, trade finance, and carbon asset tracking, where these networks help reduce the burdens of reconciliation and auditing.

An electronic signature is a digital method for expressing a signer's identity and consent. This includes actions such as clicking to confirm, signing on a touchscreen, and cryptographic digital signatures. Electronic signatures are widely used for online contracts and blockchain wallet authorizations. Their primary goals are to verify the identity of the signer, ensure that the signed content has not been altered, and provide an auditable record for future reference.

ERC, short for “Ethereum Request for Comments,” is a public standard used by the Ethereum community to define how smart contracts interact. It establishes unified functions and events for common features such as tokens and NFTs, enabling seamless interoperability between wallets, exchanges, and decentralized applications. Within the Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP) process, ERCs are categorized as application-layer standards. Notable examples include ERC-20, ERC-721, and ERC-1155, which are widely used for asset issuance and transfer scenarios.

Endogenous variables are metrics within a system that mutually influence each other. Their values are not externally fixed but instead fluctuate in response to participant behavior and protocol rules—for example, price and trading volume, or gas fees and network congestion. In Web3 research, trading, and product design, accurately identifying endogenous variables helps prevent mistaking correlation for causation and enhances the reliability of strategy backtesting and risk assessment.

ERC-20 is the token interface standard on Ethereum, functioning like a universal "plug specification" that enables wallets, exchanges, and applications to use a consistent set of functions for transfers, approvals, and queries. It defines details such as event logs and decimal places, ensuring that fungible tokens like USDT remain compatible and usable across various platforms and use cases.

Liquidity exit refers to situations where later buyers, during periods of price surges and heightened trading activity, provide early holders or project teams with the opportunity to sell their tokens smoothly and access funds. This phenomenon is common in scenarios involving new tokens or meme coins with low liquidity, often linked to market making and token unlocking schedules. When you place a buy order in such environments, you may be facilitating someone else's exit, meaning your capital does not necessarily contribute to long-term project development.

A rug pull scam refers to a situation in the crypto market where project teams or token issuers attract funds and then quickly transfer assets by removing liquidity, altering smart contract permissions, or minting additional tokens. As a result, participants are unable to sell or redeem their holdings. Rug pulls are commonly seen in decentralized exchanges, NFT minting events, and high-yield liquidity pools. These scams often involve anonymous teams, opaque rules, and exaggerated marketing claims. Identifying early warning signs and conducting on-chain due diligence can help reduce trading and asset risks.

An Ethereum mining machine refers to a computing device designed to participate in Ethereum’s early Proof of Work (PoW) consensus mechanism. These machines processed large volumes of computations to validate and package transactions, earning block rewards in return. Since Ethereum transitioned to Proof of Stake (PoS) through The Merge in 2022, mining machines are no longer used for ETH mining. However, they can still be repurposed for other public blockchains that utilize PoW. Understanding how these devices work, their costs, and alternative uses can help users avoid misleading information and better manage investment risks.

Intrinsic value refers to the genuine utility and returns that an asset can continuously generate or preserve over the long term, independent of short-term price fluctuations. In the context of crypto assets, intrinsic value is derived from a token's functional utility (such as paying transaction fees), its ability to distribute economic rewards, scarcity resulting from changes in supply, as well as network effects and governance rights. These aspects can be linked to on-chain verifiable data and mechanisms.

The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) suggests that market prices rapidly incorporate publicly available information. Similar to a marketplace where news spreads instantly, new information is quickly absorbed by buyers and sellers and reflected in asset prices. While EMH is often used to explain stock pricing, it also helps make sense of how crypto assets respond swiftly to regulatory developments, on-chain fund movements, and macroeconomic news in 24/7 trading environments.

Esports refers to the organization of video games into competitive sporting events, where players compete under standardized rules and audiences engage through live streaming and community interaction. In the Web3 landscape, esports integrates with blockchain technology, NFTs, and fan tokens to deliver verifiable match records, digital asset ownership, and more transparent mechanisms for prize distribution, sponsorship, and community participation.

An Ethereum blockchain explorer is a user-facing tool for querying on-chain data. Similar to a search engine for public ledgers, it displays information on transactions, blocks, addresses, smart contracts, and tokens. Users can utilize it to verify deposits and withdrawals, reference gas fees, view contract events, and analyze token distribution. These explorers rely on node data and indexing services to provide searchable records from the blockchain.

An exchange is a platform for buying and selling digital assets, connecting buyers and sellers to facilitate price matching and settlement. There are two main types: centralized exchanges, which are operated by companies and hold users' funds in custody, and decentralized exchanges, which rely on smart contracts to execute trades on-chain. Users commonly utilize exchanges for spot trading, fiat on-ramps, asset management, and withdrawals. The platform provides pricing, liquidity, and risk management services. In the centralized model, the platform offers account management, KYC (Know Your Customer), and security services; in the decentralized model, funds remain in users' wallets and trades are executed through automated market making mechanisms.

ERC-721 is a standard interface on Ethereum designed for NFTs (non-fungible tokens). Through smart contracts, each token is treated as a unique asset, with ownership, transfer history, and a distinct identifier recorded on-chain. Metadata links are used to display information about the associated digital item. Wallets and platforms that comply with the ERC-721 standard are interoperable, enabling secure transfers and authorization features, which facilitate creators in issuing NFTs and users in collecting them.

Equity refers to ownership shares in a business or asset and the associated bundle of rights, including voting, dividends, and claims on residual value. In traditional finance, equity typically corresponds to company shares. In the Web3 space, equity is often represented by tokens that grant governance and profit-sharing rights. However, most tokens do not equate to corporate equity, and their legal status and associated risks must be clearly distinguished. For investors, understanding equity is essential for making compliant and risk-appropriate decisions across stocks, private placements, and crypto token scenarios.

Ethereum gas fees are transaction fees paid when performing operations on the Ethereum network, typically denominated in gwei. Gas fees consist of a base fee and a priority fee, both of which are influenced by network congestion and the complexity of the transaction. The introduction of EIP-1559 enables automatic adjustment and partial burning of the base fee. Layer 2 (L2) solutions can significantly reduce these costs.

EIP-7702 is an Ethereum Improvement Proposal designed to allow standard addresses to temporarily gain “contract-like” capabilities within a single transaction. With a one-time authorization signature, users can delegate execution to a trusted smart contract, enabling advanced account abstraction features such as batch operations, sponsored gas payments, and spending limits. After the transaction is complete, the address reverts to its regular state, balancing scalability with enhanced security.

An Ethereum transaction refers to the process of submitting assets or instructions to the Ethereum network, which are then confirmed by validators. Common examples include transferring funds, interacting with decentralized applications (dApps), or authorizing tokens. Each transaction consumes gas and incurs a fee, which varies based on network congestion and smart contract complexity. Wallets are responsible for signing transactions, and once transactions are included in a block, they cannot be arbitrarily altered. Transaction fees consist of a base fee and a tip: the base fee is burned, while the tip rewards the block producer. Transactions include a nonce to prevent replay attacks, and even failed transactions result in gas fees being charged. Users can also choose to execute transactions on Layer 2 networks to achieve lower costs.

Etherscan is a public block explorer for Ethereum, providing a searchable web interface for blockchain data such as blocks, transactions, wallet addresses, and smart contracts. Functioning as a magnifying glass for the ledger, it enables users to verify deposit, withdrawal, and transfer statuses, review token holdings, inspect contract code, and access information like gas fees and event logs. Etherscan supports ENS (Ethereum Name Service) and alert notifications, making it a common tool for checking transaction hashes and identifying potential approval risks. It does not custody any assets; instead, it simply displays on-chain records.

In Web3, "cycle" refers to recurring processes or windows within blockchain protocols or applications that occur at fixed time or block intervals. Examples include Bitcoin halving events, Ethereum consensus rounds, token vesting schedules, Layer 2 withdrawal challenge periods, funding rate and yield settlements, oracle updates, and governance voting periods. The duration, triggering conditions, and flexibility of these cycles vary across different systems. Understanding these cycles can help you manage liquidity, optimize the timing of your actions, and identify risk boundaries.

In blockchain systems, a cycle refers to a time unit in which a protocol operates according to a fixed rhythm, organizing activities such as block production, voting, reward distribution, and parameter adjustments. For example, Bitcoin features difficulty adjustment cycles and halving cycles, while Ethereum’s Proof of Stake (PoS) mechanism uses slots and epochs to coordinate validator operations. The concept of a cycle influences transaction confirmation times, staking rewards, finality, and overall network security. Understanding how cycles work is essential for developing effective strategies and managing risks in the blockchain ecosystem.

Ethereum Name Service (ENS) is an open system on Ethereum that maps 0x addresses and related resources to human-readable domain names, such as linking a long address to yourname.eth. ENS utilizes smart contracts to manage registration and resolution processes. It enables wallet transfers, decentralized application (dApp) logins, distributed website routing, and identity representation. Users can renew domains annually and create subdomains, enhancing usability and consistency across the Web3 ecosystem.

In blockchain networks, an epoch refers to a predefined operational window divided by a set number of slots or a fixed period of time. Epochs are used to coordinate validator rotations, aggregate votes, and facilitate state transitions and reward settlements. You can think of an epoch as a "shift" for the network: during each epoch, blocks are produced sequentially, signatures are collected, and at the epoch boundary, checkpoints and finality assessments are conducted. The length and function of epochs vary across different blockchains.

Encryption is a data security protection technique that converts plaintext information into unreadable ciphertext through algorithms, ensuring information confidentiality during transmission and storage. In blockchain and cryptocurrency domains, encryption technologies primarily fall into symmetric encryption (like AES), asymmetric encryption (such as RSA and elliptic curve algorithms), and hash functions (like SHA-256) that generate unique digital fingerprints.

Ethereum is a programmable blockchain platform that enables the deployment of smart contracts and decentralized applications (DApps). Its native token, ETH, is used to pay network transaction fees (gas) and can be staked to participate in the consensus mechanism, helping secure the network and validate new blocks. Developers can issue tokens and build applications in sectors such as finance, gaming, and NFTs on Ethereum, establishing an open infrastructure for the digital economy.

ETH/BTC refers to the trading pair and price ratio between Ethereum (ETH) and Bitcoin (BTC), allowing users to compare their relative strength. This pair is frequently used to observe market capital flow preferences, identify sector rotation trends, and serve as a reference for asset rebalancing strategies. Investors can view ETH/BTC charts and conduct spot or derivatives trading on exchanges, but should pay close attention to risk management.

An Externally Owned Account (EOA) is an on-chain address controlled by a user’s private key. EOAs can initiate transfers, sign transactions, and interact with smart contracts, making them the most common wallet type on Ethereum and EVM-compatible blockchains. For example, addresses displayed in wallets like MetaMask are EOAs. Unlike smart contract accounts, which are governed by code, EOAs are managed directly by users. EOAs are responsible for paying gas fees and authorizing transactions, and are widely used in scenarios such as trading, DeFi, NFTs, and cross-chain operations.

Moving average calculation is a trend analysis method that continuously averages asset prices over a fixed time window, updating as time progresses. In the 24/7 cryptocurrency trading environment, moving averages are typically generated using candlestick close prices over periods such as 7, 30, or 99 intervals. Based on the calculation method, moving averages can be categorized as SMA (Simple Moving Average), which assigns equal weight to all data points, and EMA (Exponential Moving Average), which emphasizes recent price changes. These indicators are commonly used to identify support and resistance levels, confirm market trends, and assist in risk management. Each algorithm assigns different weights to new price data, making them suitable for various trading strategies and market tempos.

Encrypted information refers to data that has been processed using algorithms and cryptographic keys, making it readable only to individuals who possess the correct key—similar to locking a letter in a box that only select people can open. In blockchain ecosystems, encrypted information is commonly used for transaction notifications, wallet backups, and account communications. It often works alongside digital signatures, hash functions, and zero-knowledge proofs to ensure both confidentiality and verifiability.

An EMA trader is a participant who relies on the Exponential Moving Average (EMA) to make buy and sell decisions. They pay close attention to the distance between the price and the EMA, crossovers, and changes in slope to identify trends and timing opportunities. In the highly volatile crypto market, EMAs respond more quickly to new price movements, making them popular tools for both spot and derivatives trading. By adding EMAs of different timeframes to Gate’s candlestick charts, traders can use them as dynamic support and resistance references. It is essential to combine these indicators with proper position sizing and stop-loss strategies.

In the context of Web3, endogenous economics refers to the mechanisms by which a project generates, allocates, and circulates value entirely within its own system, based on on-chain activities and protocol design. This approach emphasizes how token supply, fee sources, participant incentives, and governance parameters interact to enable a network to operate independently without external subsidies. Endogenous economics is crucial for assessing the sustainability and risks of a protocol.

Script programming language examples refer to scripting and smart contract languages commonly used in Web3 for validating on-chain transactions, writing smart contracts, and enabling automation and interface interactions. Typical examples include Bitcoin Script, Solidity, Vyper, Python, and JavaScript. These languages facilitate the integration of blockchain and applications, enhancing development and operational efficiency.

A false breakout refers to a situation where the price briefly moves above a key support or resistance level but quickly reverses, failing to establish a sustained trend. This phenomenon often occurs during periods of high volatility and is influenced by liquidity attraction and the triggering of stop-loss orders. To minimize the risk of chasing after false moves, it is important to analyze candlestick positions, trading volume, and timing windows. On Gate, utilizing limit orders, conditional orders, and stop-loss mechanisms while waiting for confirmation can help traders avoid being caught in upward or downward traps.

A "declining stock" refers to an asset whose price consistently trends downward from its peak, maintaining a pattern of new lows even if brief rebounds occur. Common drivers behind such declines include liquidity contraction, downward revisions in fundamentals, or deteriorating market sentiment. Understanding the causes, pace, and behavioral patterns of these downward trends can help crypto investors on Gate set price alerts and stop-loss orders, execute trades in batches, and implement risk management strategies—ultimately reducing decision-making errors during periods of high volatility.

Fully Diluted Valuation (FDV) refers to the estimated market value of a token based on its maximum total supply. It is calculated by multiplying the current token price by the total number of tokens that could ever exist, including those that are not yet unlocked, have not been issued, or are reserved for the team. FDV represents the theoretical market capitalization if all tokens were released into circulation. This metric is commonly used to compare the potential valuation of new tokens or projects with high token lock-up rates and differs from market capitalization based solely on circulating supply. FDV is also frequently used to assess potential token unlock pressure.

Fantom Opera is a public blockchain mainnet launched by the Fantom Foundation, fully compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). This allows users to interact using familiar wallets and smart contract tools. The network utilizes the Lachesis consensus mechanism, which features asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance (aBFT) and a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) architecture. Transactions are typically confirmed within seconds and incur low gas fees. The native token, FTM, is used for transaction fees and staking. Fantom Opera supports a wide range of on-chain applications, including DeFi, NFT, and payment solutions, making it an attractive choice for developers and users who prioritize low costs and fast settlement.

Fear and uncertainty refer to negative sentiments and the sense of unpredictability investors experience when faced with incomplete information, price volatility, or ongoing regulatory discussions. In the crypto industry, these emotions are often encapsulated by the term FUD (Fear, Uncertainty, Doubt), which can significantly impact trading decisions, market liquidity, and the progress of blockchain projects. Common triggers include regulatory news, rumors of security breaches, and large-scale fund movements.

Fixed supply refers to a mechanism where the total amount of a token is predetermined and capped within its protocol, ensuring that no additional tokens will ever be minted in the future. This approach is commonly seen in assets like Bitcoin and Litecoin, designed to create scarcity, reduce the uncertainty of inflation, and impact factors such as price dynamics, mining incentives, and governance structures. Understanding the meaning and implications of fixed supply is essential for evaluating long-term supply and demand, identifying risks related to token unlocking and distribution, and making more informed decisions in trading and investment activities.

In the crypto market, a reversal refers to the process where a price trend shifts from upward to downward, or vice versa. This change reflects shifts in capital flows and market sentiment, often driven by on-chain liquidity, macroeconomic news, and evolving narratives. Common indicators of a reversal include breaking key resistance levels, surges in trading volume, changes in funding rates, and variations in net exchange inflows. Typically, a true reversal requires confirmation from multiple signals over time.

Short-term buy low, sell high refers to a trading strategy that seeks to profit from price fluctuations within a relatively brief time frame. Traders sell at relatively high points and buy back when prices dip, aiming to accumulate gains from these price differences. This approach relies on defining a trading range in advance, setting stop-loss and take-profit levels, and utilizing tools such as limit orders and conditional orders for execution. It is generally better suited for sideways or range-bound markets rather than strong trending conditions.

The Crypto Fear and Greed Index is an indicator that measures overall market sentiment on a scale from 0 to 100, where lower values signal fear and higher values indicate greed. This index aggregates data from various sources, including price volatility, trading volume, social media trends, and Bitcoin dominance. It is commonly used as a contrarian reference to help manage positions and risk in spot trading, derivatives, and DeFi strategies. Updated daily by Alternative.me, the index primarily tracks Bitcoin but also serves as a barometer for the broader cryptocurrency market.

Fibonacci retracement levels are tools that identify potential pullback zones by marking a price movement—whether upward or downward—according to fixed ratios. Common ratios include 23.6%, 38.2%, 50%, 61.8%, and 78.6%. These levels are used to analyze support and resistance, assisting traders in planning entry points, stop-loss, and take-profit targets. Fibonacci retracement is widely utilized in both futures and spot market chart analysis.

Front-running refers to a scenario where, before your on-chain transaction is confirmed, another party uses higher gas fees or a faster transaction route to have their own transaction executed first. This action can alter your final execution price and allow the front-runner to profit from the price difference. Front-running is common in decentralized exchanges, where public liquidity pools, fee-based transaction ordering, and automated trading bots are prevalent. It is often associated with MEV (Maximal Extractable Value). To mitigate front-running risks, users can set slippage limits or utilize private transaction channels.

A false breakout refers to a price movement where an asset briefly moves beyond a key level but quickly returns to its previous range. These key levels, often called the market’s “ceiling” (resistance) or “floor” (support), are common in crypto markets as resistance and support levels. False breakouts typically occur during periods of low liquidity, heightened market sentiment, or news-driven volatility, which can easily trigger momentum trades or stop-loss orders. Beginners often mistake a false breakout for a confirmed trend and enter trades, but without additional confirmation signals, rapid reversals can quickly magnify losses. Analyzing trading volume, closing price position, and multi-timeframe signals can help reduce the impact of false breakouts.

Fungibility refers to the property of an asset where each unit is interchangeable and holds the same value— for example, one ETH is identical in value and function to another ETH. In the crypto sector, ERC-20 tokens and stablecoins are typically fungible, which enables standardized pricing, seamless trading, and liquidity aggregation. In contrast, NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) are non-fungible; each token has a unique identifier, resulting in distinct methods for trading and pricing.

Fiat currency refers to money officially recognized and managed by a nation’s central bank, such as the Chinese yuan or the US dollar. It serves key functions including payment, valuation, and tax settlement. Unlike currencies backed by the gold standard, fiat relies on government authority and legal frameworks for its value, circulating through cash, bank accounts, and electronic payment systems. Understanding fiat currency is essential for distinguishing its relationship with cryptocurrencies and stablecoins, as well as for navigating the processes and risks when using fiat to trade digital assets on platforms like Gate.

Finality refers to the reliability and waiting time required for a transaction or block on a blockchain to become irreversible and immune to reversion after achieving network-wide consensus. Different consensus mechanisms offer either probabilistic or deterministic guarantees, which impact factors such as deposit settlement, cross-chain bridge asset security, and the trustworthiness of smart contract states. Finality is closely related to risks of chain reorganization, network interruptions, and governance rollbacks. It is frequently used by wallets, exchanges, and bridge protocols to define confirmation times and risk management strategies.

Volatility is a key metric that measures the degree of price fluctuation of an asset over a specific period, reflecting its level of instability. In crypto markets, assets like Bitcoin and Ethereum typically exhibit high volatility, which significantly impacts trading strategies, position sizing, and risk management. Volatility is closely tied to spot trading, perpetual contracts, options pricing, and yield from liquidity mining. Historical volatility is calculated based on past price movements, while implied volatility is derived from option prices and represents market expectations. Understanding volatility is essential for setting grid trading ranges, defining stop-loss and take-profit levels, and assessing impermanent loss in practical applications.

In the context of Web3, "friends" are not limited to mutual connections on social platforms; they represent verifiable on-chain collaborative relationships. Identity is defined by wallet addresses, interactions are captured in social graphs, and collaboration is executed through smart contracts. Friends often participate together in governance, airdrops, trading, and development within communities and DAOs, as well as support each other through exchange referrals and copy trading. The transparency of these relationships enhances efficiency, but also introduces risks such as social engineering and fund security, making caution essential.

Fungible tokens are a type of digital asset on the blockchain that are interchangeable and divisible, similar to how one coin of the same denomination can replace another. These tokens are typically issued through smart contracts following unified standards such as ERC-20, and are commonly used for stablecoins, governance, reward points, and payments. In wallets and exchanges, fungible tokens are recorded as balances and can be transferred or authorized for use across different applications, making them suitable for pricing, settlement, and large-scale distribution.

A cryptocurrency forum is an online community centered on digital assets, where users share trading experiences, project research, risk alerts, and regulatory updates. These forums connect exchange announcements, developer updates, and user discussions to create a searchable knowledge base. This resource helps newcomers ask questions, verify information, and track ongoing events; activities like AMAs provide direct access to primary insights. A common approach is to first review platform announcements and educational resources, then consult cryptocurrency forums for community feedback and counterexamples to refine your judgment.

The financial ecosystem of NFTs refers to the suite of financial infrastructure built around non-fungible tokens, enabling activities such as trading, lending, market making, derivatives, valuation, and liquidation. This ecosystem transforms digital collectibles—which are traditionally difficult to price and illiquid—into assets that can be collateralized, fractionalized, and hedged, while also integrating with DeFi protocols. Common components include AMM-based market making, collateralized lending, index and NFT fragmentation products, yield aggregation, and insurance. These modules rely on price oracles and risk management parameters to function efficiently.

Flashbots is an open-source framework designed for Ethereum transaction ordering, aimed at researching and mitigating the negative impacts of Maximum Extractable Value (MEV). By utilizing private relays, transaction bundling, and block auctions, Flashbots enables users and developers to achieve more reliable execution without exposing transaction details. This approach helps minimize sandwich attacks and frontrunning, while offering validators a more transparent avenue for earning rewards.

A cryptocurrency faucet is a website or application that distributes small amounts of digital assets to users after they complete a CAPTCHA or simple task. Faucets are commonly used to help beginners experience wallets, make exchange deposits, or cover network gas fees. The rewards are typically funded through advertising and promotional subsidies. Most platforms set minimum withdrawal thresholds and cooldown periods to prevent abuse. Once claimed, the assets can be transferred to a personal wallet or used within a Gate account.

The Crypto Fear and Greed Index is a reference indicator that quantifies overall market sentiment on a scale from 0 to 100. By aggregating factors such as price volatility, trading volume, social media discussions, search trends, and Bitcoin dominance, the index helps determine whether the current sentiment leans toward fear or greed. It is commonly used to support market timing decisions, set take-profit and stop-loss orders, and develop dollar-cost averaging strategies, ultimately reducing the risk of buying tops or selling bottoms due to emotional trading.

The descending triangle is a price pattern commonly used in technical analysis, characterized by progressively lower highs and a nearly horizontal support line, resembling a triangle pressed downward. It is generally viewed as a bearish signal, with particular emphasis on the breakout below the support and corresponding changes in trading volume. Crypto traders use this pattern to plan entry points, set stop-losses, and determine target levels, making it applicable to both spot and perpetual contracts. Descending triangles typically appear during consolidation phases or ongoing downtrends, where trading volume often decreases during formation and surges upon breakout. Key risks include false breakouts and market volatility, so confirmation with closing prices, multi-timeframe analysis, and proper risk-reward ratio settings are recommended.

FLOKI is a cryptocurrency token built on both the Ethereum and BNB Chain networks, originating from the dog-themed meme culture and centered around an ecosystem focused on payments, gaming, and DeFi tools. Issued via smart contracts, FLOKI has a total supply of approximately 9.65 trillion tokens, with around 9.54 trillion currently in circulation. The project emphasizes community involvement and real-world utility, offering features such as metaverse gaming, yield-generating tools, and a Launchpad. Users can trade FLOKI on supported platforms and manage their holdings autonomously through compatible wallets.

The aggregate demand formula is typically expressed as C + I + G + (X − M), dividing an economy's demand into four key components: consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. This formula is not a mathematical equation to be solved, but rather a concise framework for assessing economic cycles and the transmission of policy effects. In the crypto market, understanding the aggregate demand formula can help evaluate liquidity conditions, risk appetite, and price volatility. When interest rates, fiscal budgets, or global trade dynamics shift, the aggregate demand formula provides insights into capital flows, enabling newcomers to translate macroeconomic signals into actionable strategies for trading and risk management.

Fair artificial intelligence refers to AI systems that provide consistent and explainable decisions across different groups and scenarios, aiming to minimize biases introduced by training data and algorithms. It emphasizes auditable and verifiable processes. In the context of Web3, trustworthiness can be enhanced through on-chain records and zero-knowledge proofs. Fair AI is applicable in areas such as risk management, identity verification, and content moderation.

A trust-based soft cap refers to a limit that is not enforced by smart contracts but instead relies on the project's reputation, community consensus, or refund guarantees for constraint. Examples include fundraising targets, NFT supply, or token emission caps. If the soft cap is exceeded, it is typically addressed through manual or governance-based adjustments, proportional refunds, or by extending fundraising rounds. However, since it is not a strict on-chain rule, there is a risk that the cap can be modified at short notice.

Fiat currency and cryptocurrency represent two parallel forms of value: fiat currency is issued by governments and used for everyday payments and taxes, while cryptocurrency operates on blockchains, enabling global transfers, investment opportunities, and participation in Web3 applications. These two systems are commonly interconnected on exchanges through fiat on-ramps and off-ramps, stablecoin conversions, and trading pairs, serving as a bridge between the traditional economy and the on-chain digital economy.

A fiat currency example refers to money issued by a government and recognized as legal tender, such as the US dollar, euro, or Chinese yuan (RMB). In the Web3 ecosystem, fiat currencies serve as a bridge for deposits and withdrawals, enabling users to convert funds from their bank accounts into crypto assets via fiat onramps. They are also used for asset valuation, fund management, and cashing out. A common use case is utilizing platforms like Gate for quick crypto purchases or over-the-counter (OTC) trading, where fiat is exchanged for Bitcoin, Ethereum, or stablecoins. Conversely, profits can be withdrawn back to a bank account using the same channels.

Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) refers to the psychological phenomenon where individuals, upon witnessing others profit or seeing a sudden surge in market trends, become anxious about being left behind and rush to participate. This behavior is common in crypto trading, Initial Exchange Offerings (IEOs), NFT minting, and airdrop claims. FOMO can drive up trading volume and market volatility, while also amplifying the risk of losses. Understanding and managing FOMO is essential for beginners to avoid impulsive buying during price surges and panic selling during downturns.

Fungibility refers to the property where units of the same type are interchangeable, equivalent, and divisible. In the context of crypto, this term applies to fungible tokens such as USDT and ETH, where each token holds identical functionality and value. These tokens are ideal for pricing, trading, and providing liquidity. Unlike non-fungible tokens (NFTs), which are unique and non-interchangeable, fungible tokens emphasize standardized features and bulk transfers. They are widely used in payments, DeFi, derivatives, and settlement processes.

Fiat currency refers to money issued by a government and legally recognized as a means of payment, such as the US dollar or Chinese yuan. Unlike currencies backed by gold, its value is derived from government credit and central bank monetary policy. Fiat currency possesses legal tender status, meaning it can be used to settle debts according to law, and is widely accepted by merchants and institutions for payments and accounting. In modern financial systems, fiat currency circulates through banking networks, playing a crucial role in salaries, taxation, and cross-border settlements. It is also the primary gateway for purchasing crypto assets and exchanging for stablecoins. The value of fiat currency is influenced by inflation and interest rates, requiring regulatory oversight and policy measures to maintain stability.

Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt (FUD) refers to a communication and media strategy that amplifies market sentiment and sways group judgment by exaggerating negative or selective information. In the crypto industry, FUD is commonly seen during regulatory rumors, hacking incidents, project disputes, and periods of macroeconomic volatility. These situations can easily trigger panic selling and increase market fluctuations. Understanding the meaning of FUD helps users filter information, reduce emotionally driven trading, and improve risk management. This is especially important for making more stable decisions in markets where information asymmetry exists.

Fiat currency, also known as legal tender, refers to government-issued money that is recognized by law for everyday transactions, such as the Chinese yuan (RMB) and the US dollar. The value of fiat currency is backed by government trust and the tax system, rather than physical assets like gold. Fiat currencies serve as mediums of payment, units of account, and stores of value. They also act as gateways for entering and exiting the crypto market, commonly used in fiat on-ramps, off-ramps, and purchasing stablecoins on exchanges. In modern banking systems, central banks are responsible for issuing and regulating the supply of fiat currency, while commercial banks facilitate its circulation through accounts and payment networks.

Fiat money is legal tender issued by governments or central banks, deriving its value from government credit rather than physical commodities like gold. It possesses legal tender status, requiring mandatory acceptance within its jurisdiction. Examples include the US Dollar, Euro, and Chinese Yuan, which form the foundation of the current global monetary system.

Fibonacci retracement uses fixed ratios to identify potential pause or reversal points within a price trend, acting like a ruler that marks where an asset might temporarily rest after an upward or downward move. These ratios are derived from the Fibonacci sequence and the golden ratio, and are widely used in both crypto and stock trading. Traders leverage Fibonacci retracement to guide entry points, set stop-loss levels, and manage staged orders, helping to enhance consistency and discipline in technical chart analysis.

First-mover advantage refers to entering a sector early and rapidly accumulating users, capital, and ecosystem partners, thereby establishing a leading position that is difficult to replicate in the short term. In the Web3 space, first-mover advantage is often demonstrated through stronger network effects, deeper transaction liquidity, and a more active developer community. These factors can significantly impact protocol adoption, token performance, and investment decisions. While not an absolute barrier to entry, first-mover advantage increases both the costs and time required for newcomers to compete.

FA typically refers to fundamental analysis, a method used to assess an asset’s intrinsic value and long-term sustainability. This approach examines factors such as revenue and costs, business models, competitive landscape, and team governance. In the context of crypto assets, it also considers tokenomics, on-chain activity, and capital flows. Unlike technical analysis, which relies on price charts, FA emphasizes evidence based on business fundamentals and data-driven insights.

Flash loans are a form of unsecured on-chain borrowing that has emerged within decentralized finance (DeFi). With flash loans, users can borrow, utilize, and repay funds all within a single blockchain transaction. The process relies on smart contracts—self-executing programs—to ensure atomicity: if the borrowed funds are not repaid as required, the entire transaction is reverted, leaving no outstanding debt. Flash loans are commonly used for arbitrage, liquidation, and collateral swapping. Users must pay protocol fees and are exposed to both smart contract risks and price volatility.

Front-running refers to the practice where an individual gains advance knowledge or can predict that another party is about to place an order, and exploits this information or bidding advantage to execute their own trade first, profiting from the resulting price difference. In the crypto space, front-running frequently occurs in on-chain transactions, where bots or network nodes manipulate transaction ordering to their benefit—a common example being the sandwich attack. On centralized exchanges, front-running is considered a violation and is restricted by risk management protocols. This behavior typically takes place in the public mempool, where transactions wait to be included in a block. Attackers use higher gas fees to prioritize their transactions, which increases slippage and causes victims to buy at higher prices or sell at lower prices. Users can mitigate the risk of front-running by using private transaction submission, limit orders, or setting low slippage tolerances.

FA typically refers to Fundamental Analysis, a method used to evaluate the intrinsic value and long-term potential of an asset by examining the underlying value drivers. In traditional markets, this involves analyzing a company’s revenue and costs. In the crypto space, it focuses on public data such as tokenomics, on-chain activity, and governance mechanisms. Rather than predicting short-term price movements, Fundamental Analysis assesses whether a project has sustainable value sources and competitive advantages.

A front-runner is an entity that, upon detecting another user's pending transaction, submits their own transaction ahead of it to manipulate execution order and price, profiting from the resulting price difference. On-chain, front-running is often executed by bots monitoring the mempool to perform sandwich attacks or liquidation sniping. On exchanges, it typically relies on low-latency strategies to gain queue priority. This practice leads to increased slippage and transaction costs, driving the development of protective tools and mechanisms.

A hard fork is a non-backward-compatible upgrade to a blockchain protocol. After a hard fork, nodes running the old version cannot recognize or validate blocks created under the new rules, potentially splitting the network into two separate chains. Participants must upgrade their software to continue producing blocks and processing transactions according to the updated protocol. Hard forks are commonly used to fix security vulnerabilities, alter transaction formats, or adjust consensus parameters. Exchanges typically manage asset mapping and distribution based on predefined snapshot rules.

A fork in blockchain refers to a situation where different ledger paths or sets of rules are executed at the same block height, caused by differences in node software versions, consensus decisions, or network latency. Forks may be quickly resolved or can result in a permanent split. The most common types are hard forks and soft forks, often arising during protocol upgrades, bug fixes, or community disagreements. Forks involve important considerations such as asset mapping, confirmation delays, and potential security risks like replay attacks.

Fill or Kill (FOK) order is a type of trading instruction that requires the specified quantity to be fully executed immediately upon submission; otherwise, the entire order is canceled. Partial fills are not accepted. FOK orders are commonly attached to limit orders and are used in both spot and derivatives trading. In on-chain environments, this can be achieved through atomic transactions to ensure "all-or-nothing" execution. This method is suitable for scenarios that demand strict adherence to both price and quantity in a single execution, but users should carefully consider the trade-off between execution certainty and opportunity cost.

FPGA stands for Field Programmable Gate Array, a type of chip whose circuit functions can be reprogrammed after manufacturing using configuration files. In blockchain and Web3 applications, FPGAs are often used to create "hardware versions" of specific algorithms, enabling acceleration of hashing, signature verification, zero-knowledge proof generation, as well as low-latency network processing or mining hardware prototyping.

Fantom is a high-performance public blockchain designed for decentralized applications. It utilizes the Lachesis aBFT consensus mechanism and a DAG-based event graph to achieve rapid transaction finality. The native token, FTM, serves multiple purposes: it is used to pay gas fees, participate in validator staking, cast governance votes, and deploy smart contracts within its EVM-compatible environment. Thanks to its low transaction fees and fast confirmation times, Fantom is commonly used in DeFi, NFT projects, and on-chain payments. Users can also help secure the network and earn rewards by participating with FTM.

In the context of Web3, the concept of "friend" goes beyond mutual following. It represents a portable, verifiable relationship between wallet addresses, authenticated through digital signatures. This relationship is not tied to any single platform and can be reused across different applications for purposes such as permission management, airdrop eligibility, and reputation building. However, it also introduces risks related to privacy exposure and social engineering, making it important to carefully manage and select what information to disclose publicly.

Genesis coins refer to the initial allocation of tokens or coins generated when a blockchain network launches. This includes rewards from the genesis block, reserves for teams and foundations, early airdrops, and ecosystem incentives. The distribution of genesis coins directly determines the initial circulating supply and holder structure, influencing price volatility and governance power. For example, Bitcoin’s genesis block reward is unspendable, while projects like Ethereum use genesis allocations with vesting and scheduled releases. Investors should pay attention to token concentration, vesting periods, and unlock schedules, and verify this information using exchange announcements and on-chain data.

GPG is an open-source encryption and signature tool based on the OpenPGP standard, designed to secure files and communications and verify software sources. It operates using a pair of public and private keys to enable encryption, digital signatures, and identity authentication. In cryptocurrency and Web3 contexts, GPG is frequently used to verify release signatures for wallet or node software, helping to reduce the risk of tampering.

The term “bagholder” is a colloquial expression in the investment community, referring to a buyer who purchases assets—such as cryptocurrencies or NFTs—at elevated prices, effectively taking over positions from others who are selling. This phenomenon is common in crypto and NFT markets, often fueled by information asymmetry and emotional contagion. Speculative narratives and shifts in market liquidity can accelerate the emergence of bagholders. Understanding this concept is essential for identifying potential risks and developing effective trading strategies and position management rules.

GPU mining refers to the process of using graphics cards (GPUs) to provide computational power for proof-of-work (PoW) blockchains, enabling participants to validate transactions and compete for new block rewards. GPUs repeatedly calculate hash values through mining software and often connect to mining pools, where earnings are distributed based on each participant’s contribution. Supported cryptocurrencies for GPU mining include KAS, RVN, ERG, and others. Since Ethereum has transitioned to proof of stake, GPU mining is now mainly focused on other PoW networks. Profitability depends on factors such as token price, electricity costs, network difficulty, and hardware efficiency.

Gwei price refers to the unit cost of "gas fees" on public blockchains like Ethereum, determining how much you pay for each step of on-chain computation. It is influenced by network congestion as well as the base fee and tip mechanisms introduced in EIP-1559, directly affecting both the speed of transaction confirmations and the total transaction fees. When initiating transfers, minting tokens, or interacting with smart contracts, wallets and exchanges such as Gate typically display the current Gwei price and allow users to adjust it.

PAX Gold (PAXG) is a cryptocurrency backed by physical gold held in regulated custody. Each token represents ownership of one troy ounce of a London Good Delivery gold bar. Issued as an ERC-20 token on the Ethereum blockchain, PAXG can be transferred and traded on-chain. Paxos, the issuer, stores equivalent gold in regulated vaults and provides redemption options along with audit reports. This token enables gold to circulate in digital form, supports fractional ownership, and offers 24/7 settlement. Its price tracks international gold market rates.

Governance tokens are credentials issued by blockchain projects to enable token holders to participate in rule-making. Holders can initiate or vote on decisions regarding parameters, fund allocation, and protocol upgrades. Governance tokens are commonly found in DeFi, NFT, and public blockchain communities. They may also be used for staking, rewards, or profit-sharing mechanisms. Typically, each token represents one vote, and once a proposal passes, smart contracts execute the decision, enhancing transparency and operational efficiency. However, governance tokens also introduce risks such as concentration of ownership and low participation rates, making careful attention to token distribution and governance processes essential.

Game cryptocurrencies are tokens issued and circulated within blockchain-based games, designed for purchasing in-game items, participating in governance, or incentivizing player behavior. These assets rely on smart contracts to record transactions and asset ownership, and are often integrated with NFT items and secondary marketplaces to facilitate value transfer both inside and outside the game environment. Different projects deploy their tokens on public blockchains or sidechains, allowing them to be exchanged on platforms or generated and consumed within the game itself, forming an open economic system.

Geotagging refers to embedding location data such as latitude, longitude, timestamp, and device information into content or records. Examples include saving coordinates in the EXIF metadata of a photo or linking location data to user accounts within an application to serve as proof. Geotagging is widely used for navigation and social check-ins. In recent years, it has also been adopted in Web3 for on-site attendance verification, region-based compliance participation, and task-based reward distribution, helping events and platforms reliably identify "where people are."

The gossip network is a method of message propagation in decentralized systems, comparable to a "retweet chain" on social platforms. Each node forwards new messages to a small set of neighbors, who then continue to relay the information, enabling transactions, blocks, or state updates to rapidly spread across the entire network. This approach emphasizes peer-to-peer connections, topic subscription, and deduplication verification, which help reduce bandwidth usage and improve the reliability of message dissemination in blockchain networks.

A green candle represents a bar on a price chart where the closing price is higher than the opening price, often used to observe buying pressure and market sentiment. However, it is not an independent trading signal; for a more reliable assessment of strength and the potential for continuation or reversal, it should be interpreted in conjunction with trading volume, the relevant time frame, and its position on the chart—such as key support and resistance levels.

GH/s stands for gigahashes per second, indicating how many billions of hash attempts can be performed each second. It is a key unit for measuring the speed of computational power, commonly used in cryptocurrency mining activities, mining hardware specifications, and mining pool dashboards. This metric helps estimate mining output shares and energy consumption. Hash rate indicators, often expressed as EH/s (exahashes per second) or TH/s (terahashes per second), also appear in market and research sections of exchanges like Gate. Understanding GH/s allows users to convert and compare the performance of different devices and networks, and further connects hash rate to mining difficulty and network security.

The General’s Problem describes a scenario in which a group of distributed participants must reach consensus on a single outcome, even when communication may be delayed or tampered with. Blockchain technology applies this challenge to ledger maintenance and the prevention of double-spending, relying on consensus mechanisms—such as Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), or Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT)—to produce records that are accepted network-wide in a trustless environment.

A GSN node is a relay server within the Gas Station Network. It submits user-signed transactions to the blockchain and temporarily covers the gas fees, which are later reimbursed by a paymaster smart contract. This mechanism lowers the barrier to entry for DApp usage, allowing users to log in, mint NFTs, like content, and perform other lightweight interactions on networks such as Ethereum without holding ETH. GSN nodes are particularly suited for campaign promotions and onboarding new users.

The General Public License (GPL) is a type of open-source license that emphasizes "sharing improvements and continuing to make them publicly available under the same license." When you develop, modify, or distribute code covered by this license, you are typically required to disclose the source code, retain copyright notices, and maintain the same licensing terms. These requirements have a direct impact on code reuse, compliance costs, and business model selection in collaborative blockchain client development, smart contracts, and decentralized applications (dApps).

Gold-backed assets refer to blockchain-issued transferable tokens or certificates that are collateralized by physical gold. Gold bars are securely stored by a custodian, while the issuer mints or burns tokens in direct proportion to the amount of gold under custody. Token prices are synchronized with the spot gold market via oracles, and redemption as well as regular audits are provided to ensure transparency. This mechanism enables users to settle and transfer gold value on-chain, making gold-backed assets a popular choice for hedging against risk and facilitating cross-border capital movement.

The GDP deflator is an indicator used to measure changes in the overall price level of an economy. It is applied to adjust nominal GDP, converting it into real GDP by removing the effects of inflation. The GDP deflator accounts for price changes across consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. It is commonly used to assess inflationary pressures, interpret economic cycles, and serve as a reference for interest rate decisions and asset pricing.

Golden Cross trading is a chart-based buy strategy that signals a bullish trend when a short-term moving average or momentum indicator crosses above a long-term line. In the crypto market, this approach is often used to capture the start of new trends. Traders typically combine it with timeframes, stop-loss strategies, and position management, making it suitable for those seeking a systematic method to reduce subjective decisions. Common implementations include monitoring moving average golden crosses (such as the 5-day crossing above the 20-day) or MACD golden crosses, often confirmed by analyzing trading volume. Due to the high volatility of crypto assets, it is important to distinguish between sideways markets and trending phases when using Golden Cross trading, and to set clear rules for entry, exit, and stop-loss.

The Gossip Protocol is a mechanism for disseminating messages within peer-to-peer networks, allowing information to spread rapidly from a few nodes to the majority in a manner similar to word-of-mouth among neighbors. It is commonly used in blockchain networks to propagate transactions, blocks, and state updates. The protocol emphasizes random neighbor selection, repeated message transmission, and duplicate control to maintain network consistency and high availability without relying on a central server.

A gray swan refers to a risk event that is not entirely unexpected and can be logically anticipated, yet is underestimated by the market. These events often stem from regulatory changes, liquidity crunches, or technological vulnerabilities, and can trigger significant volatility in both traditional finance and crypto markets. Unlike black swans—which are completely unpredictable—gray swans typically show warning signs. Understanding their causes and early indicators can help traders and investors adjust their positions and risk management strategies in advance.

GCR (Global Coin Research) is a prominent cryptocurrency research institution and community whose Twitter account @GCRTweets delivers crypto market insights, project analysis, and industry trend information, serving as an influential channel for information and research content within the industry.

The beta coefficient between gold and Bitcoin measures their sensitivity relative to a chosen market benchmark: it indicates, on average, how much their prices move when the benchmark rises or falls by 1%. The outcome depends on the selected benchmark and observation period. This metric is commonly used for risk assessment, portfolio diversification, and dynamic position management. Beta can fluctuate significantly due to macroeconomic shifts and changes in liquidity. For beginners, it is advisable to use the S&P 500 or the US Dollar Index as the benchmark and estimate beta by calculating the linear slope of historical returns.

GMFU is a playful twist on “GM” (Good Morning) commonly used in crypto social circles. The full phrase is “Good Morning F*ck U.” It’s typically used jokingly among friends, as self-mockery during market downturns, or to convey an anti-motivational sentiment. GMFU frequently appears on platforms like X, Telegram, Discord, and within NFT communities. In most cases, it’s a meme rather than a sign of real hostility. However, it should be used with caution in formal or cross-cultural settings to avoid misunderstanding or causing offense.

"GM" (Good Morning) is a greeting widely used in cryptocurrency and NFT communities that has evolved from a simple abbreviation to a cultural identifier in the Web3 space, signifying community belonging and positive sentiment, used regardless of the actual time of day.

GigaChad is an internet meme originating from social media, representing an extremely dominant, decisive, and idealized figure. In the crypto community, GigaChad is often used to describe participants who make bold, high-conviction investments or have significant influence over the market. The term is also frequently used humorously or sarcastically. You will encounter it on platforms like X, Telegram, and Discord, where it is used to comment on trading styles or the assertive performance of projects. Depending on the context, it can be either complimentary or mocking—context is key. Sometimes, GigaChad is also leveraged in memecoin marketing or to craft a “dominant” narrative for a project.

HODLing, or long-term holding, is a popular investment strategy in the crypto industry. It refers to maintaining ownership of assets over an extended period and making regular purchases according to a set plan, rather than frequently trading in response to short-term price fluctuations—such as systematically accumulating Bitcoin or Ethereum through dollar-cost averaging. The term originates from a community meme and centers on using disciplined rules to counteract emotional swings. HODLing emphasizes patience, risk management, and position control, making it suitable for investors who can tolerate market drawdowns.

Hedging refers to opening a position that moves in the opposite direction of an existing holding, with the primary goal of reducing overall account volatility rather than seeking additional profits. In the crypto market, common hedging instruments include perpetual contracts, futures, options, or converting assets into stablecoins. For example, if you hold Bitcoin and are concerned about a potential price drop, you can open a short position with an equivalent amount of contracts to balance the risk. On exchanges like Gate, you can enable hedging mode to manage your net exposure effectively.

Hash is a cryptographic function that converts data of arbitrary size into a fixed-length string, known as a hash value or digital fingerprint. Hash functions possess three key properties: one-way function (irreversibility), deterministic output (same input always produces identical output), and avalanche effect (small input changes cause significantly different outputs). Common hash algorithms in blockchain include SHA-256 used by Bitcoin and Keccak-256 used by Ethereum.

Hal Finney was a pioneering figure in the early development of Bitcoin and a prominent member of the cypherpunk community. He contributed to the PGP project, introduced the concept of Reusable Proofs of Work (RPOW), and in 2009, operated one of the first Bitcoin clients—receiving the very first transaction of 10 BTC from Satoshi Nakamoto. His practical innovations turned the idea of "converting computational power into digital scarcity" into functional systems, establishing the foundational tone for both Bitcoin’s technology and culture. Finney’s work continues to help newcomers understand the boundaries and risks of decentralization.

When interacting with blockchain, "human-readable" refers to presenting complex hexadecimal addresses, transaction parameters, and smart contract information as easy-to-understand names, labels, and descriptions—for example, ENS domains, token symbols, and network names. This approach makes transfers, queries, and approvals more intuitive, reducing mistakes and risks. In wallet interfaces, block explorers, and exchanges, such designs enhance overall usability and security by mapping addresses, clarifying permissions, and displaying clear network identifiers.

A hash miner is a specialized device designed to perform massive hash computations for proof-of-work (PoW) blockchains. By repeatedly attempting different hash values, it participates in block validation and packaging, earning block rewards and transaction fees according to protocol rules. The most common type is the ASIC miner, primarily used in PoW networks like Bitcoin. Effective operation requires integration with mining pools, wallets, stable power supply, and efficient cooling. When evaluating profitability and risk, factors such as hashrate, energy consumption, network difficulty, and electricity costs must all be considered.

A hedge fund is a private investment vehicle designed for accredited investors, utilizing flexible long-short and arbitrage strategies to manage risk and pursue absolute returns across various market cycles. Hedge funds can invest in a wide range of assets, including equities, bonds, foreign exchange, commodities, and crypto assets. They frequently employ derivatives such as futures and options to control volatility and enhance return stability. Compared to traditional public investment funds, hedge funds offer limited information disclosure and access to a broader array of financial instruments, placing greater emphasis on the risk management and execution skills of the fund manager. Entry requirements and fees are typically higher, and lock-up periods may be imposed to ensure the effective implementation of investment strategies.

A higher low refers to a price pattern where each successive low during a pullback is higher than the previous one, indicating that the market’s support level is rising. This concept is commonly used to confirm the strength of an uptrend. In crypto trading, higher lows are often employed for pullback buying strategies, stop-loss placement, and position management. Traders typically combine higher lows with trendlines (diagonal lines connecting key lows), trading volume analysis, and multiple timeframes (such as daily or four-hour charts). This approach is applicable to both spot and derivatives trading environments.

The Howey Test is a standard used by U.S. courts to determine whether a fundraising arrangement qualifies as an “investment contract” and thus constitutes a security. Regulatory bodies such as the SEC use this test to evaluate token issuances and trading activities. The test considers whether there is an investment of money, whether it involves a common enterprise, whether there is an expectation of profit, and whether the profits are primarily derived from the efforts of others. These criteria help determine project compliance and listing risks for platforms. For example, if a token promises dividends or its returns depend on the operations of a team, it may be classified as a security, requiring registration or an exemption; otherwise, it faces enforcement actions and potential delisting. The Howey Test originates from the 1946 Supreme Court case SEC v. Howey and has had a lasting impact on crypto compliance.

The Haskell programming language is a functional-first language that emphasizes strong typing, pure functions, and lazy evaluation. These features make it well-suited for formal verification and automated testing. In blockchain development, Haskell is commonly used for Cardano's Plutus smart contracts and Marlowe templates. It is particularly suitable for Web3 applications that require high determinism, auditability, and minimal vulnerabilities. However, the ecosystem offers relatively limited learning resources.

High-frequency trading is a method of executing buy and sell orders through automated programs that interact with the market at extremely high speeds and frequencies, often measured in milliseconds. This approach relies on low-latency networks, robust algorithms, and rapid order book analysis. High-frequency trading is commonly used in markets such as equities, foreign exchange, and crypto assets for market making and arbitrage, enhancing liquidity and pricing efficiency. Strict risk management and stable execution are essential features of this trading strategy.

The methods for shorting cryptocurrency involve selling an asset first and buying it back later to profit from price declines. Common strategies include margin trading by borrowing and selling spot assets, as well as opening short positions in perpetual futures contracts. These approaches incur costs such as borrowing interest, trading fees, and funding rates. Shorting also carries risks like forced liquidation and exposure to market volatility. This strategy is suitable for traders with clear risk management plans who are comfortable with price fluctuations.

Hyperledger is an open-source enterprise blockchain project suite led by the Linux Foundation, designed to meet the needs of multiple organizations for sharing data and processes within controlled environments. It offers features such as identity management, permission control, smart contract functionality, and audit capabilities, making it well-suited for applications in supply chain management, digital identity, trade, and financial settlement. Unlike public blockchains, Hyperledger emphasizes member admission and privacy isolation, supporting modular consensus mechanisms, channel architecture, and compliance-friendly operations. This makes it ideal for intercompany collaboration and secure, trustworthy data sharing.

Bitcoin mining involves using specialized hardware to participate in the validation and security of transactions on the Bitcoin network. Miners perform high-frequency hash computations to compete for the right to add new blocks to the blockchain, earning block rewards and transaction fees. As of 2025, the block reward is 3.125 BTC, with an average block time of around 10 minutes. Mining relies on the proof-of-work consensus mechanism, computing power (hash rate), and often collaboration within mining pools. Beginners can set up their own ASIC miners or choose cloud mining services, but must carefully consider factors such as electricity costs, cooling, facility requirements, and regulatory compliance.

A hot wallet is a type of cryptocurrency wallet that remains continuously connected to the internet. Common examples include mobile apps, browser extensions, and exchange accounts, all designed for managing and transacting digital assets. Hot wallets make it easy to send and receive funds instantly and interact with decentralized applications (dApps), making them ideal for frequent transactions and managing smaller balances. Compared to offline cold wallets, hot wallets have a larger attack surface due to their online connectivity. Therefore, users should prioritize secure private key backups, authorization controls, and enabling two-factor authentication when using hot wallets.

A hard peg refers to tightly linking the value of one asset to another asset at a fixed ratio, most commonly seen with stablecoins pegged 1:1 to the US dollar. This mechanism relies on redeemable reserves, minting and redemption channels, and market makers maintaining price stability. Hard pegs help ensure more stable settlements, facilitate cross-chain asset mapping and over-the-counter (OTC) currency exchange, and reduce volatility as well as counterparty risk.

BlackRock Bitcoin ETF is a security that provides exposure to Bitcoin, allowing investors to buy and sell shares through brokerage accounts during regular stock market hours. The commonly used ticker is IBIT. This ETF tracks the spot price of Bitcoin, with assets held by a regulated custodian and a management fee applied. It is suitable for investors who want to allocate Bitcoin in their traditional portfolios without directly holding the cryptocurrency.

A hash tree, also known as a Merkle tree, is a data structure that divides large datasets into blocks, then calculates hashes at each layer, ultimately producing a single "root hash." This root hash acts as a compact fingerprint for the entire dataset. In blockchain technology, hash trees are used to verify whether transactions have been included in a block, ensure account state consistency, and provide auditable proof of reserves for exchanges. Lightweight nodes (light clients) can independently verify data integrity with only a small set of "sibling hashes," rather than downloading the entire dataset.

The history of blockchain development traces the evolution of blockchain technology and its applications from 2008 to the present. It covers the emergence of Bitcoin, the introduction of smart contracts with Ethereum, the rise of DeFi and NFTs, as well as advancements in scalability and regulatory frameworks. Understanding this progression is essential for grasping the underlying technical logic, industry cycles, and associated risks, enabling users to make more informed decisions in trading, development, and compliance.

Annual interest rate represents the cost of borrowing or the yield from deposits, standardized over a one-year period. This metric enables consistent comparison across different compounding periods. It is widely used for savings, loans, credit cards, and is also common in exchange-based financial products and DeFi protocols. There are two main calculation methods: APR (Annual Percentage Rate), which does not account for compounding, and APY (Annual Percentage Yield), which includes the effect of compounding interest. When calculating, it is important to clarify the principal, periodic rate, compounding frequency, associated fees, and duration. The results are then annualized to help assess the actual cost or return. In product displays, platforms may only show the nominal annual rate; users should pay attention to the effective annual rate to accurately reflect the impact of compounding.

Liquidity ratios are metrics used to assess the ability of a company or individual account to meet short-term obligations. Common examples include the current ratio, quick ratio, and cash ratio. These ratios compare easily liquidated assets against liabilities due soon, with data typically sourced from balance sheets or account balances. Liquidity ratios help evaluate the soundness of fund management and are equally relevant in Web3 trading and project financial operations.

HashAI refers to a category of crypto projects that integrate artificial intelligence services with blockchain mechanisms. These projects typically use token incentives and smart contracts to coordinate model invocation, data contribution, and revenue distribution. HashAI solutions are applied in scenarios such as trading assistance, content generation, and on-chain analytics. By leveraging public execution and record-keeping on the blockchain, they make task processes, settlement, and permissions more transparent and traceable.

An assets under management (AUM) of $400 million refers to the total amount of client funds entrusted to an institution, rather than the company's own capital. This scale impacts the revenue model, team structure, and compliance requirements: firms typically charge management fees and performance fees, and maintain dedicated teams for research, risk management, compliance, and operations. In the crypto industry, AUM is often compared with metrics like total value locked (TVL), but these indicators have different meanings and should be interpreted according to the specific business context.

A Higher High is a trend indicator in technical analysis, referring to a new peak in price that surpasses the previous high within the same cycle. This signal is commonly used to determine whether an uptrend is continuing. In the crypto market, traders observe higher highs alongside factors such as trading volume, closing price position, and retracement levels. These insights are applied in breakout following strategies, trailing stop-loss adjustments, and optimizing grid trading strategies.

The value of "10,000 bitcoins" is not a fixed amount; it is an estimate based on the current market price. To calculate it, multiply the current price of Bitcoin by the quantity, then convert the total into USD, USDT, or RMB. Large transactions can be affected by market depth and slippage, so the notional value may differ from the actual transaction amount. For up-to-date pricing and conversion, you can check the BTC/USDT trading pairs and OTC quotes on Gate.

Bitcoin hedging refers to establishing positions using Bitcoin that offset or mitigate existing risks, with the goal of reducing asset volatility or exposure to specific risks. This can involve holding Bitcoin as part of an asset allocation strategy to diversify against fiat currency and inflation risks, or utilizing perpetual contracts or options at the trading level for price risk management. However, it is important to assess the associated costs and the changing correlations when implementing such strategies.

Long-term holders in the crypto market are individuals who choose to retain their tokens for several months to years, trading infrequently and primarily basing decisions on long-term value. They often use strategies such as dollar-cost averaging, staking, and cold storage to manage volatility and risk. The behavior of long-term holders can be analyzed and observed through on-chain data, including token holding duration and transaction records.

Adding the BNB Smart Chain network to MetaMask connects your wallet to the BNB Smart Chain mainnet, enabling you to manage BNB and BEP-20 tokens as well as interact with decentralized applications (dApps) on this network. This process typically requires entering details such as the RPC URL, ChainID, token symbol, and block explorer URL so that MetaMask can identify and access the correct nodes. Once added, you can switch networks, send BNB, and use popular dApps seamlessly.

Physical Bitcoin refers to a tangible coin that embeds the private key controlling actual Bitcoin, typically sealed with a tamper-evident hologram. Some physical Bitcoins contain real Bitcoin, while others are purely commemorative. The price of a physical Bitcoin is determined by the market value of the Bitcoin it holds, combined with a collectible premium. Factors influencing value include the amount of Bitcoin stored, brand, year of issue, and physical condition. Before purchasing, it is essential to verify the coin's balance by checking its associated address on the blockchain.

The HODL strategy involves selecting a small number of crypto assets with long-term value, purchasing them, and holding onto these positions without frequent trading in response to short-term market fluctuations. This approach emphasizes the importance of time horizon, position discipline, and secure storage. HODL is often combined with dollar-cost averaging to minimize decision-making interference over multi-year cycles and maximize potential for long-term growth.

Block halving is a predetermined issuance mechanism embedded in the protocols of certain cryptocurrencies. When the blockchain reaches a specific block height, the block rewards given to miners are reduced by half. This process is designed to control the rate of new coin issuance and manage long-term supply. For example, Bitcoin undergoes a halving event approximately every four years, with block rewards decreasing from 50 coins to the current 3.125 coins. Block halving directly impacts miner revenue, overall network hash rate, and market expectations, making it a key topic of interest for traders and developers alike.

Hyperautomation refers to the integration of multiple automation tools and intelligent workflows, enabling seamless collaboration across the entire process from trigger to execution and monitoring. In Web3, hyperautomation typically combines smart contracts, data services, and trading bots to connect on-chain operations with exchange functionalities. This approach is used for tasks such as trading strategies, DeFi yield management, and DAO payments—enabling continuous operations with minimal human intervention and improved stability.

Hashing is the process of converting data of any length into a fixed-length "fingerprint" using a predetermined algorithm. This technique is widely utilized in blockchain for transaction identification, block indexing, and proof-of-work mechanisms. It is also employed to verify whether downloaded files have been tampered with. The result of this process is called a "hash value": the same input will always produce the same output. Hash values have a consistent length, and even a minor change in the original data will lead to a drastically different hash value. This property enables efficient data integrity comparison and makes it extremely difficult to reconstruct the original data from the hash value. In crypto wallets and exchanges, transaction hashes are commonly used as credentials for tracking and querying transaction records.

A block header serves as the "cover page" of a block, containing essential metadata such as the previous block's hash, timestamp, difficulty target, nonce, and a summary of transactions (for example, the Merkle root). Nodes use block headers to link blocks into a verifiable chain and compare cumulative work or finality when selecting forks. Block headers are fundamental to consensus mechanisms in Bitcoin and Ethereum, SPV (Simplified Payment Verification) for light clients, transaction confirmations, and risk management on exchanges.

The network layer is responsible for "delivering data to the destination" within the Internet, functioning much like assigning street addresses to every device and planning the optimal delivery route. It uses IP addresses to identify devices and routes data packets across different networks. In the context of Web3, the network layer ensures the reachability and stability required for activities such as synchronizing blocks between nodes, submitting transactions from wallets, and enabling dApps to interact with node interfaces.

IFO (Initial Farm Offering) is a token launch conducted on decentralized exchanges (DEXs), where participants are typically required to stake the platform’s native tokens or provide liquidity to qualify for token allocation. New tokens are distributed proportionally based on the participant’s contribution. IFOs are commonly seen on platforms like PancakeSwap and serve to raise funds and bootstrap liquidity for new projects. Participants should pay close attention to the subscription window, token lock-up and unlock schedules, oversubscription refund policies, as well as risks related to price volatility and smart contract security.

Initial Exchange Offering (IEO) refers to a token fundraising and launch process hosted by a cryptocurrency exchange. The platform vets projects, publishes whitepapers, organizes the token sale, and lists the asset for trading after the event, providing participants with a centralized entry point and immediate liquidity. Users are typically required to complete KYC verification and prepare assets in advance. On the Gate platform, IEOs are commonly conducted through the Startup section, with rules covering allocation limits, subscription windows, and lock-up arrangements, emphasizing due diligence and compliance management by the platform.

An integrated development environment (IDE) is a suite of development tools that combines code writing, compiling, debugging, testing, and deployment into a single interface. This enables developers to manage the entire workflow from source code to production within one window. In Web3, IDEs are commonly used for smart contract development, providing features such as connecting to testnet RPC endpoints, running unit tests, invoking SDKs, and collaborating with wallets to sign and deploy transactions.

An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a development platform that brings together tools for code editing, compiling, debugging, and project management. In the Web3 ecosystem, an IDE enables developers to write and test smart contracts, connect to blockchain nodes, and deploy applications—all within a single interface. It supports compilers for languages like Solidity and provides error diagnostics, reducing the overhead of switching between multiple tools. This integration enhances version control and collaboration efficiency, making IDEs particularly suitable for beginners to safely iterate on testnets.

Immutability refers to the property that, once data is recorded on the blockchain, it becomes extremely difficult to alter or delete. This characteristic relies on hash chains, which serve as digital fingerprints, distributed consensus mechanisms that function like multi-party reconciliation, and the concept of “finality,” which prevents transactions from being rolled back. As a result, transactions, smart contracts, and on-chain records can be verified over the long term. Immutability is crucial for asset verification, auditing, and cross-organizational collaboration, but it also requires careful consideration of trade-offs involving cost, privacy, and upgradable system design.

Initial Game Offering (IGO) is a fundraising mechanism used by blockchain-based games prior to their official launch. Through exchanges or dedicated launch platforms, early users can participate to obtain game tokens or NFTs. The typical process includes eligibility verification, snapshot of holdings, allocation of subscription, listing for trading after the Token Generation Event (TGE), and phased unlocking of locked assets. Participation usually requires USDT or platform-specific tokens, making IGOs suitable for users who are optimistic about the game’s ecosystem. However, it is important to be aware of potential price volatility and project delivery risks.

Impermanent Loss refers to the difference in value that a liquidity provider may experience in an automated market maker (AMM) liquidity pool when the prices of the two assets diverge from their initial ratio. This loss is relative to simply holding the tokens outside of the pool. Impermanent Loss can be reduced if prices return to their original levels and only becomes realized when liquidity is withdrawn. It is commonly seen in token pairs on platforms such as Uniswap and Gate. Stablecoin pools generally carry lower impermanent loss risk, while pools with volatile assets face higher risks.

The nominal interest rate refers to the annualized rate displayed on the surface, without adjustments for inflation, compounding, or fees. It appears in contexts such as loans, deposits, bond coupon rates, and is also commonly shown as APR on exchange-based investment products. While the nominal interest rate facilitates pricing and comparison, it may differ from actual returns or changes in purchasing power. Therefore, when making investment decisions, it is important to consider both the real interest rate and associated costs for a comprehensive assessment.

“In this economy” is a common phrase on social media, used to highlight periods marked by both macroeconomic uncertainty and fluctuating interest rates. During such times, the cost of capital and overall market liquidity are significantly affected, which in turn influences the volatility and pricing of stocks and crypto assets. Understanding this context can help users better manage cash reserves, utilize stablecoins, and make informed decisions when employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and risk management on platforms such as Gate, thereby reducing the risks associated with impulsive trading.

iBit fees represent the total costs incurred when using iBit for spot and derivatives trading, deposits and withdrawals, fiat transactions, or crypto-to-crypto swaps. These fees encompass platform service charges, on-chain gas fees, and funding rates for derivatives contracts. Understanding the iBit fee structure enables users to accurately estimate the true total cost before placing orders, select networks with lower transaction fees, opt for maker orders when possible, and verify deduction records during settlement. For new users, fees can fluctuate based on VIP level, promotional discounts, and network congestion. It is important to regularly review the latest fee schedules and official announcements to avoid slippage or losses from incorrect network selection.

“iBit vs. BTC” refers to the comparison between a potentially newer token or project, iBit, and the well-established Bitcoin (BTC) across key dimensions such as objectives, technology, supply, use cases, and risk factors. While BTC’s characteristics are well-defined, iBit requires verification through its whitepaper and smart contract address, as its positioning and utility can differ depending on the project. Assessing both under a unified framework offers a more reliable evaluation.

The iBit stock price refers to the trading price of the IBIT Bitcoin ETF on the US stock market. It reflects the buying and selling activity of the fund’s shares on the secondary market and is influenced by factors such as the spot price of Bitcoin, the fund’s net asset value (NAV), supply and demand dynamics, and trading hours. Unlike spot Bitcoin, the iBit stock price may trade at a premium or discount, and it follows US stock market rules for pre-market, regular, and after-hours trading sessions.

IBIT is the trading share of BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin Trust, classified as a spot Bitcoin ETF. It enables investors to gain exposure to Bitcoin prices on the U.S. securities markets via traditional brokerage accounts, without the need to self-custody or conduct on-chain transfers. The Bitcoin is held by a custodian institution, which regularly discloses holdings and net asset value.

The iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT) is a spot Bitcoin fund issued by a traditional asset management institution. Investors can buy and sell IBIT through their brokerage accounts just like trading stocks, gaining exposure to Bitcoin price movements without the need to set up a personal wallet or manage custody. The fund is backed by holdings of Bitcoin, aims to track the market price, and serves as a tool for portfolio allocation and risk diversification.

The IBIT stock price refers to the trading price of the iShares Bitcoin Trust ETF during U.S. stock market hours. It serves as a market-driven representation of the value of the underlying Bitcoin holdings. This price is influenced by Bitcoin price fluctuations, trading volume, management fees, and market-making activities. As a result, the IBIT price may trade at a premium or discount relative to the fund’s net asset value. Investors rely on this price for ETF trading and risk management strategies.

IBIT typically refers to the iShares Bitcoin Trust (ticker: IBIT), a spot ETF that holds actual Bitcoin. The fund stores its Bitcoin holdings through a custodian, and the share price is anchored to the net asset value (NAV) to closely track the spot price of Bitcoin. IBIT offers investors a regulated way to gain exposure to Bitcoin via a securities brokerage account. Note that there may also be similarly named on-chain tokens in the market; investors should verify the underlying asset and contract information before investing to avoid confusion.

An IOU (I Owe You) is a written or digital acknowledgment of debt or a promise of future delivery. In both traditional finance and the Web3 ecosystem, an IOU can exist as a physical note, a token, or a platform-issued certificate. It represents assets that can be redeemed in the future, locked funds, or an issuer’s obligation to settle at a later date. IOUs are commonly used in scenarios such as pre-listing trading, cross-chain assets, and deposit certificates.

Immutability refers to the property that once data is confirmed and added to the blockchain, it becomes extremely difficult to alter or delete. This is achieved through cryptographic hashes that function like digital fingerprints linking each block, distributed nodes maintaining multiple copies of the ledger, and the significant economic costs associated with attempting to tamper with the network. As a result, transaction histories, smart contract states, and asset ownership can be reliably traced over time. Users can view transaction hashes and block heights via block explorers for transparency and verification. However, immutability is not absolute; it is influenced by factors such as finality and community governance.

Decentralized Token Offering (IDO) refers to the process by which a project publicly sells new tokens through smart contracts on a decentralized exchange. Participants connect their self-custody wallets to the platform and typically use stablecoins like USDC to purchase these tokens. Initial liquidity and price are established in the same pool or trading pair following the sale. Compared to centralized offerings, IDOs are more accessible and open to a wider audience, but they carry risks such as significant price volatility and varying project quality.

IBITETF is an exchange-traded fund (ETF) product listed in the United States, representing the iShares Bitcoin Trust. Issued by a traditional asset management institution, it enables investors to gain exposure to Bitcoin price movements through their securities accounts. The ETF is physically backed by actual Bitcoin, which is securely held by a regulated custodian. Its share price fluctuates in line with Bitcoin's market value and is subject to trading and fee regulations. This product is particularly suitable for individuals who prefer not to hold Bitcoin directly.

Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company or organization that provides internet access, data transmission, and related services to individuals and businesses by establishing and maintaining the network infrastructure connecting end users to the global internet. ISPs are typically categorized into three main types: access ISPs, transit ISPs, and content ISPs.

Immutability is a fundamental property of blockchain technology that prevents data from being altered or deleted once it has been recorded and received sufficient confirmations. Implemented through cryptographic hash functions linked in chains and consensus mechanisms, immutability ensures transaction history integrity and verifiability, providing a trustless foundation for decentralized systems.

The iShares Bitcoin Trust is a product that packages Bitcoin into shares tradable on the securities market. It holds actual Bitcoin as underlying assets, which are custodied and audited by regulated institutions. This allows investors to gain exposure to Bitcoin price movements through their brokerage accounts without managing wallets or private keys. The trust is suitable for compliant capital and retirement accounts, and operates using mechanisms such as creation and redemption, net asset value (NAV), and management fees.

An Initial Public Offering (IPO) refers to the process by which a privately held company offers its shares to the public for the first time and lists them on a stock exchange. The primary objectives of an IPO are to raise development capital, increase brand recognition, and enhance corporate governance standards. Typically, IPOs require regulatory approval and involve underwriters who assist with pricing and distribution. The share price is often determined through a book-building process, and mechanisms such as lock-up periods and green shoe options are commonly used. Investors usually participate in an IPO by subscribing through brokerage firms.

Impermanent loss refers to the difference in returns that occurs when you provide two-sided assets to an automated market maker (AMM) liquidity pool, compared to simply holding both assets directly. When prices diverge, the pool automatically rebalances, which may result in the total value of your asset pair being lower than if you had just held the tokens outside the pool. Trading fees can partially offset this loss, but impermanent loss is only realized when you withdraw your liquidity.

The iShares Bitcoin ETF is a spot-based exchange-traded fund issued by iShares in the US market, backed by actual Bitcoin holdings as its underlying asset. Investors can buy and sell shares of the fund through brokers just like trading stocks. The Bitcoin held by the fund is securely managed by a regulated custodian, and the ETF uses a creation and redemption mechanism to closely track Bitcoin’s price. This structure lowers the barriers associated with self-custody of private keys and cross-chain transfers, making it easier for investors to comply with regulatory requirements and optimize their portfolio allocation.

An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company or organization that offers access to the internet, enabling your devices to connect online. ISPs are responsible for assigning IP addresses and providing essential services such as domain name resolution. The quality of service provided by an ISP directly impacts connection speed, latency, and stability. In Web3 contexts—such as using exchanges, wallets, or blockchain nodes—the network quality and policies of your ISP can significantly affect connectivity, accessibility, and overall user experience.

IBC (Inter-Blockchain Communication) is a cross-chain communication protocol designed to enable different blockchains to securely transfer assets and messages, similar to interconnected cities. It leverages light client verification, connection and channel architecture, and relies on relayers to transmit messages. Within ecosystems such as Cosmos, IBC facilitates decentralized cross-chain transfers, interchain accounts, and queries. It is commonly used for transferring tokens like ATOM between blockchains.

Institutional crypto market operations refer to the trading, market making, and risk management activities conducted by organizations with large-scale capital in digital assets. These practices often utilize APIs and algorithmic strategies to break down large orders, leveraging a combination of spot markets, perpetual contracts, and over-the-counter (OTC) channels. Institutions set up sub-accounts and implement risk controls on exchanges such as Gate to optimize capital efficiency and ensure regulatory compliance, while also impacting asset prices and overall market liquidity.

IBIT charts refer to visual data representations related to the iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT), a spot Bitcoin ETF. These charts display metrics such as price, fund net asset value (NAV), net capital inflows, holdings, and trading efficiency. They help investors understand the correlation between IBIT and Bitcoin market movements, assess market demand and liquidity, and provide valuable insights for trading and risk management decisions. IBIT charts are often used alongside Bitcoin candlestick charts from trading platforms.

"In-the-money" (ITM) and "out-of-the-money" (OTM) are terms used in options trading to describe the relationship between an option contract and the current market price of the underlying asset. An option is considered in-the-money if exercising it would result in immediate economic value, while it is out-of-the-money if exercising would not be profitable. These concepts influence the option premium, associated risks, and strategies for selecting strike prices. Understanding ITM and OTM is essential for accurately pricing, placing orders, and managing positions in BTC and ETH options on crypto exchanges.

IOHK stands for Input Output Hong Kong, a research-driven blockchain engineering company responsible for the long-term development of the Cardano protocol and its associated tools. The company utilizes peer-reviewed cryptography, formal verification methods, and the Haskell programming language to build a proof-of-stake network. IOHK collaborates with the Cardano Foundation and EMURGO to advance the Cardano ecosystem and its applications. The company later rebranded as IOG (Input Output Global) and continues to play a significant role in governance and open-source development.

IYKYK is a popular phrase on social platforms, standing for "If You Know, You Know." In crypto and Web3 communities, it serves as an insider signal—hinting at opportunities, consensus, or background information that are either not yet public or only circulating within select groups, without disclosing specific details. When encountering IYKYK, users should assess its credibility and risks based on context, source, and verifiable clues, rather than making emotionally driven decisions.

The IBITETF price represents the trading value of BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT) on the securities market. This price reflects the value of Bitcoin underlying each share, as well as the dynamics of supply and demand. It is influenced by factors such as the spot price of Bitcoin, the fund's Net Asset Value (NAV), the creation and redemption mechanism, market liquidity, and trading hours. As a result, the IBITETF price may trade at a premium or discount to its NAV. Understanding the IBITETF price is essential for evaluating crypto exposure and assessing trading risks.

Immutability refers to the characteristic that, once data is confirmed on a blockchain network, it is nearly impossible to alter or delete it arbitrarily. This property is achieved through distributed storage, cryptographic fingerprints, and consensus mechanisms across the network. Immutability is commonly applied to transaction records, smart contract execution logs, and NFT ownership tracking. On public blockchains, a transfer or contract event is generally considered final after confirmation in multiple blocks. This design significantly reduces the risk of forgery and provides a reliable foundation for financial settlement, supply chain record-keeping, and audit processes.

The IBIT ticker symbol identifies the iShares Bitcoin Trust on US stock exchanges. Investors use this code to track the market performance, net asset value (NAV), and disclosure documents of this spot Bitcoin ETF. Since spot Bitcoin ETFs were approved for listing in the US in 2024, entering IBIT with your broker allows you to view trades and holdings, providing Bitcoin exposure through a securities account. It is important to monitor management fees, premiums and discounts, and relevant regulatory requirements.

An IOU (I Owe You) is a certificate representing a promise to repay or deliver assets in the future. In the crypto industry, it typically refers to a substitute asset that can be redeemed for a real asset, such as wrapped Bitcoin, staking receipts, or pre-launch project tokens. An IOU records your claim against the issuer, and whether it can be redeemed depends on the issuer's creditworthiness, collateral, and governing rules. IOUs are commonly seen in centralized platform balances, cross-chain bridges, liquid staking solutions, and token presales.

Institutional cryptocurrency investment refers to the participation of entities such as banks, funds, and family offices in allocating and trading digital assets like Bitcoin within compliance and risk management frameworks. Common approaches include investing through exchange-traded funds (ETFs), specialized fund products, or opening institutional accounts for direct trading. These activities are typically accompanied by custodial services and auditing procedures to ensure asset security and transparency.

The implicit price deflator is used to measure changes in the overall price level of a country's economy, aggregating price movements of all goods and services included in GDP into a single figure. It is calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP, offering broader coverage than the Consumer Price Index (CPI). This index is commonly used to monitor inflation trends and evaluate policy effectiveness, and it also impacts the pricing of bonds, stocks, and crypto assets. Most countries release this data on a quarterly basis; in the United States, it is published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), while in China, it can be estimated using data from the National Bureau of Statistics. The implicit price deflator helps investors with asset allocation and risk management decisions.

Initial tokens refer to the first batch of tokens minted and allocated according to predefined rules when a project launches its mainnet or at the genesis event. These tokens determine the early circulating supply and distribution structure. Typical allocations include the project team, investors, community incentives, and liquidity provision for market making, often accompanied by vesting schedules and lock-up arrangements. Key features include total token supply, initial circulation ratio, the proportion unlocked at the Token Generation Event (TGE), and Fully Diluted Valuation (FDV). These factors collectively impact the initial supply and demand dynamics, price volatility at listing, and future unlocking pressure.

IoT cryptocurrencies are token systems designed to enable real-world devices and networks to interact seamlessly with blockchain technology. Devices earn token rewards for providing network coverage or making data accessible, while users or applications pay tokens to access network and data services. By integrating sensors, hotspots, and gateways onto the blockchain, these cryptocurrencies facilitate microtransactions between machines (machine-to-machine payments). Key use cases include wireless network coverage, device data marketplaces, and automated machine payments. Notable projects in this sector include Helium, IOTA, and IoTeX.

Insider trading refers to the act of individuals who possess material, non-public information—such as upcoming company announcements, project upgrades, exchange listings, or security vulnerabilities—buying or selling stocks, tokens, or NFTs ahead of public disclosure to gain an unfair advantage. This behavior is typically prohibited by laws and platform rules due to its potential to create compliance and financial risks. In the crypto market, blockchain records enhance traceability; however, the decentralized nature of information and the diverse characteristics of digital assets make detection and assessment more complex.

Return on Investment (ROI) measures the ratio between the amount invested and the returns generated, typically expressed as a percentage. ROI is used to evaluate whether an investment is worthwhile. In the crypto industry, ROI calculations include not only the difference between buy and sell prices but also deduct trading fees, slippage, and gas fees, while factoring in the holding period. Platforms often display annualized returns using APR (Annual Percentage Rate) or APY (Annual Percentage Yield). If returns are compounded, the actual ROI can be higher, so it is essential to use consistent calculation methods and timeframes. For spot trading, savings products, and staking, accurately assessing ROI helps compare investment options, manage risks, and avoid being misled by high annualized figures.

Burner Wallet is a lightweight cryptocurrency wallet designed specifically for temporary transactions, enabling users to quickly create and immediately discard it after completing specific operations without requiring long-term management of private keys or seed phrases. This wallet type belongs to the category of non-custodial temporary wallets, primarily implemented in three forms: browser-based, mobile-based, and offline QR code modes. Its core characteristics include instant generation, disposable usage

Cryptocurrency is a digital currency powered by blockchain technology. It secures assets and transactions through cryptography and distributed ledger systems, enabling peer-to-peer transfers without the need for banks. Well-known examples include Bitcoin, Ether, and stablecoins. Cryptocurrencies serve various purposes such as payments, cross-border remittances, trading, investment, and powering Web3 applications like decentralized exchanges (DEXs), NFTs, and blockchain-based games. Users manage their assets by holding private keys in wallets, with value determined by market supply and demand as well as the security of the network.

An iceberg order is a trading strategy that breaks a large order into multiple smaller limit orders, with only the "display quantity" visible on the order book while the total order size remains hidden and is automatically replenished as trades are filled. The main objective is to minimize price impact and slippage. Iceberg orders are commonly used by professional traders in spot and derivatives markets, allowing them to execute large buy or sell orders more discreetly by specifying the total quantity, display quantity, and limit price.

IBIT futures refer to futures contracts that use the price of IBIT (iShares Bitcoin Spot ETF) as a reference. These contracts enable users to trade with margin and leverage, allowing them to lock in a future price in advance and gain price exposure similar to IBIT for purposes such as hedging or strategic trading. Unlike spot ETFs, IBIT futures involve factors like contract expiration, basis, and liquidity, making them more suitable for risk management or short-term trading strategies.

Interoperability refers to the ability of different blockchains and applications to recognize and verify messages, assets, and identities from one another, enabling secure collaboration. This capability streamlines transfers, data synchronization, and smart contract calls across multiple chains without relying on a single platform. When selecting a deposit network on an exchange or conducting cross-chain transfers within a wallet, interoperability is essential for establishing reliable communication, state verification, and reducing trust assumptions.

Internet 2.0 refers to an era of the internet characterized by platform-centric models and active user participation in content creation and interaction. Individuals publish content, leave comments, and conduct transactions on platforms focused on social networking, video sharing, e-commerce, and more. These platforms leverage algorithms and APIs to connect services and manage data. While this model has driven the growth of mobile applications and the platform economy, it has also resulted in issues such as data centralization and user dependence on platform-controlled accounts.

“Driving a Lamborghini” is a popular phrase in the crypto community, referring to the anticipation and declaration of massive investment returns. It originates from the English meme “When Lambo”. Commonly used during bull market discussions, token launches, and rising coin prices, this expression playfully highlights the desire for rapid wealth while also serving as a reminder about the importance of balanced goal-setting and risk management.

Jager is the smallest denomination of BNB, typically representing 0.00000001 BNB. It is used to describe very small balances and transaction fees. While the BNB Smart Chain adopts the EVM architecture, making the technical minimum unit the wei (10^-18 BNB), most wallets and exchanges display balances up to eight decimal places. As a result, Jager is commonly referenced in contexts such as transfer fees, minimum order sizes, and withdrawal thresholds.

A "panic seller" is a commonly used term in the crypto community, referring to individuals or trading bots that quickly sell off their crypto assets at market price during sharp price swings or in response to negative news. This behavior tends to amplify short-term volatility and drain liquidity from the order book. It stands in contrast to "diamond hands," who hold onto their assets despite market turbulence. Recognizing panic sellers can help traders set effective stop-losses, choose limit orders, and reduce slippage and emotionally driven trading decisions.

The "Kimchi Premium" refers to the price gap where cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin trade at higher prices on South Korean exchanges in Korean won compared to global exchanges denominated in US dollars. This premium reflects the influence of local supply and demand, fiat on-ramp and off-ramp accessibility, and regulatory conditions on pricing. It is often used as an indicator to assess regional demand and capital flows. While there may be opportunities for arbitrage, they are limited by foreign exchange controls, identity verification requirements, and transaction costs.

In the crypto market, "Kimchi" typically refers to the "Kimchi premium," a phenomenon where the prices of crypto assets on South Korean exchanges are significantly higher than the global average. This price disparity is often linked to factors such as capital controls, KRW settlement channels, account registration and KYC compliance barriers, and regional demand. The Kimchi premium can be used to gauge market sentiment and identify potential arbitrage opportunities, but it also comes with compliance and capital risks.

The Klinger Oscillator is a volume-based technical indicator that measures capital flow using two smoothed curves with different time periods, supplemented by a signal line and a zero axis to assess market strength. By combining long-term capital trends with short-term price movements, it helps identify trend continuations or reversals and is commonly used in crypto asset chart analysis.

KOP tokens are typically the native tokens of a specific crypto platform, serving three main functions: paying platform fees, participating in governance voting, and incentivizing active users. They may support staking, allowing holders to earn rights or rewards. As a value capture tool, KOP tokens are also commonly used to reward developers, validators, or liquidity providers, thereby enhancing ecosystem participation. To understand KOP tokens, it is important to consider their use cases, supply and demand dynamics, as well as to pay attention to smart contract security and information transparency.

Kraken leverage refers to the practice of amplifying trading positions on the platform by borrowing funds, applicable to both spot leverage and derivatives such as futures contracts. Users provide margin as collateral and are responsible for interest payments or funding rates. If the market moves unfavorably, positions may be forcibly liquidated by the system. Leverage can be used to magnify returns, hedge positions, or engage in short selling, but is subject to regional compliance requirements, risk limits, and capital management rules.

South Korean cryptocurrency exchanges are online platforms that cater to local users by enabling the buying, selling, deposit, withdrawal, and custody of digital assets. These exchanges typically support Korean won fiat on- and off-ramps, enforce identity verification, and comply with the "Travel Rule." Within the Web3 ecosystem, they serve as gateways between fiat currency and on-chain assets, operating under stringent regulatory oversight that includes information security certifications and the segregation of customer assets. Common use cases involve purchasing major cryptocurrencies, participating in financial products, or transferring assets to personal wallets.

A rapid crash refers to a market event where crypto assets experience a significant price decline within minutes or even less. This phenomenon typically occurs in environments with low liquidity, concentrated leveraged positions, or during periods of major news announcements. Rapid crashes can trigger stop-loss orders and liquidations, intensify slippage and price spreads, and impact both spot markets and perpetual contracts. Such events may also lead to automatic deleveraging and intervention from insurance funds. On exchange order books and on-chain AMM pools, prices quickly move through available liquidity depth, resulting in a substantial gap between execution prices and expected prices.

Key Difference is an analytical framework used to identify and compare significant distinctions between blockchain projects, cryptocurrencies, technical architectures, or economic models across multiple dimensions including technical features, use cases, performance parameters, and governance structures, enabling users, investors, and developers to make more informed decisions and evaluations.

Kraken OTC (Over-the-Counter) is an off-exchange trading service offered by Kraken, designed exclusively for institutional investors and high-net-worth individuals. It executes large-volume cryptocurrency transactions outside public markets through professional broker teams, preventing significant price impact from massive orders. The service covers mainstream digital assets such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, with transaction sizes typically starting from hundreds of thousands of dollars, featuring personalized

The Keccak algorithm is a hash function that compresses arbitrary data into a fixed-length "fingerprint" and serves as the core of the SHA-3 standard adopted by NIST. It is widely utilized in Ethereum for address generation, contract function selectors, and event logs. Keccak employs a "sponge" construction, thoroughly mixing data through absorb and squeeze processes combined with 24 rounds of permutation. This design supports multiple output lengths, balancing security and performance.

KAITO is an information research and search platform tailored for Web3, leveraging AI to aggregate real-time updates from communities such as X, Discord, and GitHub, along with on-chain public data, into a single access point. Through semantic search and traceable summary dialogues, KAITO enables users to efficiently identify sources, clarify context, and generate reports amid information overload. The platform supports use cases including research, risk management, pre-trade due diligence, and community operations.

KAITO is a utility cryptocurrency native to the Kaito AI ecosystem, powering an InfoFi network driven by artificial intelligence. This network is designed to assign tradable value to information, incentivizing researchers, model providers, and readers through the flow of attention and capital. KAITO can be used to pay for AI-powered search and content services within the network, participate in governance voting, stake tokens to boost content visibility and credibility, and serves as the unit of account for distributing rewards.

A keylogger is a tool or malicious program that monitors and records keyboard inputs, capturing sensitive information such as account credentials, passwords, wallet seed phrases, and private keys as you type. Keyloggers can be implemented as software or as hardware devices connected to a computer. They are commonly used to steal Web3 assets and compromise exchange accounts. Effective protection requires a combination of secure system configurations and safe online practices.

KYC (Know Your Customer) is an identity verification process implemented by cryptocurrency exchanges and blockchain service providers that requires users to submit personal identification information and supporting documents to meet anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorist financing (CTF) regulatory requirements. The process typically includes basic information collection, identity document verification, address confirmation, and facial recognition, with varying levels of verification stringency ba

KH/s (kilohashes per second) is a unit of mining hash rate that indicates a device or program can perform approximately one thousand hash computations per second. It is used in proof-of-work scenarios to assess processing speed and efficiency, directly impacting the probability of discovering new blocks and potential mining rewards. For lightweight algorithms or entry-level mining equipment, KH/s is commonly used to display the performance of CPUs or low-power mining machines.

Network latency refers to the time delay between initiating a network request and receiving a response. In Web3 contexts, latency impacts block propagation, the entry of transactions into mempools, order matching, and cross-chain message confirmations. It also affects wallet broadcasting speed, node synchronization efficiency, and the real-time performance of API subscriptions. When users place orders on Gate, perform on-chain transfers, or interact with cross-chain bridges, network latency directly influences transaction costs and success rates.

Liquidity mining involves depositing crypto assets into trading or lending pools, allowing users to earn a share of transaction fees and platform-issued token rewards based on their contribution. This process is commonly found in decentralized exchanges (DEXs) that use automated market makers (AMMs). Participants receive LP (Liquidity Provider) tokens as proof of their stake and can withdraw their funds at any time. On platforms like Gate, users provide liquidity for trading pairs such as USDT and ETH, earning a portion of transaction fees along with promotional rewards. The returns depend on trading volume, fee structure, and price fluctuations. Liquidity mining carries potential risks, including impermanent loss and smart contract vulnerabilities.

A liquidity provider is an individual or institution that supplies capital to trading markets, offering tradable or lendable assets in AMM pools, centralized exchange order books, or lending platforms. The main sources of returns are trading fees and token incentives. However, liquidity providers face risks such as price volatility, impermanent loss, and inefficient capital utilization. This role is commonly found on platforms like Uniswap, Curve, and Gate.

A defaulted loan refers to a loan in which the borrower fails to make repayments as agreed or breaches key contractual terms. This situation is common in credit cards, mortgage lending, and on-chain lending. Managing defaulted loans involves risk assessment, collateral liquidation, and legal recovery processes. In Web3 contexts, defaults are typically handled by smart contracts that automatically trigger liquidations based on price and ratio thresholds to protect lenders. However, this process can be influenced by market volatility and the reliability of data sources.

A layer 2 protocol is a scaling solution built on top of layer 1 mainnets such as Ethereum. It processes and batches a large volume of transactions off-chain within the layer 2 network, then submits the results and cryptographic proofs back to the mainnet. This approach increases throughput, reduces transaction fees, and still relies on the security and finality of the underlying mainnet. Layer 2 solutions are commonly used for high-frequency trading, NFT minting, blockchain gaming, and payment use cases.

The first layer of the OSI model, known as the Physical Layer, is responsible for converting bits from a computer into transmittable signals using cables, fiber optics, or radio waves. It also defines parameters such as interfaces and transmission rates. The Physical Layer determines network connectivity and stability, directly impacting blockchain node synchronization, exchange access, and wallet transaction broadcasting.

The lock-up period refers to a designated timeframe during which tokens or funds cannot be freely withdrawn or traded. This mechanism is commonly used for token vesting by project teams and institutions, staking and yield farming, and fixed-term savings on exchanges. The lock-up period directly affects token liquidity and price volatility, as well as the distribution schedule and unlocking of rewards. In smart contracts or platform agreements, the lock-up period typically specifies the start and end dates, details of linear or cliff releases, and any penalties for early redemption. Different products may have significant variations in lock-up duration and potential returns, so users should pay close attention to unlocking calendars and platform announcements to assess associated risks.

Local trading refers to peer-to-peer (P2P) transactions in which users exchange crypto assets and fiat currency directly with others in their own country or city, using local payment methods. These transactions are typically conducted through P2P platforms or in-person meetings, with the platform offering escrow services and dispute resolution to increase safety and transaction completion rates. Local trading is commonly used in situations where bank cards are restricted, cash is needed, or specific transfer channels are required. Risk is reduced through reputation scores and identity verification.

A long position refers to a bullish stance on an asset, where you profit if the price increases and incur losses if the price falls. The term "position" represents both the size and direction of your bet in the market. Long positions can be found in spot purchases, futures, and perpetual contracts, often involving margin, leverage, and funding rates. In the crypto market, going long on Bitcoin or entering a long through perpetual contracts are examples of long positions. Key considerations include liquidation price, slippage, and stop-loss settings.

Margin lending is a financing method that allows you to use your existing assets as collateral to borrow funds from a broker or exchange, effectively increasing your purchasing power. Commonly used in both stock and crypto trading, margin lending typically accrues interest on a daily basis and requires you to maintain a certain margin level—otherwise, you may face margin calls or forced liquidation. Interest rates can vary depending on market conditions and the specific platform. On Gate, for example, you can use spot assets as collateral to borrow USDT and other tokens. Margin lending is suitable for short-term capital needs and strategic leverage, but it also amplifies both risk and potential losses, making strict risk management essential.

Loan-to-Value (LTV) ratio is a metric that measures the proportion between the amount borrowed and the current market value of the collateral. This ratio is essential for determining borrowing limits and assessing risk thresholds. In contexts such as mortgages, margin trading, and DeFi lending, platforms or banks set specific maximum LTVs and liquidation thresholds based on this ratio. The maximum allowable LTV varies depending on the asset—more volatile assets typically have lower limits. Since the LTV fluctuates in real time with asset prices, borrowers must closely monitor their positions and provide additional collateral or partial repayments when necessary to avoid liquidation risks.

A left-translated cycle refers to a price swing pattern where the primary high points tend to occur in the first half of the cycle. This pattern typically indicates weakening buying momentum or increased selling pressure. Left-translated cycles are often used to assess trend strength and identify potential reversal points, and are commonly observed on daily and 4-hour timeframes in the crypto market. In contrast, right-translated cycles, which usually appear during strong upward trends, help inform timing decisions and position management.

Lock-up period refers to the predefined earliest point in time when certain funds or actions can be executed; before this point, the assets cannot be transferred or the operation cannot be carried out. This restriction can be set based on absolute timestamps, block height, or calculated by confirmation intervals. Lock-up periods are widely used in scenarios such as Bitcoin transaction delays, Ethereum smart contract withdrawals and token vesting, DeFi asset staking, governance proposal time delays, and cross-chain payment security. By structuring the release of funds and delaying operations, lock-up periods help manage liquidity, mitigate operational risks, and enhance security across various blockchain use cases.

The Law of Accelerating Returns is a conceptual framework for understanding why technological progress continues to accelerate: each generation of technology enhances the efficiency of developing the next, creating a self-reinforcing compounding cycle. In Web3, this law helps clarify the interplay between blockchain scalability, wallet adoption, developer tools, and capital inflow, offering a more realistic approach to evaluating market cycles, opportunities, and risks. It is not a tool for price prediction, but rather for identifying the key driving forces behind industry growth.

A hierarchical switch is not a specific device model, but rather a network design approach that divides the network into access, aggregation, and core layers, selecting appropriate switches for each layer. This methodology leverages VLANs (which segment the physical network into logical subnets), Layer 3 routing, and ACLs (Access Control Lists, functioning like access permissions) to efficiently forward and isolate traffic. Hierarchical switch architectures are commonly used in campus networks and data centers, making them well-suited for environments that require scalability and high availability.

The Laspeyres Index is a price index methodology that measures the price changes of a basket of goods or assets using fixed base-period weights. By referencing the purchasing structure of the base period, it compares the current total expenditure to the total expenditure during the base period. This approach is widely used in constructing and analyzing the Consumer Price Index (CPI), and can also be applied to crypto assets, NFTs, and on-chain indices. The Laspeyres Index maintains constant weights that do not adjust with price changes. Its key advantages are computational stability and reproducibility, while its main drawback is that it may overlook substitution effects. In Web3 contexts, the Laspeyres Index can be used to track the price level of a group of tokens, evaluate stablecoin purchasing power, or monitor changes in the NFT market.

A Layer 3 network is a blockchain built on top of Layer 2 solutions, designed to address specific application needs such as reduced transaction costs, customization, and enhanced privacy. Transactions are first processed within the Layer 3 network, and the resulting data is then submitted to Layer 2 before ultimately being finalized on Ethereum or other Layer 1 blockchains. This approach allows Layer 3 networks to inherit the underlying security and settlement guarantees of the base layer. Layer 3 solutions are commonly used in high-frequency interaction scenarios and support customizable fees and logic.

Liquidity pool locking refers to placing LP (liquidity provider) tokens generated from trading pairs into a lock-up smart contract or escrow service, making them non-withdrawable for a predetermined period. This prevents project teams from removing funds, which could cause a sharp price drop. Liquidity pool locking is commonly used during the launch of new tokens and liquidity mining on decentralized exchanges like Uniswap, serving as a key risk management and trust signal. Locking details are typically publicly accessible and include information such as the locked proportion, duration, and unlocking schedule, enabling investors to assess the stability of the liquidity.

The layered architecture of the Internet divides network communications into multiple layers, each with its own responsibilities. A common example is the TCP/IP model, which consists of four layers: Application, Transport, Network, and Link (while the OSI model is a seven-layer reference framework). Each layer can evolve independently yet operates in coordination with the others, enabling interoperability and simplifying troubleshooting. This architecture supports the operation of protocols such as HTTPS, DNS, and IP, and also forms the foundation for Web3 nodes, APIs, and peer-to-peer (P2P) communications.

Layer 1 and Layer 2 networks represent two distinct operational layers within blockchain architecture. Layer 1 is responsible for asset custody and final settlement, ensuring the security and integrity of transactions. Layer 2 processes a large volume of transactions in a more lightweight environment, then submits the aggregated and compressed results back to Layer 1. The combination of these layers increases transaction throughput and reduces costs while maintaining open validation and auditability. This makes them well-suited for high-frequency scenarios such as DeFi, NFTs, and blockchain gaming.

A Layer 0 network serves as the foundational infrastructure that enables connectivity and security across multiple blockchains, much like a subway hub in a city. It is responsible for message transmission, consensus coordination, and resource sharing. Within a multi-chain ecosystem, a Layer 0 network links both Layer 1 and Layer 2 blockchains, offering unified communication standards and shared security mechanisms. This approach reduces the cost of building new blockchains and makes cross-chain asset transfers and application interactions more reliable.

LBRY represents a decentralized content network, while YouTube is a centralized video platform. LBRY utilizes blockchain technology as a distributed ledger to record content indexes and delivers user experiences through applications like Odysee. In contrast, YouTube relies on platform servers for distribution, along with an advertising and moderation system. Both serve creators and audiences, but they differ significantly in publishing workflows, revenue settlement, and control over content.

LFG is an abbreviation for "Let's F*cking Go," commonly used in the crypto and Web3 communities to express strong excitement or anticipation. The phrase often appears during significant moments such as price breakouts, project launches, NFT minting events, or airdrops, serving as a rallying cry or motivational cheer. As a social sentiment signal, LFG can rapidly attract community attention, but it does not constitute investment advice. Users should follow platform guidelines and proper etiquette when using this expression.

Leverage refers to the practice of using a small amount of personal capital as margin to amplify your available trading or investment funds. This allows you to take larger positions with limited initial capital. In the crypto market, leverage is commonly seen in perpetual contracts, leveraged tokens, and DeFi collateralized lending. It can enhance capital efficiency and improve hedging strategies, but also introduces risks such as forced liquidation, funding rates, and increased price volatility. Proper risk management and stop-loss mechanisms are essential when using leverage.

Loan-to-Value ratio (LTV) refers to the proportion of the borrowed amount relative to the market value of the collateral. This metric is used to assess the security threshold in lending activities. LTV determines how much you can borrow and at what point the risk level increases. It is widely used in DeFi lending, leveraged trading on exchanges, and NFT-collateralized loans. Since different assets exhibit varying levels of volatility, platforms typically set maximum limits and liquidation warning thresholds for LTV, which are dynamically adjusted based on real-time price changes.

Role-playing refers to the behavior where users engage in communication and activities on social platforms or within Web3 environments under predefined identities, such as using pseudonyms, specific avatars, and crafted backstories. This approach is commonly applied in community management, educational initiatives, and event experiences. However, role-playing can impact trust and governance processes. As a result, it is essential to establish clear boundaries and transparent disclosures, especially when financial transactions or voting are involved.

In the crypto social media space, "role-playing LARP" refers to individuals pretending to be developers, project teams, or insiders, publishing seemingly authoritative information to gain trust or influence asset prices. This practice frequently appears in scenarios such as token launch rumors, fundraising announcements, and partnership news. Learning how to identify these tactics can help reduce investment risks and protect account security.

Role-playing participants refer to users who consistently speak or act as specific characters or brand personas on social platforms. Within Web3's pseudonymous culture, these personas are leveraged for community engagement, storytelling, and marketing purposes, but may also be used to impersonate project teams and influence trading activities. Such identities often span across X, Telegram, and Discord, and can be linked to crypto wallets or decentralized identifiers (DIDs) to enhance credibility and impact.

A liquid market refers to a cryptocurrency trading environment where assets can be bought and sold quickly with minimal price impact, characterized by substantial order book depth, rapid transaction speed, tight bid-ask spreads, and price continuity. Highly liquid markets effectively absorb large transactions, enhance price discovery efficiency, and provide more stable and equitable trading conditions for market participants.

Layer 1 refers to the foundational blockchain network responsible for processing transactions, recording data, and reaching consensus—essentially serving as the backbone of the entire chain. Examples of Layer 1 blockchains include Ethereum, Bitcoin, and Solana. The choice of Layer 1 impacts transaction fees, confirmation speed, and security, and also determines the network option when depositing or withdrawing assets on Gate. Layer 1 provides the execution environment for smart contracts and works in tandem with Layer 2 solutions to enhance scalability.

“Lower highs and higher lows” is a common price pattern seen on charts, where each successive high is lower than the previous one, and each successive low is higher than the previous low. This results in the price being compressed into a converging range. This pattern often appears during periods of market consolidation, signaling that buying and selling forces are approaching equilibrium and volatility is decreasing. It frequently forms a triangle structure in crypto markets, which traders use to anticipate potential breakouts and develop their trading strategies.

Lovelace is the smallest unit of measurement for ADA on the Cardano network, with 1 ADA equal to 1,000,000 lovelace. On-chain fees, balances, UTXOs, and NFT storage are all denominated in lovelace, while most wallets and exchanges display amounts in ADA. Understanding the conversion between lovelace and ADA helps minimize errors in transfers and transaction fees, and provides a clear standard for development, asset management, and cost accounting.

LAMVO is an abbreviation or meme term commonly used on crypto social media platforms as a hashtag or slogan to express emotions or rally sentiment related to market volatility and trading volume. It is not a technical indicator, but rather serves as a social marker in discussions, often appearing in tweets, on Telegram, Discord, and similar channels. Understanding the context and verifying with data can help avoid being swayed by emotional trends.

Leveraged Bitcoin refers to a trading method that amplifies both position size and potential profit or loss on Bitcoin by using a smaller initial margin through borrowing or contract mechanisms. This approach is commonly seen in spot margin trading, perpetual contracts, and leveraged tokens. While leverage can increase returns, it also magnifies risks, so traders must pay close attention to liquidation rules and funding rates. In highly volatile markets, leveraged Bitcoin is often used for short-term trades or hedging purposes, involving both long and short positions. It is essential to set stop-loss orders and understand mark price as well as maintenance margin requirements.

Stock purchase order limits refer to boundaries set by exchanges or brokers to manage risk and maintain orderly trading. These restrictions may cover the number of shares, order amount, price range, and order frequency. Rules can vary across different markets and account types, but common parameters include minimum trading units, maximum order size per transaction, price increments, and price bands. These limits are typically checked against available funds in real time. The trading system automatically reviews orders before execution; non-compliant orders may be rejected or only partially filled. Understanding these limitations can help users place orders more efficiently and manage their funds more effectively.

The laser eyes meme is a popular visual symbol within the crypto community, where laser effects are added to the eyes of profile pictures or images to show confidence and support for the price growth of assets like Bitcoin. This meme is widely seen as profile avatars and stickers on platforms such as Twitter, Telegram, and Discord. It serves as an expression of sentiment during market discussions, community events, and trend propagation, rather than functioning as a technical indicator.

Liquid Staking Tokens (LSTs) are derivative tokens that represent claims on staked cryptocurrency assets, enabling users to maintain liquidity while earning staking rewards. These innovative financial instruments solve the liquidity constraints of traditional staking, where assets must be locked, by allowing holders to utilize their LSTs in various DeFi activities while still accruing rewards from the underlying staked assets.

A long wick refers to a candlestick on a candlestick chart with an exceptionally long shadow, which can be either a long upper wick or a long lower wick. This pattern indicates that the price was rapidly pushed higher or lower within a certain range but then quickly pulled back, signaling strong rejection and increased volatility at that price level. Traders use long wicks to identify short-term support, resistance, and potential stop-loss hunts. In the crypto market, long wicks are commonly seen during news-driven events or periods of low liquidity, highlighting both risks and opportunities for market participants.

Launchpool Crypto is a token distribution mechanism where users stake existing crypto assets (such as BNB, USDT) to earn new project tokens as rewards without direct purchase or principal loss risk. Pioneered by centralized exchanges, it has become a mainstream tool for blockchain project bootstrapping and community building, with core features including staking-based mining, zero-cost participation, and periodic reward distribution.

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The red laser eyes avatar effect is a popular meme within the crypto community on social media platforms. This effect adds glowing red laser beams to the eyes in profile pictures, symbolizing a bullish stance on Bitcoin or other crypto assets, or participation in specific community campaigns. Rather than a technical concept, red laser eyes serve as a cultural and emotional signal of identity. The trend gained significant popularity during the 2021 bull market and remains prevalent today. Red laser eyes are often paired with slogans such as "not removing them until Bitcoin hits $100,000," used by investors, creators, and organizations to unify discussions and strengthen community bonds. When encountering this meme, it is important to distinguish between expressions of sentiment and actual investment information, as some accounts may use the trend for promotional purposes or to impersonate others and encourage trading.

Lower lows and lower highs are price patterns on candlestick charts that indicate weakening momentum and are used to identify downward trends. A low refers to the lowest price after a retracement, while a high refers to the highest price after a rebound. When lower lows and lower highs appear consecutively across multiple timeframes, it often signals that selling pressure is dominant. Traders use these patterns to determine trend direction, set stop-loss levels and position sizes, and filter entry opportunities on platform charts.

LayerZero is a cross-chain messaging protocol that enables different blockchains to transfer data and assets between each other as reliably as sending a package. It deploys endpoints on each chain, where an independent validator network and relayers jointly verify messages—eliminating the need to run a full node on every blockchain. Common use cases include cross-chain stablecoin transfers, omnichain NFTs, and cross-chain lending. Users typically interact with LayerZero through integrated applications such as Stargate.

A Limit Order is an order type where you specify a target price to buy or sell an asset, and the order will only execute at that price or a better one. Limit orders are commonly used in both spot and derivatives trading. This approach allows you to control your execution price, reduce slippage, and potentially benefit from maker fee rates. However, there is a possibility that your order may only be partially filled or remain unfilled if the market price does not reach your specified level. In the exchange order book, limit orders are queued and matched based on price and time priority, making them suitable for planned trading strategies and for use with take profit and stop loss orders.

A limit price defines the specific price boundary at which you are willing to execute a trade, commonly associated with a limit order. It allows you to buy at no more than a set price or sell at no less than a set price, helping to avoid slippage and emotional trading. On crypto exchanges like Gate, both spot and derivatives markets support limit orders, making them suitable for placing orders and waiting for passive execution. This approach can reduce trading fees and offer better risk control. Limit prices can also be combined with stop-limit orders and “maker only” settings for more stable entry and exit strategies. They are especially important for large orders to prevent significant market impact.

A liquidity provider (LP) is an individual or entity that deposits two or more assets into a liquidity pool on-chain or via an exchange, enabling other users to trade by supplying market depth. LPs are commonly involved in automated market maker (AMM) protocols and concentrated liquidity models. By contributing assets, LPs earn trading fees and platform incentives, while holding LP tokens as proof of their stake, which allows them to withdraw their funds. However, they are exposed to impermanent loss, price volatility, and smart contract risks. On platforms like Gate, participating in liquidity mining offers additional rewards, but returns fluctuate based on trading volume and price movements.

A liquidity pool is a mechanism where tokens from multiple users are aggregated into a single pool, with exchange prices automatically determined based on the pool’s asset ratios. This allows anyone to swap tokens at any time directly through the pool. Participants contribute assets to earn proportional shares and a share of transaction fees, while also being exposed to price volatility, smart contract risks, and operational risks. Liquidity pools are widely used in decentralized trading and on-chain asset management.

Liquid staking is a mechanism where assets that would traditionally be locked up in a proof-of-stake consensus protocol are delegated to a staking service or protocol. In return, users receive a transferable "staking receipt token" that represents their staked amount and accrued rewards. This token can be traded, used as collateral in lending platforms, or provided as liquidity in decentralized exchanges, increasing capital efficiency while still supporting network security.

A light node is a streamlined participant in a blockchain network that retains and verifies only essential block headers and transaction proofs, rather than downloading the entire ledger. This approach allows for basic independent verification with significantly reduced storage and bandwidth requirements. Light nodes are commonly found in mobile wallets, browser extensions, and IoT devices. They help minimize reliance on centralized servers while maintaining a certain level of security. However, there are trade-offs regarding data integrity and privacy, which must be carefully considered based on the specific use case.

The term "largest Bitcoin ETF" refers to Bitcoin exchange-traded funds that rank highly based on specific criteria such as assets under management or trading volume. These ETFs provide investors with exposure to Bitcoin price movements through tradable shares on traditional securities accounts. The most common types include spot ETFs, which directly hold Bitcoin, and futures ETFs, which use derivatives contracts. Bitcoin ETFs are designed for investors who prefer to allocate Bitcoin within conventional financial channels.

In crypto social circles, "LARP" refers to an extension of real-life role-playing, commonly used to describe individuals who pretend to have insider information or exclusive resources. It also serves as a form of persona-driven community interaction. The term frequently appears on platforms such as X, Farcaster, Discord, and in exchange community comments, covering scenarios like project teasers, airdrop rumors, and identity fabrication. Understanding the meaning and use cases of LARP can help users assess the credibility of information and identify potential risks within the community.

In crypto social media, "LARPing" stands for "Live Action Role Playing" and refers to the act of pretending to be someone else, such as a developer, experienced trader, or project team member. Originating from offline role-playing games, this term now describes behavior where individuals exaggerate their credentials or fabricate partnerships and project updates to gain attention and influence sentiment or trading activity. LARPing is commonly observed in communities like X (formerly Twitter), Discord, and Telegram. Community members should learn how to identify and verify such behavior.

A blockchain ledger is a publicly maintained record-keeping system operated collaboratively by nodes around the world. It functions like a shared digital transaction log, organizing data into blocks that are linked together through cryptographic hashes. New entries are validated and confirmed using a consensus mechanism, making historical records extremely difficult to alter. The ledger tracks transfers and smart contract executions, allowing users to verify transactions through a block explorer. For example, when depositing or withdrawing assets on Gate, users will see transaction hashes and confirmation counts, which are essential for reconciliation and risk management.

Market capitalization is a common metric used to assess the size of crypto assets, typically calculated by multiplying the current price by the circulating supply. This indicator helps compare the scale and risk profiles of different tokens and is often used in token selection and sector analysis. In addition to traditional market capitalization, metrics such as Fully Diluted Valuation (FDV) and realized market cap are also widely applied in exchange listings and project research. It is important to consider market cap alongside trading volume and liquidity for a more comprehensive evaluation.

Block production through mining refers to the process where a blockchain packages transactions and adds new blocks to the chain. In Proof of Work systems like Bitcoin, miners use computational power to solve for a hash that meets network difficulty requirements. In Proof of Stake systems such as Ethereum, validators are selected based on their staked assets to propose and confirm new blocks. This process directly impacts network security, transaction speed, and the distribution of rewards.

Multiexperience in Web3 refers to an interaction model where users can seamlessly operate across different devices, blockchains, and decentralized applications while maintaining continuity. Centered around a unified identity and wallet, multiexperience connects core actions such as login, signature authorization, notifications, and asset visualization. Common enabling technologies include account abstraction, cross-chain protocols, decentralized identifiers (DID), and decentralized storage solutions. This design bridges mobile, desktop, and AR/VR environments, allowing users to complete transactions, claim airdrops, or manage NFTs without needing to understand the underlying blockchain infrastructure. Service providers deliver a consistent experience by leveraging open protocols and messaging channels.

Imitation behavior refers to the market practice of following others’ actions when information is incomplete or time is limited. In crypto trading, this is commonly seen in copy trading, chasing trending tokens, or monitoring the activity of key opinion leaders (KOLs) and whale addresses. Such behavior can amplify price volatility and may lead to buying at market peaks. Understanding the underlying triggers and implementing risk controls can help reduce impulsive decision-making.

MetaMask plugin security encryption refers to the way this browser wallet locally encrypts and stores seed phrases and private keys as a "local vault." When initiating a transaction, the signature is generated exclusively on the user's device, and only the signed data is broadcast to the blockchain. MetaMask is non-custodial, meaning it does not hold user assets, and is commonly used to connect to dApps, facilitate transfers, and manage NFTs. The password unlocks the encrypted vault, rather than serving as an on-chain password. Using offline backups and hardware wallets significantly reduces risk, while properly configuring network settings and permissions helps prevent losses from phishing attacks or excessive authorization.

The MetaMask extension gateway is a browser add-on that serves as a bridge between you and blockchain applications. It manages wallet addresses and mnemonic phrases, handles transaction signing and permission granting, and uses RPC services to access different networks, enabling web pages to safely interact with smart contracts. MetaMask is commonly used for everyday interactions and asset management on Ethereum and other EVM-compatible blockchains.

A price surge refers to an unusually large and rapid increase in the value of a crypto asset within a short period. Such spikes are often driven by unexpected positive news, liquidity squeezes, or the movement of large capital. Price surges commonly occur when a new token is listed, during speculative hype around certain narratives, following major announcements, or amid heightened on-chain activity, leading to concentrated inflows on exchanges and blockchain networks. Typically, a price surge is characterized by gains of 10% to 50% or more within minutes to hours, accompanied by increased trading volume, thinner order books, and heightened volatility. Understanding the underlying triggers and key exchange data metrics can help optimize trading strategies and manage associated risks.

A medium of exchange refers to a universally accepted instrument used for buying, transferring, and making payments. As long as it is widely recognized, it can circulate smoothly in transactions. In the traditional financial world, examples include cash, bank cards, and mobile payment methods. In the crypto space, stablecoins such as USDT and USDC, as well as Bitcoin, often serve as payment tools. They are used for placing orders on exchanges, cross-border remittances, and merchant payments. Key considerations include acceptance, settlement speed, and transaction fees. The main objective of a medium of exchange is to securely and cost-effectively transfer value from the buyer to the seller.

Market capitalization is a widely used metric for assessing the size of an asset. It is calculated by multiplying the asset’s price by its current circulating supply. In the crypto industry, market cap serves as a key reference for rankings, risk assessment, and portfolio allocation. A related concept is fully diluted valuation (FDV), which is based on the asset’s maximum possible supply and helps evaluate the potential impact of future token unlocks. Crypto exchanges often list assets in order of market cap, allowing investors to distinguish between large-cap and small-cap tokens. However, a high market cap does not guarantee security; it should be considered alongside factors such as liquidity, token holder distribution, and token unlock schedules.

A Minimum Viable Product (MVP) is the simplest version of a product that delivers its core value and can be used by real users, developed under limited resources. The main purpose of an MVP is to validate key assumptions and gather user feedback. In the Web3 context, an MVP typically consists of basic smart contracts, fundamental wallet integration, and deployment on a testnet. This approach enables teams to verify user needs, economic models, and security boundaries at low cost, allowing for rapid iteration based on real-world feedback.

A miner refers to an individual who participates in the validation and recording of transactions on a blockchain, receiving rewards for their contributions. In a narrow sense, miners specifically denote those involved in Proof of Work (PoW) blockchains like Bitcoin, where participants commit computational power and electricity to package transactions, earning block rewards and transaction fees. More broadly, in the context of DeFi, "mining" also describes users who provide capital or liquidity to protocols in exchange for incentive rewards. Miners play a vital role in maintaining network security and activity. Their earnings are influenced by factors such as token price, electricity costs, hardware efficiency, and changes in mining difficulty.

A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) is a non-binding agreement document used in the blockchain and cryptocurrency industry that records cooperative intentions between parties rather than legal commitments. As an abbreviation for "Memorandum of Understanding," it provides a formal framework for potential partners to express mutual objectives, typically serving as a preliminary step before formal contracts or specific business collaborations.

A transaction pool, also known as the mempool, is a public queue within blockchain nodes where unconfirmed transactions are temporarily stored. When a user initiates a transfer, the transaction first enters the transaction pool, where miners or validators select and package transactions based on fees and order. The mempool functions like a waiting area before security checks, reflecting network congestion and fee competition, and influencing transaction speed and priority. Transaction pool data is propagated across nodes, allowing users to monitor pending transactions, estimate gas fees, and detect unusual activity.

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) refers to the potential profit available to parties who control the ordering of transactions within a block. By reordering, inserting, or excluding transactions, these parties can capture additional value. MEV commonly arises in decentralized exchange arbitrage, sandwich attacks, and lending protocol liquidations, as well as in NFT minting races, cross-chain bridge activities, and transactions between Layer 2 networks. Key participants include searchers who develop extraction strategies, block builders who package transactions, and validators who propose blocks. MEV can impact regular users by affecting trade execution prices and overall transaction experience.

Imitation behavior refers to the act of observing others and then choosing to follow or replicate their actions. In the crypto space, this is commonly seen in copy trading, tracking whale addresses, bot-driven synchronized buying and selling, and replicating project mechanisms. Imitation can lower the learning curve and help users get started quickly, but it may also amplify risks and market volatility. Examples include social trading on exchanges, following DeFi strategies, chasing NFT trends, and rapid speculation in meme coins. Understanding the motivations, advantages, and limitations of imitation behavior helps beginners identify opportunities and avoid herd mentality.

An average block is a summary metric in blockchain technology that aggregates block characteristics over a specific period. It typically includes the average block time, average block size, average transaction count, and average gas usage. In networks like Bitcoin and Ethereum, each block functions as a page in a ledger. The average block condenses the common features of several pages into readable numerical data, making it useful for assessing network congestion, estimating transaction confirmation times, and forecasting fees. Selecting an appropriate time window for calculation can enhance metric stability; however, it is not an exact predictor.

Participating in mining involves using computing devices to join a blockchain network that utilizes the Proof of Work consensus mechanism. By contributing computational power, participants help validate and package transactions, earning block rewards according to network rules. Individuals typically connect to mining pools to reduce reward volatility. Essential preparations include mining hardware, a reliable power supply, a compatible wallet, and mining software. It is important to carefully assess electricity costs, hardware depreciation, and mining pool fees, and to maintain operations within regulatory compliance.

Micro-cap tokens refer to cryptocurrencies with a relatively small total market capitalization and low trading liquidity, typically defined as having a market cap below $10 million to $50 million. These tokens are often in their early development stages, making their prices highly susceptible to significant swings driven by relatively small amounts of capital. This volatility means they can offer high returns but also come with substantial risks. Micro-cap tokens are commonly found in newly listed sections and decentralized exchange (DEX) liquidity pools. Their themes are diverse, ranging from meme coins to on-chain utility tokens. When investing in micro-cap tokens, it is essential to monitor metrics such as circulating supply, token holder distribution, and liquidity pool lock-up status to assess the risks of market manipulation and the potential difficulty of exiting positions.

A price surge refers to a significant and rapid increase in the value of a crypto asset within a short period. This phenomenon is typically driven by factors such as sudden capital inflows, limited liquidity, impactful news events, and leveraged trading cascades. During a surge, shallow order book depth can amplify slippage, while short squeezes may further accelerate price movements. Beginners should be mindful of the associated risks and adopt strategies like setting take-profit and stop-loss orders, executing trades in batches, and using price alerts to avoid making impulsive decisions during sharp upward trends.

The supply and demand relationship refers to the dynamic interaction between the quantity available for sale and the amount buyers are willing to purchase in a market. This relationship determines price trends, transaction efficiency, and also impacts volatility. In the crypto market, token issuance, burning, and token locking influence supply, while user growth, application popularity, and capital inflows affect demand. Exchange order books directly reflect these changes in both price and market depth.

Enterprise multisig is a wallet and permission system designed for corporate teams, bringing the concept of “funds can only be released after multiple signatories approve” from traditional financial internal controls onto the blockchain. Any transaction or smart contract interaction requires authorization from multiple designated individuals. Combined with threshold policies, role-based access, and audit logs, this approach reduces single-point-of-failure risks associated with private keys, making it well-suited for treasury management, investment accounts, and operational wallets.

MCR claims refer to the process by which users submit insurance claims under on-chain mutual insurance models that utilize the Minimum Capital Requirement (MCR) framework. In this context, MCR serves as a key metric to assess whether the liquidity pool has sufficient capital to safely cover payouts, directly impacting the maximum claimable amount, insurance premiums, and claim processing times. Typical use cases include incidents such as DeFi protocol hacks, cross-chain bridge exploits, or exchange account theft. Many protocols publicly disclose their MCR percentages; when claims are made, these events affect both the pool’s capital adequacy and the availability of new insurance policies.

The Exponential Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) is a graphical indicator that uses two weighted average price lines to measure market momentum. It calculates the difference between a fast EMA and a slow EMA to generate the DIF line, then applies smoothing to this difference to produce the DEA line. The distance between these lines is displayed as a histogram, helping users assess the strength of a trend and identify potential reversals. Commonly used in stock and cryptocurrency candlestick charts, MACD typically employs parameters of 12, 26, and 9 to emphasize recent price action, making it well-suited for observing whether market trends are accelerating or weakening.

A mining rig is a specialized computing device used for cryptocurrency mining. It continuously attempts different hashes as part of the proof-of-work consensus mechanism, competing for block rewards and transaction fees. Common types of mining rigs include ASICs and GPUs, which typically operate by connecting to mining pools. The profitability of a mining rig depends on factors such as its hash rate, power consumption, electricity costs, overall network difficulty, and halving cycles. While Bitcoin still relies on mining rigs, some blockchain projects have adopted alternative consensus mechanisms.

Mineable typically refers to crypto assets that can be earned by participating in network validation using computational devices and receiving block rewards. Participants compete using computing power to package transactions, thereby helping to secure the blockchain and maintain decentralization. This approach is common in networks like Bitcoin that utilize the Proof of Work consensus mechanism. Unlike pre-mined or staked assets, mineable assets require hardware, electricity, and often cooperation with mining pools. Therefore, methods of participation and cost evaluation are especially important for mineable cryptocurrencies.

Multichain refers to the coexistence of multiple independent blockchains within the crypto industry, where assets and applications are distributed across these chains and interact through cross-chain bridges or messaging channels. The multichain ecosystem transforms wallet selection, DeFi trading routes, and development and deployment strategies, while also introducing differences in transaction fees, liquidity fragmentation, and new security challenges. In a multichain environment, the same token may have multiple contract addresses, so it is essential to verify the target network before making any transactions. Understanding the meaning and workings of multichain systems can help you choose the right network, reduce costs, and mitigate risks.

"Skyrocketing" is an informal term used on social platforms to describe the rapid upward movement of crypto asset prices within a short period. Such sharp price surges are often triggered by breaking news, sudden capital inflows, thin liquidity, or algorithmic trading. This phenomenon reflects the interplay between market price and sentiment, but does not necessarily indicate long-term value growth or improvements in fundamentals. Understanding the causes, data signals, and risks associated with "skyrocketing" can help traders maintain discipline, implement effective risk management strategies, and manage position sizing more rationally.

A Merkle tree is a data structure that uses hashing to aggregate large volumes of data into a single “root,” enabling anyone to verify whether a specific piece of data is included using only minimal information. In blockchain systems, the block header stores the Merkle root. Light nodes use Merkle proofs to verify transactions, and Merkle trees are fundamental for exchange proof-of-reserves, airdrop whitelists, rollups, and file integrity checks. Merkle trees focus on ensuring data integrity rather than privacy. Common hash functions like SHA-256 and Keccak-256 map arbitrary data to fixed-length values, allowing verification by computing along the path.

A mining farm is a dedicated facility where mining machines are deployed in large numbers to convert electricity into computational power. These farms process transactions and earn block rewards and transaction fees on proof-of-work blockchains such as Bitcoin. Mining farms rely on stable power supply and effective cooling systems, manage hash rate, and typically connect to mining pools for more consistent earnings. They are usually located in industrial parks or regions with low electricity costs and reliable network infrastructure to support continuous operation and contribute to network security.

In blockchain and smart contracts, determinism refers to the property where, given the same input and the same on-chain state, every node will arrive at the same execution result and state change. This ensures that distributed nodes can independently verify blocks and achieve consensus, while also making contract behavior predictable and auditable. For developers, determinism means that function calls can be reproduced consistently across nodes; for users, it results in a reliable confirmation experience and reduced system risk.

Cryptocurrency margin trading refers to the practice of amplifying your trading position—either long or short—by borrowing funds or digital assets from an exchange or liquidity pool, using your own capital as collateral. This approach incorporates concepts such as leverage, interest payments, maintenance margin, and forced liquidation. Margin trading is commonly used in both spot leverage and derivatives markets, requiring ongoing management of risk ratios and costs to avoid liquidation.

Monetary policy refers to the central bank's overall strategy for adjusting both the “price and quantity of money” in the market. Common tools include interest rates, open market operations such as buying and selling bonds, and reserve requirements. The primary aim is to influence inflation and employment levels. By altering borrowing costs and liquidity, monetary policy impacts risk appetite across asset classes like stocks, bonds, and crypto assets, leading to different market reactions during periods of rate hikes or cuts.

A money market account is an interest-bearing deposit account offered by banks or credit unions. These accounts typically allocate customer funds to short-term, high-credit-quality assets such as government bonds and top-rated bank notes. Money market accounts provide relatively flexible access to funds, with interest rates that often fluctuate in line with broader market rates. They are well-suited for holding reserve funds and managing short-term liquidity needs. However, specific terms, fees, and safety protections vary by institution, so it is important to review the details provided by each provider.

A transaction mempool is a queue used by blockchain nodes to temporarily store transactions that have not yet been written into a block. After a wallet or exchange broadcasts a transaction, it first enters the mempool of various nodes. Miners or validators then select transactions from the mempool to include in the next block based on gas fees and protocol rules. The mempool directly impacts transaction confirmation speed and fees, and is widely used across networks like Bitcoin and Ethereum. During periods of congestion, wait times increase, and transactions with lower fees may be delayed or dropped.

"Kuicanle" is a colloquial expression commonly used by traders on Chinese social media platforms to describe significant losses in crypto asset trading. This term can refer to either unrealized losses—losses on holdings that have not yet been sold—or realized losses that occur after an asset has been sold or forcibly liquidated. The meaning of "kuicanle" varies between spot and derivatives trading contexts. Understanding its usage and the associated risks can help improve risk management and decision-making strategies.

“Moon Cricket” is a slang term used in crypto social circles. It describes situations where people loudly proclaim that a price will “go to the moon,” yet actual activity and trading remain quiet—so silent it’s likened to hearing only crickets. Commonly seen on platforms like X (formerly Twitter) and Telegram, the term is used to poke fun at empty bullish slogans and to remind participants to check objective indicators such as trading volume, buy-side depth, and on-chain activity. The phrase surfaces more often when market hype does not match the underlying data, during bot-driven spam, or excessive marketing. Its main purpose is to cool down discussions and help reduce emotionally driven decisions.

Merged mining allows miners to simultaneously produce blocks for two proof-of-work blockchains that use the same hash algorithm, without requiring additional computational resources. Miners submit the same hash result to both the main chain and the auxiliary chain. The auxiliary chain verifies the origin of the submitted hash using an AuxPoW (Auxiliary Proof-of-Work) structure, enabling it to leverage the security and hash power of the main chain. In return, miners can earn rewards from both blockchains. Common merged mining pairs in practice include Litecoin and Dogecoin, as well as Bitcoin with Namecoin or RSK.

Meta-transactions are a type of on-chain transaction where a third party pays the transaction fees on behalf of the user. The user authorizes the action by signing with their private key, with the signature acting as a delegation request. The relayer submits this authorized request to the blockchain and covers the gas fees. Smart contracts use a trusted forwarder to verify both the signature and the original initiator, preventing replay attacks. Meta-transactions are commonly used for gasless user experiences, NFT claiming, and onboarding new users. They can also be combined with account abstraction to enable advanced fee delegation and control.

Moore’s Law is an empirical rule in the semiconductor industry stating that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit roughly doubles every 18 to 24 months, leading to increased computational power and reduced cost per unit of computing. While not a physical law, it has long shaped technological roadmaps. In blockchain and Web3 contexts—such as node operation, mining, and zero-knowledge proof generation—Moore’s Law influences performance thresholds and cost structures. Although its pace has slowed in recent years, advancements like 3D stacking, dedicated accelerators, and software optimization continue to drive overall progress in computing.

Metcalfe’s Law can be summarized as: “The potential value of a network grows proportionally to the square of the number of participants.” Imagine a messaging app that is almost useless with just one user, but becomes exponentially more valuable as more friends join and new connections are formed. In Web3, active addresses are often used as a proxy for user count, and this law is commonly referenced to understand the growth and valuation of public blockchains and decentralized applications. However, it is considered a rule of thumb rather than a precise mathematical formula.

A multichain bridge is a protocol that connects different public blockchains, enabling the transfer of assets or the relay of instructions across networks. Common mechanisms include locking assets on the source chain and minting wrapped tokens on the destination chain, directly swapping via liquidity pools, or using cross-chain messaging to coordinate smart contracts. Multichain bridges support use cases such as token transfers, DeFi strategies, and migration of in-game assets. However, they differ in transaction fees, speed, and security assumptions.

The Money Flow Index (MFI) is a technical indicator that combines price movement with trading volume to assess the strength of buying and selling pressure. The MFI ranges from 0 to 100 and is commonly used to identify overbought or oversold market conditions, as well as to help gauge the strength of price trends. In the continuously operating crypto markets, the Money Flow Index enables traders to quickly observe the flow of capital in and out of assets.

"Mambo" is often used in the crypto community as a term for emerging narratives, which may refer to tokens, NFTs, or one-off community events. When encountering "Mambo," it is essential to first verify its contract address and official channels. Next, confirm whether it relates to a trading or minting scenario, and develop your participation strategy based on your budget and risk management considerations.

Mambo 2 typically refers to the second version of a crypto project or token, which may involve smart contract upgrades, changes to the tokenomics, or a community relaunch. Since different teams might use the same name, understanding Mambo 2 requires checking official project information, contract addresses, liquidity sources, and trading scenarios. This helps prevent mistaking unverified tokens for the official release.

MiCA is the European Union’s unified regulatory framework for crypto-asset markets. It sets compliance standards for token issuance, trading, and custody, and imposes stricter reserve and redemption requirements on stablecoins. MiCA introduces a licensing regime and cross-border passporting for crypto service providers, mandates disclosure of whitepapers and risk information, and aims to protect investors, enhance transparency, and reduce regulatory fragmentation within the single market.

A monopoly market refers to a scenario where the supply and pricing of a product or service are controlled by one or a few entities. In the Web3 ecosystem, monopolies may emerge in areas such as public blockchains, wallet providers, trading gateways, or data services. Entities with monopoly power have greater leverage in pricing and can significantly influence the rules of engagement. Understanding how these mechanisms work is crucial for assessing costs, user experience, and potential changes in governance, enabling users to make informed decisions. For newcomers, recognizing the difference between monopolistic markets and competitive landscapes helps mitigate the risks associated with relying on a single point of access.

The definition of monopoly refers to a market condition where a small number or even a single supplier controls essential resources or channels, allowing them to dictate prices, set rules, and determine barriers to entry. Monopolies may arise from economies of scale, legal privileges, or platform network effects, and are commonly seen in infrastructure, utilities, and digital platforms. In the crypto and Web3 space, monopolistic tendencies can manifest through validator concentration or the dominance of specific stablecoins. Regulators typically assess the impact on competition using metrics like market share and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). For investors, it is important to consider risks such as price elasticity, the availability of alternative options, and single points of failure.

A single-coin maximalist refers to an individual in the crypto market who is committed to holding and investing exclusively in one specific cryptocurrency, such as only buying Bitcoin or only buying Ethereum. These investors typically concentrate their capital, time, and attention on a single asset, often disregarding portfolio diversification. Their strategy relies on the belief that their chosen coin will deliver outsized returns driven by strong narratives, technological upgrades, or macroeconomic events. In practice, they often employ methods like dollar-cost averaging, holding for the long term, or earning yield through staking and savings products on exchanges, and they rarely shift their positions even during periods of high market volatility.

Minting refers to the process of creating new tokens or NFTs on a blockchain, where their unique identifiers and ownership details are recorded in the ledger. This process is carried out through smart contracts, with users paying network gas fees. Project teams can set specific rules and limits for minting activities. Minting is commonly seen during NFT launches, stablecoin issuance, the generation of in-game items in blockchain games, and the creation of inscriptions. Once minted, these assets become tradable on various marketplaces. The costs and speed of minting can vary significantly depending on the blockchain, with notable differences between the Ethereum mainnet, layer 2 networks, Solana, and others.

“Infinite money printing” is a common term in the crypto community, describing scenarios where central banks or project teams continually issue fiat currency or tokens without a clear supply cap. This often relates to quantitative easing, large-scale token rewards, or smart contract minting privileges. Such practices can dilute holdings and increase inflation expectations. To assess whether a token follows an unlimited issuance model, review the “total supply” and “circulating supply” information listed on exchanges—this helps evaluate price stability and risk. In DeFi mining, excessive token emissions may also be called “money printing,” though the underlying mechanisms differ. Understanding this concept is crucial for analyzing tokenomics and the policy context behind various crypto assets.

Market cap comparison refers to evaluating different crypto assets by directly comparing their “market capitalization.” Market cap typically means circulating market capitalization, calculated as the price multiplied by the number of tokens available for trading in the market. Another important metric is fully diluted market cap, which assumes all tokens have been released and calculates the total value accordingly. Comparing market caps helps investors understand the scale, growth potential, and risks of various assets, and is useful for benchmarking within sectors, portfolio allocation, and timing investment decisions.

A Merkle root is the ultimate “fingerprint” that represents the combined fingerprints of all transactions in a block. It is recorded in the block header and allows for fast verification of whether a specific transaction is included in the block. By leveraging hash functions—which compress arbitrary data into fixed-length fingerprints—a Merkle tree is constructed to condense thousands of transactions into a single short value. This enables efficient verification for light nodes and wallets.

Merkle hash is a method for aggregating large volumes of data into a single “root hash” using layered hash functions. It is commonly applied in blockchain transaction verification, SPV (Simplified Payment Verification) light nodes, and exchange proof of reserves. By allowing users to verify whether specific data is included using only a small amount of “path” information, Merkle hash reduces bandwidth and storage requirements while ensuring data integrity and auditability.

A Merkle tree is a hierarchical structure that uses hashing to aggregate large amounts of data into a single "root hash." This process essentially creates a fingerprint for each record, enabling rapid verification of whether a specific entry is included in the dataset. Merkle trees are widely used in blockchain applications such as Bitcoin transaction aggregation, Ethereum state and Rollup commitments, and exchange proof-of-reserves. They allow lightweight nodes and users to reliably validate information without needing to download the entire dataset. By recursively combining the hashes of adjacent data to form branches, Merkle trees ultimately produce a compact root hash commitment.

The metaverse is a networked digital world composed of virtual spaces, digital identities, asset ownership, and real-time interaction, often enabled by VR/AR technology, blockchain, and game engines. Within Web3, it utilizes tokens and NFTs to facilitate value transfer and transactions, integrating social, gaming, commerce, and creative activities to establish a sustainable digital economy and community governance.

The term "shuijun" refers to groups of accounts that are organized or paid to manipulate online discussions by repeatedly posting, liking, and sharing content to artificially boost popularity and sway public opinion. In the crypto and Web3 space, shuijun are often deployed to promote projects, hype up tokens, disguise airdrop campaigns, mislead newcomers, or even encourage high-risk activities. These entities can consist of automated bots or real human teams.

A multi-currency wallet is a tool designed to manage assets across multiple blockchains in a single location. It enables users to receive funds, transfer tokens, check balances, and connect with decentralized applications (dApps). These wallets can be mobile apps or hardware devices, and are categorized as either custodial or non-custodial. Key considerations include securely storing private keys and seed phrases, selecting the correct network and address, and understanding different token standards and associated fees. Common features also include asset categorization, token swapping, cross-chain capabilities, and risk alerts.

Multi-level marketing (MLM) is a tiered commission-based promotion model where participants earn rewards not only from their direct referrals but also from the activity of those referred by their recruits. In the crypto space, MLM is commonly seen in scenarios such as referral rebate programs, node sales, or token distribution events, often structured as a tree-like network. This mechanism can be applied to legitimate user acquisition campaigns, but if improperly designed, it may evolve into high-risk schemes that primarily focus on recruiting new members.

A mnemonic phrase is a sequence of common words generated locally by a wallet, used to record and recover the private key that controls blockchain assets in a human-readable format. Typically consisting of 12 or 24 words, the order of the words must not be altered. By entering the same mnemonic phrase into any compatible wallet, users can restore their addresses and assets across different devices, and multiple addresses can be derived from a single mnemonic phrase. It serves as the core security information for self-custody wallets.

A multisig wallet is a type of wallet solution where transaction approvals require multiple parties to jointly authorize transfers. To access funds, a predetermined threshold of independent private keys (such as 3 out of 5) must sign off on a transaction. This approach is commonly used for team funds, DAO treasuries, and safeguarding large-value assets. By distributing decision-making, multisig wallets reduce the risks of single-point theft and accidental operations. On Ethereum, multisig functionality is implemented via smart contracts, while on Bitcoin it is enforced through scripting constraints. Once a transaction is initiated, it will only be executed on-chain after collecting enough signatures to meet the threshold. Compared to single-signature wallets, even if one key is compromised, assets cannot be moved independently. However, effective process design and robust backup strategies are essential for multisig wallets.

MEV, or Maximal Extractable Value, refers to the additional value that can be captured by altering the order, insertion, or removal of transactions before or during block production. This process involves participants such as validators, block builders, and arbitrage bots. MEV has significant implications for decentralized exchanges, lending liquidations, and NFT minting scenarios.

JOMO stands for the "Joy of Missing Out," which contrasts with FOMO (Fear of Missing Out). JOMO emphasizes sticking to your planned strategy during market hype, choosing to forgo short-term surges rather than compromising on risk management or established trading rhythms. In the crypto market, this approach means avoiding chasing price spikes, making purchases in batches, setting take-profit and stop-loss orders, and allowing for cooling-off periods. JOMO focuses on long-term returns and capital security. It is applicable in various scenarios such as trading, decentralized finance (DeFi), NFT participation, and airdrops.

mBTC stands for milliBitcoin, representing 0.001 BTC. It is used to provide a more precise denomination for Bitcoin amounts. Common use cases include exchange deposits and withdrawals, wallet balance displays, merchant payments, and records of investment returns. 1 mBTC equals 100,000 sats (satoshis), which simplifies quoting, settlement, and estimating transaction fees. Understanding mBTC helps prevent errors with decimal places, improves fund management and reconciliation efficiency, and is ideal for small-scale dollar-cost averaging, tipping, and accurate labeling in cross-border settlements. When Bitcoin’s price is high, mBTC offers a more intuitive and readable way to display amounts.

Metcalfe's Law describes how the value of a network accelerates as the number of participants increases, often expressed as value ≈ n², where n represents users or nodes. This law is frequently used to explain network effects in blockchain and crypto assets, guiding us to link growth in active addresses, transaction volume, and other metrics to potential value. When evaluating a project or token, Metcalfe's Law offers an intuitive framework, but it should be combined with an assessment of real user quality and practical use cases. By examining on-chain activity, total value locked (TVL), and development progress on exchanges, one can apply Metcalfe's Law more effectively.

The Money Flow Index (MFI) is an oscillator that combines price movements with trading volume to assess buying and selling pressure. Similar to the Relative Strength Index (RSI), the MFI incorporates volume data, making it more sensitive to capital inflows and outflows. In the 24/7 crypto market environment, the MFI is commonly used to identify overbought and oversold conditions, detect divergences, and assist with setting entry points, stop-loss, and take-profit levels on Gate’s candlestick charts.

Crypto transfer refers to the process of securely moving digital assets on a blockchain from one address or network to another. This process relies on public and private key signatures, transaction packaging, and block confirmations. Users initiate crypto transfers through wallets or exchanges, after which the transaction enters a mempool and is processed by miners or validators. Fees and transaction speeds vary significantly across different blockchains, and cross-chain transfers typically require the use of bridges or wrapped assets.

The mainchain serves as the foundational layer of a blockchain network, similar to the backbone of the internet. It is responsible for processing transactions, maintaining the ledger, and providing secure consensus, thus offering a reliable settlement environment for applications and Layer 2 networks. Common examples of mainchains include Bitcoin and Ethereum, which support transfers, smart contracts, and asset issuance. When users deposit or withdraw funds on exchanges, they select the mainchain network, and developers rely on the mainchain as the ultimate anchor for state and data integrity.

A man-in-the-middle attack refers to a scenario where the communication between you and a website, wallet, or blockchain node is secretly intercepted, monitored, or modified by an unknown third party. Common entry points include public WiFi networks, forged HTTPS certificates, malicious proxies, and DNS hijacking. In Web3 contexts, such attacks can lead to misleading signature requests, hijacked RPC calls, and altered on-screen prompts, ultimately compromising transaction submission and asset security. Identifying suspicious links and certificates, maintaining secure connection habits, and enabling account protection are essential measures to mitigate these risks.

In the context of crypto social networks, "Spoon" refers to a friendly replication of an existing product or protocol: it retains core features, migrates them to a new blockchain or community, and allocates incentives to users of the original product to encourage participation and migration. This approach is common in open ecosystems like Farcaster and friend.tech, where the focus is on maintaining social connections and reputation. By implementing well-designed incentive and distribution mechanisms, Spoon projects aim to shorten the cold start period and accelerate community growth.

“Moon POR” is a phrase in crypto social circles that combines the optimistic hope for significant price appreciation (“moon”) with the demand for transparency through Proof of Reserves (“POR”). Here, “moon” refers to a sharp increase in price, while “POR” stands for a platform or project providing verifiable proof of its reserves to build trust. This term is commonly seen in comment sections under announcements, market discussions, or during audit processes. It reflects both bullish sentiment and a reminder to focus on real asset disclosures and risk management.

Merged miners are participants who use the same computing power to simultaneously mine blocks on two or more blockchains that employ the proof-of-work consensus mechanism. Through merged mining, a single valid proof of work is bound to multiple chains, enabling miners to earn multiple rewards without significantly increasing energy consumption. Typically, tasks for both the primary chain and auxiliary chains are submitted together, with mining pools or dedicated software handling the packaging and verification process. Miners then receive rewards according to the rules of each respective chain.

Minecraft is an open-world sandbox game where players explore, build, and survive in a procedurally generated world made of blocks. It supports both single-player and multiplayer modes, allowing users to collaborate on various servers. The game features Survival and Creative modes, and offers extensive support for Redstone circuits, mods, and datapacks, making it highly extensible. Minecraft is widely used for entertainment, education, and creative projects. There are two main editions: Java Edition and Bedrock Edition, which are available across PC, consoles, and mobile devices, contributing to a vibrant content ecosystem.

The MA indicator, or Moving Average, is a technical analysis tool that plots a smoothed curve by averaging prices over a specific time period. It is commonly used to observe market trends, identify support and resistance levels, and generate trading signals. The most common types include the Simple Moving Average (SMA) and the Exponential Moving Average (EMA), with typical periods such as 7, 14, 50, and 200. Moving Averages are widely applied in both crypto spot and derivatives trading. On Gate charts and strategies, these indicators can be directly integrated, helping beginners establish systematic trading frameworks.

Market consolidation refers to a period when prices move sideways within a relatively stable range, with daily fluctuations becoming smaller and lacking clear direction. This phase often occurs after significant price surges or drops, serving as a market cooldown. During consolidation, trading volume tends to stabilize, and buying and selling momentum is relatively balanced. A common approach is to identify support and resistance levels and use indicators such as trading volume and Bollinger Bands to assess the reliability of potential breakouts, adjusting positions and risk accordingly. In crypto assets, 24/7 trading and the use of leverage can amplify the risk of false breakouts during consolidation periods.

Introduction

Minotaurus is a behavioral analysis and trading decision-making framework designed for the crypto market. Drawing on the metaphor of the "labyrinth and the bull," it helps users navigate through price volatility, liquidity positioning, and shifts in market sentiment. By combining signals such as trading volume, funding rates, open interest, and order book density, Minotaurus provides guidance on trend versus range-bound conditions, with a strong emphasis on risk management. It is suitable for both spot and derivatives trading.

Micropayments refer to instant settlements of very small amounts over the internet, typically utilizing crypto wallets, low-fee networks, and stablecoins. Common use cases include tipping, content monetization, in-game purchases, or data exchange in the Internet of Things (IoT). The primary focus of micropayments is to reduce transaction fees to an acceptable level and enable feasible cross-border and automated settlements.

Miner Extractable Value (MEV) refers to the additional profits that can be obtained by the party with the authority to assemble a block, by rearranging, inserting, or omitting transactions from the public transaction pool. MEV is commonly observed in decentralized trading and settlement scenarios on public blockchains such as Ethereum, and can impact factors like slippage, gas fees, and confirmation times. After the Ethereum Merge, block assembly is carried out by validators, and the term is often referred to as “Maximal Extractable Value.” This has also led to an ecosystem involving specialized roles such as searchers, block builders, and relays.

Multi-currency refers to the ability of individuals or platforms to simultaneously support, hold, and use various crypto assets such as BTC, ETH, USDT, and others. This concept spans multiple aspects including deposits and withdrawals, trading pairs, payment settlements, and asset management. On exchanges, it is typically reflected through different quote currencies or trading markets, while in wallets it appears as multi-chain addresses and diversified asset lists. Multi-currency functionality helps diversify risk, but also introduces greater complexity in management, fee structures, and blockchain network operations.

Equilibrium refers to a state where opposing forces offset each other, resulting in participants having no immediate incentive to change their behavior. In finance and Web3 contexts, equilibrium often manifests as a price point where supply and demand are relatively balanced, buy and sell pressure in the order book are matched, or the asset ratio in an AMM pool aligns with its rules. Equilibrium is dynamic and shifts as information and capital flow through the system. For example, stablecoin pegs rely on specific mechanisms and arbitrage to maintain equilibrium—when the peg deviates, trading activity helps restore a new equilibrium. On Gate’s spot market and AMM platforms, this process occurs continuously.

Microtransactions refer to very small-value online payments, commonly seen in tipping, in-game items, and pay-per-use content. Blockchain technology and stablecoins help reduce transaction fees and accelerate settlement, enabling real-time transactions of even one dollar or just a few cents. Leveraging Ethereum Layer 2 solutions, Solana, and Bitcoin Lightning Network, microtransactions are widely used for Web3 and IoT billing. Compared to traditional card networks, they offer a more suitable option for cross-border payments and monetization by long-tail creators.

A mnemonic phrase is a sequence of common words used to back up and recover the root key of a crypto wallet in a human-readable format. Typically consisting of 12 or 24 words generated from random numbers according to the BIP39 standard, it can also be combined with a passphrase for enhanced security. Leading wallets use this mnemonic to derive multiple accounts and addresses, enabling users to manage multiple assets with a single backup. Since the mnemonic phrase is equivalent to the master key for all funds, it must be securely stored offline and kept strictly confidential.

Mint price refers to the initial cost of purchasing an NFT or token directly on the blockchain during its first release. This price determines both the entry cost for users and the fundraising efficiency for the project. Common pricing models include fixed price, Dutch auction (where price decreases over time), and bonding curve mechanisms (where the cost increases as more users mint). Additional features often include whitelist access, purchase limits, and defined time windows. Platforms such as Gate Startup’s IEO and Gate NFT launches clearly specify the mint price, allocation amount, and participation rules.

Mining facilities are physical infrastructures that provide computational power to proof-of-work (PoW) blockchains. These setups integrate mining hardware, electricity supply, cooling systems, network connectivity, and monitoring operations. Mining facilities typically connect to mining pools to achieve more stable returns, with revenue generated from block rewards and transaction fees. They function as both data centers and electrical engineering projects, involving considerations such as site selection, electricity costs, regulatory compliance, and ongoing maintenance. Mining facilities play a crucial role in securing and validating transactions on PoW networks like Bitcoin.

MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence) is a technical analysis indicator that calculates the difference between 12-day and 26-day exponential moving averages (EMAs) to form the MACD line, combined with a 9-day EMA signal line and histogram to identify price trend direction, momentum strength, and potential reversal points. Originally developed for stock markets, it is now widely applied across cryptocurrencies, forex, and other financial markets, classified as a trend-following momentum indicator.

Maker fees and taker fees are two types of transaction charges imposed by trading platforms based on order placement methods. Maker fees apply to limit orders that are posted to the order book, thereby increasing liquidity. Taker fees are charged for orders that are immediately matched and remove liquidity from the market. These fees are commonly found in both centralized and decentralized exchanges, with rates varying by asset class and account tier. Typically, taker fees are higher, which directly impacts trading costs and strategy design.

A masternode is a type of long-running service node found in certain blockchains. To operate a masternode, participants must lock up a specified amount of tokens as collateral, which grants them eligibility for network rewards and governance voting rights. Unlike miners or validators, masternodes do not participate in block production or mining. Instead, they handle responsibilities such as transaction relay, privacy features, and proposal voting, contributing to network stability and efficiency. Running a masternode typically requires a dedicated server and ongoing maintenance.

A single-coin believer, commonly referred to as a Maximalist in English, is someone who commits to holding only one cryptocurrency over the long term. Their motivation often stems from strong alignment with a particular technology’s philosophy, deep community identification, or a focused investment strategy. The advantages include in-depth research and strong conviction in execution. However, the main risks involve concentrated exposure to market volatility and potential information bias. This behavior is frequently observed in scenarios such as holding only one asset on exchanges, single-asset staking in DeFi protocols, or participating exclusively in governance voting related to that coin.

Merged mining is a technical mechanism that enables miners to simultaneously mine multiple blockchains using the same hash power, earning block rewards on both parent and auxiliary chains without incurring additional computational costs. Through the compatibility of Proof of Work algorithms and specialized block header structures, this technology allows auxiliary chains to leverage the hash power resources of parent chains to enhance network security, primarily applied in sidechain and altcoin projects with

Imitation behavior refers to the tendency of investors to follow the majority or influential opinion leaders when making trading and portfolio decisions, especially in situations where information is incomplete or the cost of independent judgment is high. In the Web3 ecosystem, this phenomenon is commonly seen in copy trading, chasing trending tokens, and decisions driven by social platforms. Imitation behavior leverages crowd psychology, social amplification, and network effects to operate. While it can quickly attract liquidity, it also amplifies market volatility and risks, making robust risk management and independent verification essential.

Move is a smart contract language specifically designed for blockchain assets. It treats tokens and other value objects as non-fungible "resources" that cannot be arbitrarily duplicated. By utilizing move semantics and rigorous bytecode verification, Move reduces the risk of contract errors and asset loss. Public blockchains such as Aptos and Sui have adopted Move to enable secure development for use cases including DeFi, NFTs, and on-chain gaming.

A Monero Transaction ID (TXID or XMR Hash) is a unique cryptographic identifier generated for each transaction on the Monero blockchain, used to locate and verify the existence and confirmation status of specific transactions within the network. Unlike transparent ledger blockchains, Monero employs privacy technologies including ring signatures, stealth addresses, and Ring Confidential Transactions (RingCT), enabling the transaction ID to be publicly queryable while completely obscuring associated sender ad

Multisignature (multisig) refers to a mechanism that distributes control over on-chain assets among multiple parties. Transactions or configuration changes are only executed when the required minimum number of predefined signatures is reached. This approach is widely used in team treasuries, DAOs, and custodial scenarios to reduce single points of failure and mitigate risks from both internal errors and external attacks, while maintaining transparent on-chain approval records. Multisig also enables layered permissions and time locks, making it well-suited for workflows involving substantial amounts or frequent operations by teams. In the Ethereum ecosystem, contract wallets such as Gnosis Safe are common implementations, while on Bitcoin, multisig is realized via P2WSH scripts.

A mining farm is an industrial-scale facility where mining machines are deployed in a centralized manner to provide computational power for Proof of Work networks such as Bitcoin. Fundamentally, it involves standardized operations focused on electricity supply, cooling, and network maintenance, generating revenue through block rewards and transaction fees. Common models include self-operated farms, hosting services, and cloud mining. Key factors influencing profitability are electricity costs, hardware efficiency, cryptocurrency prices, and regulatory compliance.

MoonPay is a payment service provider that bridges fiat currency and crypto assets, enabling users to buy or sell digital assets using bank cards, Apple Pay, and other methods, with the option to withdraw funds directly to a bank account. Frequently integrated into wallets, exchanges, and NFT marketplaces, MoonPay manages identity verification and payment settlement, helping lower entry barriers for newcomers to Web3 within a compliant framework. It also transparently displays fees and supported networks.

The network state movement refers to initiatives that originate from online communities, centered around a shared mission, and leverage cryptographic tools and digital governance to gradually establish sustainable offline nodes and regulatory systems in the real world. This movement connects DAOs, tokens, and digital identities, exploring the synergy among members, assets, and geographical presence. The result is a proto-national framework featuring autonomous mechanisms and the early development of public services.

NFT ticketing refers to issuing event tickets as unique digital assets on the blockchain, where purchasing, transferring, and entry verification are managed by smart contracts with transparent records. Organizers can set rules for purchase limits, resale restrictions, and royalties. Users store tickets in their crypto wallets and verify entry through their wallets, often using dynamic QR codes. NFT tickets can enable exclusive benefits for holders and commemorative airdrops tied to events. This system is ideal for concerts, exhibitions, sports events, and more, helping to reduce counterfeiting and scalping.

A negative return on investment (ROI) occurs when the total costs involved—such as purchase amount, transaction fees, slippage, interest, funding rates, and on-chain gas fees—exceed the final total value and earnings, resulting in a negative rate of return. Negative ROI is commonly seen in scenarios where prices decline or costs accumulate, including spot trading, leveraged contracts, and DeFi activities like staking or liquidity provision. Understanding negative ROI is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of strategies and identifying risk boundaries.

NFT value refers to the combined sum of the market price an individual NFT or a collection of NFTs can achieve and the utility or rights it provides to holders. As unique digital certificates on the blockchain, NFT value is driven by factors such as scarcity, creator influence, practical use cases, community engagement, on-chain provenance and history, liquidity, and royalty cash flows. Common use cases include collectibles, profile picture social identity, in-game assets, memberships, and event tickets.

Nexo is a service platform offering crypto-backed lending and yield management solutions. Users can use Bitcoin or stablecoins as collateral to access credit lines or deposit assets to earn interest. The platform also features exchange and payment card services. Nexo aims to bridge on-chain assets with real-world liquidity needs, emphasizing regulatory compliance and custodial security. However, both yield generation and borrowing are subject to price volatility and platform-specific risks, so users should assess these factors carefully.

The NEAR information page on CoinMarketCap provides a comprehensive overview of NEAR’s price, ranking, market capitalization, circulating supply, trading volume, trading pairs, historical data, and official links. It also features charts and access to blockchain explorers. This page is designed for tracking market trends, verifying project details, comparing liquidity across different markets, and supporting fundamental research and risk assessment. Please note that data may be subject to delays and should be cross-verified with exchange platforms and on-chain sources.

The new floor price refers to the lowest valid listing price currently available across the entire market for a specific NFT collection. This benchmark is typically based on the lowest price listed on major NFT marketplaces and serves as an indicator of entry threshold, liquidity, and risk. Floor price data is often updated in real time by aggregator tools that pull listings from multiple platforms, incorporating validity checks and anomaly filtering. It is widely used in scenarios such as trading, valuation, lending, and risk management.

NiftyGateway is an NFT platform known for its focus on curation and custodial services. Users can purchase digital art and collectibles using either credit cards or cryptocurrencies, and trade them on the secondary market. The platform offers a custodial "Vault" as well as on-chain withdrawal options, making it easy for newcomers to participate while still allowing users the choice to transfer NFTs to their personal wallets. Its curated drops and open edition mechanisms attract collaborations with artists and brands.

Nick Szabo is a computer scientist, legal scholar, and cryptography pioneer in the blockchain field who first proposed the concept of smart contracts in 1994 and designed Bit Gold in 1998, a predecessor to Bitcoin. Combining knowledge from law, economics, and computer science, he made groundbreaking theoretical contributions to blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies, establishing himself as one of the most important theoretical founders of the blockchain revolution.

NFT value refers to the combined practical utility and market price of a unique digital asset recorded on the blockchain. NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are used to verify ownership and provenance of digital or physical items. The value of an NFT is shaped by factors such as scarcity, creator reputation, smart contract rules, community consensus, and ongoing utility. NFTs demonstrate their value across use cases like art, gaming, and membership passes, with metrics such as floor price, trading volume, and holder distribution commonly used to assess their worth.

NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) are unique digital certificates recorded on the blockchain, designed to establish authenticity and ownership of digital items, in-game assets, membership privileges, or representations of real-world assets. NFTs can be bought, sold, and transferred, with all rules and transactions governed by smart contracts that execute automatically on-chain. They are commonly found on public blockchains such as Ethereum and across NFT marketplaces, serving use cases like collectibles, trading, and identity verification.

Nasdaq IBIT is the trading symbol for the spot Bitcoin ETF launched by iShares. This ETF offers investors stock-like exposure closely tied to the spot price of Bitcoin, with the underlying assets securely held by regulated custodians. It can be bought and sold through brokerage accounts just like traditional stocks, eliminating the need for self-custody wallets or private keys. IBIT is ideal for investors who wish to participate in Bitcoin price movements within the conventional financial system.

“Not Gonna Make It” (NGMI) is a widely used slang term within the crypto community, typically indicating that a particular action or decision is highly likely to fail or go off track. Rather than being a definitive judgment, NGMI often serves as a warning or reminder. The phrase frequently appears in discussions on X (formerly Twitter), Discord, and exchange forums, and can be delivered in either a lighthearted or serious tone. Understanding the context is crucial, as the same statement can carry vastly different meanings depending on how it is used—it may be a well-intentioned piece of advice or an expression of frustration.

A node refers to a computer connected to a blockchain’s peer-to-peer network. It operates client software to maintain the ledger, relay transactions, validate blocks, or provide read and write access for wallets and decentralized applications (DApps). Nodes serve distinct roles within the network: some store and independently verify the entire blockchain data, others participate in consensus and block production, while some focus on delivering query services. In scenarios such as asset deposits and withdrawals, DApp interactions, and on-chain data retrieval, nodes act as essential infrastructure supporting the blockchain ecosystem.

A node is a computer or service that connects to a blockchain network, responsible for storing or accessing the ledger, relaying transactions, validating blocks, and providing interfaces for wallets and applications. Full nodes perform comprehensive data validation, while light nodes only verify summaries. Validator nodes participate in block production and signing. In public blockchains such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and GateChain, nodes maintain network security and availability through peer-to-peer connections.

Nick Szabo is a cryptography pioneer with expertise in both computer science and law. He is widely credited with introducing the concept of "smart contracts" and designing one of the earliest decentralized currency proposals, Bit Gold. Szabo focuses on the intersection of technology and institutional systems, exploring how code can reduce the cost of trust. His ideas have significantly influenced the design philosophies behind Bitcoin, Ethereum, and decentralized finance (DeFi), and continue to be frequently referenced and discussed within the Web3 community.

Network status refers to the current operational condition of a blockchain, including congestion levels, transaction fees, block production speed, and confirmation progress. It determines the time and cost required for transactions and impacts their success rate and associated risks. Monitoring and understanding network status allows you to choose optimal times and fees for activities such as transfers, withdrawals, and NFT minting, helping to minimize delays and reduce the likelihood of failed transactions.

A nominator is a participant role within proof-of-stake blockchains who delegates their tokens as "votes" to validators. By nominating, nominators can contribute to network security and share in rewards without operating their own node. This mechanism is commonly found in networks like Polkadot that use a nomination system. The returns for nominators depend on the performance of their chosen validators, and they are also subject to associated risks such as slashing and token lock-up periods.

In the crypto and Web3 community, the "definition of a beginner" refers to individuals who are just starting to engage with wallets, exchanges, and on-chain assets. These users typically have limited experience but demonstrate a strong willingness to learn. The term is often used for content segmentation and feature onboarding, such as introductory guides, risk warnings, and small-scale practice paths. These resources help new users understand trading, NFTs, DeFi, and other scenarios, while fostering good security habits. Importantly, it is not a derogatory label, but rather describes an initial phase that can be thoughtfully navigated.

IBIT is the iShares Bitcoin Spot ETF listed on Nasdaq. It provides investors with exposure to Bitcoin’s price by representing custodied Bitcoin through fund shares, allowing them to buy and sell Bitcoin similarly to stocks via their brokerage accounts. By integrating crypto assets into traditional regulatory and settlement systems, IBIT is well-suited for those who prefer compliant investment channels. However, investors should be aware of risks such as management fees, premiums and discounts, and market volatility.

A non-custodial wallet is a type of crypto asset wallet where users hold their own private keys, ensuring that asset control does not rely on any third-party platform. It acts as a personal key, allowing you to manage your on-chain addresses and permissions, and connect to DApps to participate in activities such as DeFi and NFTs. The key advantages are user autonomy and easy portability. However, users are solely responsible for backup and security risks. Common forms of non-custodial wallets include mobile apps, browser extensions, and hardware wallets.

The NFT price refers to the transaction or listing amount of a specific NFT. Within a collection, the floor price is commonly used to indicate the lowest entry cost. NFT prices are influenced by factors such as rarity, total supply, collector demand, platform liquidity, creator royalties, and on-chain fees. Prices are typically denominated in ETH or USDT. Different platforms may display prices differently—for example, showing listing prices versus recent sale prices—and cross-chain conversions or exchange rate fluctuations can cause NFT prices to change rapidly with market conditions.

Non-fungibility means that each unit is unique, a concept commonly used to describe NFTs and other verifiable digital assets. It brings items such as artworks, in-game assets, event tickets, and membership credentials onto the blockchain, where unique identifiers and transaction records prove ownership. These assets support transferability, revenue sharing, and authorization. Unlike fungible assets such as cash, non-fungible assets are priced based on their specific characteristics, with wallet holdings and smart contract minting ensuring verifiable scarcity. NFT marketplaces like Gate.com's NFT section provide platforms for minting, purchasing, and secondary trading.

Net Asset Value (NAV) is calculated by subtracting the total liabilities of a product from its total assets, then dividing the result by the number of units to determine the value per share. NAV serves as the pricing basis for fund subscriptions and redemptions, and is commonly used to assess the reference value of ETFs as well as the reserves and valuation of crypto products. This metric helps determine whether the market price deviates from the actual value of the underlying assets.

The On-Balance Volume (OBV) indicator is a volume-based trend tool that accumulates the trading volume of each period according to price direction—adding or subtracting volume based on whether the price rises or falls. By analyzing the synchronization between volume and price movement, OBV assesses the strength of trends and identifies potential breakouts or reversals. This indicator is particularly suitable for the 24/7 trading environment of crypto markets. On Gate’s charts, OBV can serve as a supplementary signal, enhancing decision-making when used alongside moving averages and support levels. Additionally, OBV helps filter out market noise across different timeframes, improving trend identification.

The opening price and closing price represent the first and last transaction prices within a given trading session or candlestick period, respectively recording where the price begins and where it ends. These metrics form the foundation for chart visualization, index and net asset value calculations, contract settlement, and risk management. They are also frequently used for trend analysis and triggering conditional orders. Since crypto markets operate 24/7, the closing price is typically determined by the end of the selected time interval.

Over-the-counter (OTC) trading refers to the exchange of crypto assets for fiat currency or other crypto assets directly between buyers and sellers, rather than through an exchange order book. OTC trading is commonly used for large transactions and local payment scenarios. The typical process involves identity verification, fund escrow, payment confirmation, and asset release. Prices are usually negotiated between the parties with reference to prevailing market rates. Most platforms offer dispute resolution and risk management support for these transactions.

An operating system description provides a practical framework for understanding how computers manage hardware and software resources. It covers core concepts such as processes, memory, files, networking, and permission controls, and maps these mechanisms to the runtime environments of blockchain nodes and smart contracts. When setting up Ethereum or Bitcoin nodes, running RPC services, or event listeners, components like the system clock, network stack, and storage I/O have a direct impact on synchronization efficiency and confirmation performance. By offering a clear operating system overview, beginners can build a comprehensive understanding from foundational principles to deployment and security practices.

The On-Balance Volume (OBV) indicator is a tool that analyzes price trends in conjunction with trading volume. By cumulatively adding the volume on days when the price increases and subtracting the volume on days when the price decreases, OBV generates a running total that forms a curve over time. This curve helps assess whether capital inflows are supporting the current trend. In crypto trading, OBV is commonly used to identify trend continuations or reversals, filter out false breakouts, and optimize entry points, position sizing, and stop-loss strategies by analyzing divergences between price and OBV. However, it is recommended to use OBV in combination with other signals to manage risk effectively.

OpenSea is an NFT marketplace focused on digital collectibles, where users buy, sell, and manage assets using crypto wallets on blockchains such as Ethereum. The platform combines order signing with on-chain settlement, supports creator royalties, and offers various transaction methods. OpenSea is suitable for scenarios including art, profile pictures, and in-game items. Transactions incur gas fees, while platform fees and royalties depend on contract terms and platform rules. It is important to verify collection contract addresses and be aware of counterfeit risks.

Multi-level marketing (MLM) is a referral-based growth strategy that allocates rewards through hierarchical relationships, where participants earn commissions from both direct and indirect referrals. In Web3, MLM models are often integrated with invitation rebates and community token distributions to expand the user base and attract new capital. However, if incentives are disconnected from genuine value creation, the sustainability of such structures may be compromised, posing risks similar to pyramid schemes and potential threats to fund security. Thorough evaluation is recommended before participation.

On-chain refers to activities that occur directly on the blockchain and are permanently recorded, such as token transfers, smart contract interactions, data storage, and governance voting. These operations rely on wallet addresses and digital signatures, with gas fees paid to network nodes for transaction confirmation. Common use cases include decentralized trading, NFT minting, cross-chain operations, and DAO voting. Compared to off-chain actions, on-chain processes offer greater transparency and traceability, but they are also subject to network congestion and fluctuating fees. Users should be aware of the risks and select suitable blockchains and tools accordingly.

Off-chain operations refer to conducting computations, order matching, or record-keeping—tasks that would typically occur on a blockchain—outside the blockchain environment. Only the essential results or proofs are then written back to the chain. This approach reduces gas fees, increases processing speed, and enhances privacy. Off-chain operations are commonly used in scenarios such as order matching on exchanges, data retrieval by oracles, and batch settlements on Layer 2 solutions. The core considerations are verifiability and final settlement.

An option is a type of contract where the buyer pays a premium to obtain the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a predetermined strike price before or on the expiration date. The seller receives the premium and is obligated to fulfill the contract if the option is exercised. Options are commonly used for risk management and strategic trading. In the crypto market, they can help manage volatility and hedge open positions.

Otherside is an open virtual world developed by Yuga Labs for the BAYC ecosystem, where virtual land and characters are represented as blockchain NFTs. Users can interact in real time during events and participate in transactions and governance using ApeCoin. The project is built in partnership with Improbable, aiming to deliver large-scale online experiences that span gaming, social interaction, and creative activities.

The On-Balance Volume (OBV) indicator accumulates or subtracts daily trading volume based on the direction of closing price movements, creating a cumulative curve that reflects changes in market volume. It is used to assess whether price increases or decreases are supported by trading volume, often in conjunction with breakout analysis and divergence detection. The OBV indicator is widely applied in candlestick charts for both stock and crypto trading.

A trading oracle is a type of data bridge that delivers reliable price, trading volume, and market status information to on-chain transactions and smart contracts. It sources off-chain market data—such as exchange quotations—and transmits it on-chain after signature verification, aggregation, and validation. Trading oracles support order placement, liquidation, risk management, and settlement processes, addressing the blockchain’s limitation of not being able to access external data directly. They enhance transparency and automation in DeFi by enabling smart contracts to interact with real-world financial information.

Over-collateralization refers to a practice where the value of collateralized assets exceeds the amount borrowed or the stablecoins issued, providing a safety buffer against price volatility and liquidation risks. This mechanism is commonly used in crypto lending, collateralized debt positions (CDPs), and exchange-based borrowing scenarios. Examples include generating DAI with ETH on MakerDAO, borrowing stablecoins against staked assets on Aave, or using spot assets as collateral for borrowing on Gate. The key factors are the collateralization ratio and liquidation threshold, which typically range from 120% to 180%, though specific requirements vary significantly depending on the asset involved.

The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) is a bank regulatory agency under the U.S. Department of the Treasury. It is responsible for issuing charters to national banks and continuously supervising their soundness and regulatory compliance, covering areas such as capital and liquidity, anti-money laundering, consumer protection, and technology risk. OCC policies also influence whether banks can offer services like crypto asset custody and stablecoin reserve management, directly impacting how Web3 funds move between traditional financial channels.

Overbought refers to a market condition where an asset's price has risen too quickly in a short period and may be overvalued, typically identified when technical indicators like the Relative Strength Index (RSI) exceed 70 or other oscillators reach upper threshold values. This condition is considered a signal for potential price correction or reversal, although assets can remain in overbought territory for extended periods during strong markets.

Omnichain refers to a method that enables applications to operate collaboratively across multiple blockchains. By using secure message transmission, assets, instructions, and states are synchronized between different chains, so users do not need to worry about which network they are interacting with. This approach relies on technologies such as cross-chain bridges, light clients, or relayers to integrate fragmented liquidity and functionalities into a unified user experience. Omnichain solutions are commonly used in areas such as trading, lending, gaming, and NFTs.

Sanctions List Compliance (OFAC) refers to the process in the crypto industry of screening and blocking users, on-chain addresses, and transactions against the sanctions lists maintained by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). The goal is to prevent any business dealings with sanctioned individuals, entities, or countries. This typically involves measures such as Know Your Customer (KYC) procedures, address monitoring, geographic restrictions, and process reviews. Sanctions compliance is integrated across risk control systems of exchanges, wallets, and DeFi protocols to minimize legal exposure and the risk of asset freezes.

An OCO (One Cancels the Other) order is a type of trading order that links two conditional orders together, commonly used to set both take-profit and stop-loss levels simultaneously. Once one of the orders is triggered or executed, the other is automatically canceled, preventing duplicate executions. OCO orders are suitable for both spot and derivatives trading, helping traders achieve predefined exits and manage risk during periods of high volatility. Compared to a single stop-loss order, an OCO order can cover multiple price paths in advance, reducing the need for constant monitoring and minimizing manual errors. Most major exchanges offer OCO order functionality, allowing users to simply input the trigger price and order price to use this feature.

An order book is a real-time list on an exchange displaying buy and sell offers, including their prices and quantities, organized by price and time. It is essential for trade matching and visualizing market depth. In crypto trading, the order book determines the bid-ask spread, execution priority, and slippage, directly impacting market making, arbitrage strategies, and risk management. Both spot and derivatives markets rely on the order book; trading pairs with high liquidity typically feature tighter spreads and denser order placement.

An opcode is the smallest instruction executed by a blockchain virtual machine. After a smart contract is compiled, it is converted into a sequence of bytes composed of opcodes. Network nodes process these instructions sequentially and incur corresponding gas fees. Similar to a CPU instruction set, opcodes determine how a contract reads and writes data, interacts with external contracts, and returns results, directly impacting transaction costs and system performance.

An oracle is a service that securely delivers off-chain information—such as prices, weather data, and event outcomes—to a blockchain, enabling smart contracts to execute logic based on real-world data. Lending protocols use oracles to calculate collateral ratios, while synthetic assets rely on oracles to track indices. Decentralized oracles employ multi-node signatures and data aggregation to reduce single points of failure and mitigate risks of data tampering.

An operating system serves as the foundational software that connects hardware components with applications, enabling elements like the display, keyboard, and network to function together seamlessly. It also provides a unified interface and defines permission boundaries for applications. In the context of Web3, the operating system determines the environment in which wallets operate, the methods used to safeguard private keys, and browser compatibility—all of which impact transaction stability and security controls. Therefore, understanding the operating system is crucial for making informed decisions about device selection and configuration in order to enhance both reliability and security.

OPBNB is a Layer 2 scaling solution launched by BNB Chain, built on Optimism's OP Stack and utilizing an optimistic rollup approach. It bundles Layer 2 transactions and submits them to the main chain for validation and settlement. OPBNB is EVM-compatible, uses BNB for gas fees, and is designed for high-frequency, low-cost use cases such as gaming, social applications, and NFTs. Users can experience faster and more cost-effective interactions on OPBNB through supported wallets and cross-chain bridges.

Odysee is a decentralized video platform built on the LBRY protocol, enabling creators to publish and index content across a distributed network. Users access content via unique addresses rather than relying on a single centralized server. The platform offers common features such as subscriptions, tipping, and comments, with a strong focus on censorship resistance and content portability. Odysee is ideal for backing up creative works to an open network and engaging with the community.

Oversold refers to a situation where an asset’s price has dropped excessively within a short period, showing significantly weaker performance compared to recent trends. A common indicator is a low Relative Strength Index (RSI). Oversold conditions reflect concentrated selling pressure and bearish sentiment, but do not guarantee an immediate rebound. In crypto trading, identifying oversold levels can assist with market timing and position management. However, it is important to also consider factors such as overall trend, trading volume, funding rates, and price-volume divergence. Combining these insights with strategies like scaling in and risk management enhances decision-making.

An on-ramp is a gateway service that allows users to convert fiat currency into crypto assets, commonly found on exchanges, wallets, and payment gateways. This process involves payment, pricing, compliance checks, and on-chain settlement, enabling funds acquired via bank cards or local transfers to be converted into stablecoins or major tokens. On-ramps make it easier for users to access the Web3 ecosystem for trading, investment, and interacting with decentralized applications.

An offshore bank account is a bank account opened in a jurisdiction outside of an individual’s place of residence or a company’s country of registration. These accounts are commonly used for cross-border payments, payroll settlements, and multi-currency asset management. Offshore accounts are not secret accounts; they require completion of Know Your Customer (KYC) procedures, Anti-Money Laundering (AML) compliance, and tax reporting. Transactions often involve SWIFT wire transfers and Common Reporting Standard (CRS) information exchange. Offshore banking serves international trade, global freelancers, and certain crypto-to-fiat on- and off-ramp scenarios.

Game publishing refers to the comprehensive process of bringing a completed game to market. This includes launching the game on distribution platforms, user acquisition, monetization strategies, and ongoing operations. In the context of Web3, publishing also involves selecting the appropriate blockchain, designing tokens and NFTs, deploying smart contracts, integrating with wallets, listing the token on platforms such as Gate's Startup or exchanges, running promotional activities, and connecting on-chain communities with in-game features.

OTC stocks refer to shares that are not listed on centralized exchanges such as the NYSE or NASDAQ, but are instead traded through over-the-counter quotation systems and broker networks. This category includes small-cap companies and certain foreign company ADRs. OTC trading relies on market maker quotations, resulting in significant variations in liquidity and information disclosure. Before investing, it is important to consider the specific market tier (such as OTCQX, OTCQB, or Pink), the bid-ask spread, and the risk of trading suspensions.

A call option is a type of contract where the buyer pays a premium to obtain the right, but not the obligation, to purchase the underlying asset at the strike price before or at expiration. Call options are commonly used to amplify bullish expectations or to hedge short positions, and are applicable in markets such as equities, indices, and cryptocurrencies. The price of a call option is significantly influenced by volatility and time decay, and the buyer's maximum potential loss is limited to the premium paid.

Pool mining is a collaborative approach to cryptocurrency mining where multiple miners combine their computational resources to collectively find block solutions and share rewards proportionally to their contributions. This model addresses the challenge of increasing mining difficulty that makes it impractical for individual miners to earn rewards independently, reducing income volatility and improving overall mining efficiency for participants.

A peer-to-peer (P2P) crypto exchange is a service platform that facilitates direct trading of crypto assets between buyers and sellers. Instead of acting as a counterparty, the platform employs an escrow mechanism to temporarily hold tokens until the seller confirms receipt of payment. Transactions are supported by local payment methods, merchant reputation systems, and dispute arbitration processes, enabling the seamless conversion between fiat currency and cryptocurrency. P2P exchanges are commonly used for on-ramping and off-ramping, making them especially suitable in environments where bank card usage is restricted or cross-border payments are challenging.

A pegged currency refers to a type of currency or token whose price is fixed at a predetermined ratio to a specific target, such as the US dollar. This mechanism is commonly seen in fiat currencies (like the Hong Kong dollar) and crypto stablecoins (such as USDT and USDC). Pegged currencies maintain their value through reserves, collateralization, or algorithmic mechanisms. They are used in scenarios such as transaction pricing, cross-border payments, wealth management, and DeFi lending. The primary goal is to provide a relatively stable store of value in volatile markets.

POAP is a protocol and service designed to record participants’ attendance, functioning like a digital commemorative badge for events. Organizers create a unique badge for each in-person or online event, which participants can claim via QR code, link, or password. Each badge stores the time and event details. POAPs can be used for community engagement, loyalty recognition, and future benefit distribution, and they are stored permanently in users’ wallets.

A profit and loss statement is a tool that consolidates your asset trades, fees, and earnings over a specific period into a single report, allowing you to assess your overall profit or loss. It typically includes information such as buy and sell prices, transaction fees, funding rates, interest, and airdrops. The statement distinguishes between realized and unrealized changes, helping you review strategies, reconcile accounts, and fulfill compliance reporting requirements.

The procedural programming paradigm structures programs as a sequence of steps, where functions process data in order and modify shared state. In Web3, this approach aligns closely with smart contract transaction flows: validating inputs, updating on-chain storage, and emitting events—each step impacting gas costs and security. Understanding this paradigm is essential for writing clear and auditable contracts in Solidity, ensuring reliable performance in use cases such as token transfers, batch distributions, and voting mechanisms.

"Paper hands" is a term used within the crypto community to describe the mindset and behavior of individuals who are quick to sell or frequently switch their positions during periods of price volatility. It commonly refers to traders or holders with weak trading plans and limited risk tolerance. This expression often surfaces during sudden market swings or when social media noise intensifies, highlighting how investors process information and their risk preferences. Importantly, "paper hands" is not a technical diagnosis but rather a social label characterizing certain decision-making approaches, often relating to position management and stop-loss strategies.

Pareto typically refers to two core concepts: the principle that a small number of factors contribute to the majority of results (commonly known as the 80/20 rule), and an efficiency state in resource allocation where no individual can be made better off without making someone else worse off. In the context of Web3, these ideas help explain on-chain token concentration, the dominance of top participants in trading volume, and can guide decisions in investment allocation, governance voting, and product optimization.

Play-to-Earn (P2E) refers to a model where participants can earn tradable tokens or NFTs as rewards by engaging in games, completing tasks, or participating in interactive activities. These rewards can often be exchanged for value on marketplaces or exchanges. The rewards are typically sourced from project token issuance, a share of transaction fees, or advertising budgets. Play-to-Earn is commonly found in blockchain games, task platforms, and various “X-to-Earn” scenarios. It is closely associated with GameFi; however, its sustainability depends on game mechanics and the underlying economic model. Earnings are not guaranteed and carry risks such as price volatility, changes to activities, and smart contract security vulnerabilities.

A permissionless (open) blockchain is a public network where anyone can participate without approval to join, transact, or validate. It functions as a shared, transparent ledger accessible to all, with coordination among nodes achieved through a consensus mechanism. Notable examples include Bitcoin and Ethereum. The open nature of these blockchains offers strong censorship resistance and global accessibility, but also requires trade-offs between performance and transaction costs. Additionally, permissionless blockchains support an ecosystem of applications enabling direct interaction between smart contracts and wallets.

A permissioned blockchain is a network where blockchain ledger access and participation are restricted and require approval. Participants must undergo identity verification, and their read/write permissions are governed by specific rules. Permissioned blockchains are commonly used for enterprise or institutional collaboration, integrating features like KYC (Know Your Customer), access control, and consensus mechanisms such as PBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance). These networks are designed to ensure regulatory compliance, data privacy, and stable performance, making them well-suited for use cases like supply chain management and trade settlement. Typically, permissioned blockchain networks are operated by a consortium or a single organization, and joining the network requires a formal agreement or explicit authorization. Compared to public blockchains, permissioned blockchains offer stronger support for auditability, data confidentiality, and business continuity, but have lower levels of openness and decentralization.

A paper wallet is a cold storage solution for cryptocurrencies that involves printing private and public keys on a physical piece of paper, instead of storing them on internet-connected devices. As a physical medium for key storage, paper wallets remain completely offline, offering protection against online attacks and digital security threats.

PH/s (PetaHash per second) is a unit of computational power that measures the speed of approximately 10^15 hash calculations per second. A hash function compresses input data into a fixed-length “fingerprint,” and mining machines in Proof of Work (PoW) networks continuously attempt to meet network difficulty targets. Higher PH/s indicates stronger processing capability and network security, commonly used as a performance metric on mining pool dashboards and on-chain data panels.

The term "recipient" refers to the party responsible for receiving funds in a transaction. In the context of blockchain and trading platforms, the recipient is typically a wallet address or a deposit address assigned by the platform for asset reception. When making a transfer, it is essential to verify the recipient address, the chosen network, and whether a Memo or tag is required, to prevent misdirected funds.

The payee refers to the party receiving funds. In traditional finance, this is typically the holder of a bank card or account; in blockchain payments, the payee is usually a wallet address or a smart contract. Accurately providing payee information—such as cryptocurrency type, network, address, memo, or tag—facilitates successful deposits, reconciliation, and compliance checks. On platforms like Gate, features such as address books and whitelists help reduce risks of incorrect transfers and fraud.

C2C (Customer-to-Customer) refers to a trading model where transactions occur directly between individual users. In the crypto industry, C2C typically describes a platform-facilitated system for peer-to-peer fiat-to-crypto asset trades, offering escrow and dispute resolution services. The platform freezes the seller's cryptocurrency, verifies payment from the buyer, and releases the assets upon confirmation. Merchants list offers, while buyers place orders using local payment methods. This approach is commonly used for purchasing cryptocurrencies like USDT or BTC and addresses issues such as bank transfer limits and restricted deposit channels.

Profit and loss refer to the gains or losses resulting from an investment. In the context of crypto investments, profit and loss are not only determined by the price difference between buying and selling, but are also influenced by factors such as trading fees, slippage, leverage and funding rates, as well as price rebalancing during market making. Profit and loss encompass spot, derivatives, and DeFi scenarios—for example, unrealized profit and loss in spot trading, realized profit and loss and liquidation risk in derivatives, and the difference in returns compared to holding assets when providing liquidity. Keeping a unified record of profit and loss is essential for evaluating trading strategies and establishing effective position management.

PancakeSwap is a decentralized exchange (DEX) built on the BNB Chain that utilizes an automated market maker (AMM) mechanism for token swaps. Users can trade directly from their wallets without intermediaries, or provide liquidity by depositing two tokens into public liquidity pools to earn trading fees. The platform ecosystem offers a variety of features including trading, market making, staking, and derivatives, balancing low transaction fees with fast confirmations.

Pump and dump is a form of market manipulation where a small group of actors first accumulates assets at a low price, then artificially drives up the price and releases positive news to attract others to buy in, only to sell their holdings at the peak. This tactic is commonly seen with crypto tokens that have low liquidity and lack transparency, often resulting in sharp short-term price swings and abnormal trading volumes. It is especially prevalent in spot markets and new token listings on exchanges. Recognizing typical warning signs and using stop-loss orders and position management strategies can help beginners protect themselves from such schemes.

A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment model where returns promised to earlier participants are paid using the funds of newer participants. In the crypto industry, such schemes are often disguised as high-yield staking programs, investment products, or algorithmic stablecoins. These operations do not rely on legitimate business activities or sustainable cash flow, but instead maintain an appearance of stability by constantly attracting new investors and locking up funds. When the inflow of new capital slows and promised returns become unsustainable, the scheme collapses, resulting in potential losses for participants.

Profit and loss (P&L) refers to the difference between the current value of your assets and the initial cost of acquisition. In crypto trading, P&L is commonly divided into realized and unrealized P&L. Various factors such as transaction fees, slippage, and funding rates can influence your final profit and loss. Whether you are trading spot markets, derivatives, or participating in crypto investment products, understanding P&L helps you evaluate your positions, set stop-loss levels, and manage overall risk. Converting P&L into yield or return rates enables a clearer comparison between different trading strategies. Mastering P&L involves more than just monitoring the numbers—it requires understanding its sources and timing, such as execution price, position size, and settlement periods. These elements are crucial in determining whether your P&L calculation is reliable and meaningful.

A Ponzi scheme is a financial cycle where returns promised to earlier participants are paid using the funds contributed by later entrants, without any sustainable underlying business or external cash flow. In Web3, Ponzi schemes often disguise themselves as high-yield investment products, DeFi mining opportunities, or reward-sharing programs. They rely on continuous recruitment of new participants to maintain payouts, but as growth slows, withdrawal difficulties or even collapse typically follow. The key to identifying such schemes lies in analyzing the true source of returns, the structure of cash flows, and the transparency of information, rather than focusing solely on short-term profits.

Proof of Burn is a blockchain mechanism where “permanently destroying tokens” serves as the participation cost. Participants send tokens to an unspendable address to demonstrate their commitment, in exchange for network weight, block validation rights, or new asset allocation. This approach is commonly used for mining rights distribution, sidechain token issuance, and burn-and-mint processes across chains. All burn records are publicly verifiable on-chain.

In Web3, a protocol refers to a set of publicly verifiable rules and procedures that enable blockchain networks and applications to operate collaboratively without the need for a central authority. Protocols cover both foundational aspects such as consensus mechanisms and peer-to-peer communication, as well as application-level components like smart contract execution and governance frameworks. Understanding protocols is essential for identifying potential risks, comprehending fee structures, and participating in on-chain activities more securely.

Profit and loss (P&L) refers to the outcome of a trade or investment, calculated as the difference between the purchase cost and the current value or the amount received upon selling. P&L is categorized into realized P&L (after settlement) and unrealized P&L (floating while holding a position). This concept applies to stocks, cryptocurrencies, and derivatives trading. In Web3 scenarios, profit and loss are also affected by factors such as transaction fees, slippage, leverage, and funding rates. On exchange position pages, unrealized P&L is typically displayed and only becomes realized P&L once a trade is closed. Understanding profit and loss is essential for setting stop-loss and take-profit levels, as well as for effective risk management.

Proof of Stake (PoS) is a consensus mechanism used by blockchains to maintain a consistent and secure ledger. In PoS, participants lock their tokens as collateral to become validators. Validators are randomly selected to propose new blocks, while other validators confirm these blocks through signatures and receive rewards. Malicious behavior or going offline can result in penalties or loss of staked tokens. Unlike Proof of Work, PoS does not rely on high computational power, resulting in significantly lower energy consumption. Public blockchains such as Ethereum have adopted PoS as their consensus protocol. Token holders can participate in delegated staking through wallets or exchanges. Before staking, it is important to understand the lock-up period, sources of yield, and associated risks.

Procedural programming languages are a way of coding that breaks down tasks into repeatable steps executed in a specific order, much like following a recipe. In Web3, procedural languages are widely used to define business logic within smart contracts, process on-chain data, and automate scripts. They are also commonly applied when interacting with wallet and exchange APIs. Popular procedural languages in the blockchain ecosystem include Solidity, Rust, Python, and Move.

Public-key cryptography is a set of technologies that utilize a pair of keys to achieve confidentiality and authentication. The public key functions like an openly shared address, allowing others to encrypt data and verify signatures, while the private key acts as your exclusive key, used for decryption and signing. This mechanism enables secure, trustless transfers on blockchains: addresses are derived from public keys, transactions are signed with private keys, and the network verifies these signatures using the corresponding public keys before recording them on-chain. Public-key cryptography also underpins use cases such as message encryption, wallet recovery, and multisig wallets, forming the essential infrastructure for Web3 identity and asset security.

Proof of Work is a consensus mechanism where participants compete for block validation rights using computational power. Miners repeatedly compute transaction hash “fingerprints” and, upon finding a result that meets the difficulty threshold, broadcast the block and receive rewards. By relying on verifiable computational costs, Proof of Work prevents double-spending and record forgery, enabling network nodes to reach consensus on a single ledger without a central authority.

Permissionless refers to a property of blockchains or protocols that allows anyone to participate in the network, run nodes, validate transactions, or deploy applications without requiring prior approval from any central authority or intermediary. This characteristic is a core attribute of decentralized systems and forms the foundation for public blockchains' openness and censorship resistance.

A cryptocurrency presale is a fundraising method where a project raises capital from early participants before its tokens are officially listed for trading, with an agreement to distribute the tokens at a later date. Typically, smart contracts or dedicated platforms are used to set the price, allocation limits, and token lock-up rules. Participants often subscribe using stablecoins such as USDT. Tokens are then released either at the time of launch or in scheduled installments. Positioned between community fundraising and public offerings, presales require careful attention to regulatory compliance and associated risks.

A private key is the fundamental credential for controlling blockchain assets. It functions as a highly randomized password, used to create digital signatures and authorize transactions or smart contract interactions. Each private key corresponds to a specific public key and wallet address, defining ownership of assets on the network. The most common method of securing a private key is by generating a seed phrase—typically 12 or 24 words—which is stored offline as a backup. If a private key is lost or exposed, assets may become irretrievable or vulnerable to unauthorized transfers. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how private keys are generated, utilized, and securely managed.

Programmability refers to encoding assets and rules into code, enabling blockchains to automatically execute actions based on predefined logic. This transforms “money,” “rights,” and “data” into modular, operable components that, when combined with smart contracts and event triggers, facilitate automated transfers, interest payments, trades, and voting—without human intervention. In DeFi, interest rates are settled dynamically according to market conditions; in NFTs, royalties are distributed as agreed; in DAOs, voting results are directly implemented on-chain.

Price discovery is a mechanism in financial markets that determines the fair market value of an asset through the interaction between buyers and sellers. In cryptocurrency markets, this process integrates various information including supply and demand dynamics, technological developments, regulatory changes, and market sentiment to form price signals that reflect the real-time market valuation of digital assets.

A politically exposed person (PEP) refers to an individual who holds or has held a significant public office, or someone closely associated with such individuals. In the context of compliance for financial and crypto platforms, PEPs are considered higher-risk customers. Platforms implement enhanced due diligence measures during KYC (Know Your Customer) verification and AML (Anti-Money Laundering) procedures for these individuals. This includes requiring detailed explanations of fund sources and ongoing monitoring to meet regulatory requirements and mitigate the risks of corruption and abuse.

Profit and loss (P&L) refers to the change in asset value relative to its cost during a specific trade or investment period, expressed in monetary terms. This value can be either positive or negative. P&L is influenced not only by the buy and sell prices but also by factors such as transaction fees, slippage, and holding period. In both crypto and traditional markets, profit and loss are categorized as unrealized (floating) or realized, each requiring different risk management and accounting methods. Understanding P&L is essential for evaluating strategy performance, setting stop-loss and take-profit levels, and accurately tracking asset changes in exchange account statements or on-chain wallets. For beginners, grasping the concept of P&L is a prudent first step before setting profit targets.

Passive income refers to cash flow earned with minimal ongoing time commitment once initial setup is complete. In the Web3 ecosystem, sources of passive income include network rewards from token staking, interest generated through decentralized lending, fees shared by providing liquidity to pools, and distributions from exchange-based financial products. These earnings are facilitated by smart contract automation, while returns may be affected by price volatility, inflation, and changes in protocol rules.

Anonymity and pseudonymity refer to identity practices in online and blockchain environments where users do not appear under their real names. Anonymity means there is no connection to any personal information, while pseudonymity involves participating in activities with a consistent nickname or wallet address. These concepts are crucial for transaction privacy, regulatory compliance, and reputation management. In Web3, anonymity and pseudonymity are commonly found in wallet addresses, NFT creation, DAO voting, and exchange accounts. Many users seek to protect their personal information while still building trust and reputation, making pseudonymous identities a popular choice. However, when interacting with fiat on-ramps, platforms often require KYC procedures to comply with regulations, creating a balance between anonymous, pseudonymous, and real-name identities.

Profit and Loss (PNL) refers to the outcome of your trading or investment activities, calculated by comparing your purchase cost with the current market value and factoring in fees, interest, and other expenses. PNL is typically divided into realized and unrealized categories and applies to both spot and derivatives trading. It serves as a core metric for assessing account performance, managing risk, and optimizing strategies, guiding decisions on stop-loss, take-profit, and portfolio rebalancing.

Physical Bitcoin refers to storing a Bitcoin private key within a portable physical medium, such as metal commemorative coins, USB sticks, or NFC cards. The holder can transfer ownership offline without an internet connection, and after unsealing, the contained Bitcoin can be redeemed back on-chain. Notable products include Casascius, OpenDime, SatsCard, and Tangem. These are commonly used for collectibles, gifting, offline OTC trades, and cold storage.

Protocolization in Web3 refers to encoding business rules, roles, and asset definitions into open protocols and smart contract standards. This approach enables actions to be machine-verifiable and interoperable across different products, eliminating reliance on any single centralized authority. Protocolization fixes both the "what" and the "how" of operations within publicly accessible code and proposals, such as ERC standards, governance processes, and message formats, ensuring consistent execution across wallets, exchanges, and on-chain applications.

A platform definition serves as a comprehensive guide that outlines the boundaries, components, and operational rules of a Web3 platform. It details what the platform does, how it functions, who governs it, and how assets are managed. Typically, it includes on-chain smart contract interfaces, account systems, fee structures, permissions, tokenomics, and compliance requirements. This helps users understand the platform and enables developers to integrate with it. Additionally, a clear platform definition is essential for evaluating risks and identifying relevant use cases.

Proof of History (PoH) is a technique that utilizes continuous hashing as an on-chain clock, embedding transactions and events into a verifiable chronological order. Nodes repeatedly compute the hash of the previous result, creating unique time stamps that allow other nodes to quickly verify the validity of the sequence. This provides a reliable time reference for consensus, block production, and network synchronization. PoH is commonly seen in Solana's high-performance architecture.

A perpetual contract is a type of cryptocurrency derivative that does not have an expiration date. Perpetual contracts use funding rates to keep the contract price closely aligned with the spot market price. Traders can take long or short positions and apply leverage, making these contracts popular on centralized exchanges and decentralized protocols. Margin can be denominated in USDT or the underlying asset, and liquidation is triggered when the mark price reaches certain thresholds. On most platforms, funding rates are settled every eight hours: when the market is bullish, traders holding long positions pay a fee; when bearish, short positions incur the fee. Perpetual contracts offer flexible trading options, but the combination of leverage and market volatility can significantly amplify risks.

Position size refers to the quantity or monetary value of a trade, determining the risk per trade, potential returns, and the longevity of an account. By first setting an acceptable loss per trade and then factoring in stop-loss levels and leverage characteristics, traders can manage risk within controllable limits across both spot and derivatives markets, effectively adapting to the high volatility typical of the crypto market.

A crypto pump website is an online platform or service that coordinates rapid price surges for a specific cryptocurrency through concentrated buying activities, often leveraging online communities, trading bots, and so-called "signals". These platforms typically attract participants with membership fees, exclusive groups, and promises of profits. Their operations closely resemble price manipulation, carrying significant risks such as extreme price volatility, financial losses, and potential legal consequences.

Location utility refers to the additional value created by an asset's specific placement, with a focus on accessibility and proximity to demand. When the same asset is situated in different locations, variations in transportation, supporting infrastructure, population density, and regulatory environment lead to differences in utilization efficiency and risk, which in turn affect price and returns. This concept is widely applied in real estate, retail, and logistics site selection, and can also be analogized to the “location” value of networks in the internet and Web3, where the concentration of capital and users generates network utility.

Occupancy utility refers to the practical value and economic incentives generated when crypto assets are involved in network operations through mechanisms such as staking. This concept encompasses several key dimensions, including enhanced network security, governance voting power, and ongoing rewards. Occupancy utility is influenced by factors like inflation rates, lock-up periods, and the sources of rewards. On trading platforms such as Gate, users can participate in staking or financial products to assess both the real value and associated risks of occupancy utility.

A parachain is an independent blockchain that connects to a shared security main chain, commonly seen in networks like Polkadot. Functioning like dedicated tracks running side by side, parachains leverage the security and cross-chain communication provided by the relay chain, while maintaining their own business logic and state. Developers utilize parachains to host applications such as DeFi, gaming, or identity data. Users can support parachain projects and gain access to operation slots by participating in staking or crowdloans.

The closing price refers to the final transaction price at the end of a specific time period. In traditional markets, it is determined at the daily market close. However, in crypto markets, which operate 24/7, the closing price is typically defined by periods aligned to UTC (such as 1 day or 1 hour). The closing price appears in candlestick charts and technical indicators, serving to record market data, generate trading signals, assist with accounting and statistical analysis, and forms the foundation for many strategy calculations.

Pegging refers to the practice of linking the price of one asset to another asset or index, causing its value to fluctuate around a predetermined target. Common examples include stablecoins pegged to the US dollar, or WBTC pegged to Bitcoin. This mechanism serves as a pricing and risk management tool, widely applied in trading valuation, cross-chain asset mapping, and DeFi settlement. When deviations from the target value occur, mechanisms such as redemption, arbitrage, or algorithmic adjustments are typically used to restore the peg.

PPOS stands for "Pure Proof of Stake," a blockchain consensus mechanism that selects proposers and voters based on a combination of token holders' stake and verifiable random selection. This approach enables the network to achieve fast consensus and finality with minimal energy consumption. PPOS is commonly used in public blockchains such as Algorand, balancing open participation with robust security.

A mnemonic phrase is a backup method consisting of a sequence of commonly used words, typically 12 or 24 in total. This phrase represents the wallet’s “seed” and enables users to restore their private keys and addresses if their device is replaced or lost. Mnemonic phrases comply with mainstream standards and support multilingual word lists, allowing for cross-wallet import and recovery—making them ideal for self-custody scenarios. It is essential to store mnemonic phrases securely and prevent any leaks to reduce the risk of asset loss.

Pectra is the unified name for Ethereum’s upcoming mainnet upgrade, which combines the execution layer update “Prague” with the consensus layer update “Electra”. This upgrade is designed to enhance wallet interactions, streamline validator and staking operations, and improve the developer integration experience. Proposed changes include account authorization and batch operations, increasing the effective balance cap for validators, and enabling execution-layer-triggered exits. As the successor to the Dencun upgrade, the final feature set for Pectra is still under development and subject to ongoing discussion.

The protocol layer is the foundational rule system of a blockchain, responsible for maintaining the ledger, block production, transaction validation, and execution. It determines whether transactions are confirmed and how long confirmation takes. Well-known protocol layers include Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana. Essential applications such as transfers and smart contracts rely on this layer. Users typically access the protocol layer via wallets or exchanges, and the transaction fees, speed, and security boundaries they experience are fundamentally defined by the mechanisms of the protocol layer.

A perpetual contract (Perpetual Swap) is a type of crypto derivative with no expiration date. Its price is kept closely aligned with the spot market through a funding rate mechanism, allowing traders to take both long and short positions with leverage. Perpetual contracts are commonly used for speculation, hedging, and arbitrage purposes—for example, opening a BTC perpetual contract on Gate to hedge against spot holdings. The funding rate is typically settled every 8 hours, ensuring the contract price tracks the mark price more accurately. Users can choose between USDT-margined or coin-margined collateral and have the flexibility to set cross margin or isolated margin modes, as well as stop-loss and take-profit orders.

A private blockchain is a blockchain network accessible only to authorized participants, functioning like a shared ledger within an organization. Access requires identity verification, governance is managed by the organization, and data remains controlled—making it easier to meet compliance and privacy requirements. Private blockchains are typically deployed using permissioned frameworks and efficient consensus mechanisms, offering performance closer to traditional enterprise systems. Compared to public blockchains, private blockchains emphasize permission controls, auditing, and traceability, making them well-suited for business scenarios that require interdepartmental collaboration without being open to the public.

The payer and payee represent the two parties involved in a payment transaction: one initiates the payment and funds are deducted from their account, while the other receives the funds. In blockchain and digital asset contexts, these roles correspond to wallets and addresses, and transactions can be executed through exchanges (such as Gate) or via self-custody solutions. Factors like stablecoin selection, network fees, confirmation times, and compliance record-keeping all impact the overall experience of sending and receiving funds. Understanding the roles, processes, and associated risks is essential for conducting secure and efficient transfers.

A price crash refers to a significant and rapid decline in the value of crypto assets within a short period. This event is often accompanied by liquidity draining from the market, widespread liquidation of leveraged positions, and the spread of panic sentiment among participants. Price crashes impact both spot and derivatives markets, affect stablecoin demand, and influence on-chain transaction activity, potentially triggering a cascade of sell-offs. Understanding the underlying causes, monitoring early warning signals, and utilizing risk management tools are essential for mitigating risks and improving the quality of trading decisions.

Pricing arbitrage is a trading strategy that exploits price discrepancies of the same asset across different markets or contract types by simultaneously buying and selling to lock in profit from the spread. In the crypto space, common use cases include spot price differences between exchanges, basis trading between spot and perpetual contracts, and funding rate hedging. The primary objective is to achieve stable returns while minimizing directional risk. Key features of successful pricing arbitrage include synchronized order execution, rapid capital turnover, and effective cost management. Execution depends on low transaction fees, ample liquidity, fast transfers, and rigorous risk controls. This approach is suitable for both institutional and individual traders, but it demands high speed, optimized account setups, and thorough compliance record-keeping.

Cryptocurrency paper trading is a practice method that uses virtual funds to simulate order placement and risk management in an environment closely resembling real market conditions, typically via testnets or demo accounts. This approach helps beginners become familiar with order types, take-profit and stop-loss mechanisms, the impact of fees and slippage, and allows them to validate strategies and review trading processes without risking actual capital. Paper trading provides a safe way to build experience and confidence before cautiously transitioning to live trading.

Quantitative Easing (QE) is an unconventional monetary policy tool used by central banks that involves large-scale purchases of financial assets (such as government bonds) to increase money supply and lower long-term interest rates, primarily implemented during economic downturns to stimulate economic activity, prevent deflation, and provide market liquidity.

Quantum computing is a method of processing information that leverages the principles of quantum mechanics. Instead of traditional bits, it uses quantum bits (qubits), enabling computational speedups for specific problems through superposition, entanglement, and interference. Algorithms such as Shor’s and Grover’s have the potential to impact cryptographic schemes like RSA and elliptic curve signatures. While current hardware is constrained by error rates and poses limited short-term risk, there is a long-term need to develop post-quantum cryptography and plan for secure migration.

A qubit, or quantum bit, is the fundamental unit of information in quantum computing. Unlike classical bits, qubits can exist in a superposition of both "0" and "1" states simultaneously, thanks to the principles of quantum superposition and entanglement. This unique property not only enables faster computation but also has significant implications for security: advanced quantum computers could potentially compromise blockchain cryptographic signatures, driving the development of post-quantum cryptography and protocol upgrades. On networks like Ethereum, transaction signatures rely on elliptic curve algorithms. If quantum devices scale sufficiently, they could solve these cryptographic challenges much more quickly, prompting key migration and system updates across blockchain platforms.

The quote currency refers to the currency used to display prices in a trading pair, such as USDT in BTC/USDT. It determines how prices are shown and how profits and losses are calculated, making it a common concept in forex, stocks, crypto trading pairs, and contract settlements. Quote currencies are typically stablecoins or fiat currencies, and their selection affects conversions, record-keeping, and tax reporting. When exchanges show total asset value, set alerts, or apply risk controls, your default quote currency can significantly impact your decisions and actions.

The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is a technical indicator that measures the speed and magnitude of price movements by comparing gains and losses over a specified period. It generates a value on a scale from 0 to 100, which helps assess whether market momentum is strong or weak. RSI is widely used to identify overbought and oversold conditions, as well as divergences, enabling traders in both crypto and traditional markets to spot potential entry and exit points. Additionally, it can be integrated with risk management strategies to improve decision-making consistency.

Recursion refers to the approach of breaking down a complex problem into smaller subproblems and solving them by repeating the same process. In Web3, recursion is commonly used to aggregate multiple transactions or zero-knowledge proofs into a single verification, or to reuse previously on-chain content in Bitcoin inscriptions. This technique enhances scalability, optimizes on-chain storage, and increases composability of applications—all without altering consensus mechanisms.

Fraudulent token projects, commonly referred to as rug pulls, are scams in which the project team suddenly withdraws funds or manipulates smart contracts after attracting investor capital. This often results in investors being unable to sell their tokens or facing a rapid price collapse. Typical tactics include removing liquidity, secretly retaining minting privileges, or setting excessively high transaction taxes. Rug pulls are most prevalent among newly launched tokens and community-driven projects. The ability to identify and avoid such schemes is essential for participants in the crypto space.

"Rug pull" or "exit scam" refers to situations where project teams, after issuing tokens or launching DeFi or NFT sales, suddenly withdraw liquidity, restrict trading, and disappear from contact. In open blockchain markets, anyone can deploy tokens and smart contracts, and the lack of rigorous due diligence and transparency makes such incidents common. Understanding typical tactics and recognizing warning signs can help reduce financial risks when participating in Gate trading or interacting with on-chain protocols.

Return on Investment (ROI) is a widely used metric for evaluating whether an investment is worthwhile by comparing net returns to total costs. While traditionally applied to stocks and mutual funds, ROI is also relevant in crypto trading, asset management, staking, NFTs, and market making. Accurate calculation requires accounting for transaction fees, slippage, on-chain gas fees, time horizon, and associated risks. Otherwise, the results may be misleading. Including these factors makes ROI a more reliable tool for analyzing past performance and setting future goals.

Real World Assets (RWA) refer to the process of tokenizing physical assets such as bonds, real estate, commodities, and accounts receivable on the blockchain. This enables these assets to become tradable, divisible, collateralizable, and capable of generating yields. Implementing RWA typically requires a legal framework to support ownership rights, custodians to safeguard the underlying assets, and oracles to synchronize off-chain data. RWAs are commonly used in interest rate products, credit financing, and stable yield generation.

RSA is a widely used asymmetric encryption scheme that relies on a public key, which can be shared openly, and a private key, held exclusively by the owner. This setup enables secure encryption, digital signatures, and identity verification. RSA is commonly applied in HTTPS certificates and software signatures, and it also plays a role in blockchain processes such as cross-chain proofs, privacy proofs, and key management. By leveraging RSA, information can be securely transmitted and its origin verified across open networks.

In blockchain and crypto applications, a replay attack refers to an incident where an attacker resubmits a previously approved transaction, message, or authorization signature in the same or a different blockchain environment, causing the system to execute it again. Replay attacks commonly occur due to the absence of unique nonces, missing chainId binding, authorizations without expiration or domain binding. Consequences can include double-spending of assets, duplicate transfers of NFTs, or unauthorized reuse of login credentials.

Hedging is a strategy used to limit the impact of price fluctuations to a manageable level. It can be thought of as “buying insurance”: while holding spot assets, one may open opposing positions using futures, perpetual contracts, or options, or smooth returns with stablecoins and diversified investments. In the 24/7, highly volatile crypto market, hedging enables both individuals and institutions to manage their positions and cash flow according to plan.

r/wallstreetbets is an investment discussion forum on Reddit, known for its large community of retail investors and its distinctive meme culture, aggressive trading strategies, and strong group sentiment. The forum often drives short-term volatility in "meme stocks" and certain crypto assets. Beginners can use r/wallstreetbets to gauge market sentiment by monitoring trending posts, comment activity, and popular keywords. However, it is important to be cautious of information noise and speculative risks associated with the platform.

Concise

RPC, or "Remote Procedure Call," enables wallets and applications to communicate with blockchain nodes over a network to perform queries and broadcast transactions. Acting as a communication channel, RPC typically uses HTTP or WebSocket protocols to send JSON-RPC messages for tasks such as requesting account balances, reading smart contract data, or submitting signed transactions. Choosing a stable and trustworthy RPC endpoint directly impacts transaction speed, reliability, and overall security.

Recency bias refers to the tendency for individuals to place excessive emphasis on recent prices, news, or personal experiences when making decisions and trades, while overlooking longer-term data and statistical trends. In the crypto market, which operates around the clock and features high information density, recency bias can be amplified. This often leads to behaviors such as buying high and selling low, frequent portfolio rebalancing, and misjudging risk. Understanding and managing recency bias is essential for building a more resilient investment strategy.

r/wallstreetbets is a major investment forum on Reddit, known for its members’ use of memes and focus on high-risk trading topics. By aggregating retail investor attention through post popularity and voting, the community has driven events like GameStop and frequently discusses crypto assets such as Bitcoin and Dogecoin. r/wallstreetbets visibly influences market sentiment and public opinion.

RSA encryption relies on a pair of keys: a publicly available "public key" and a privately held "private key" to secure data. External parties use the public key to encrypt information or verify signatures, while you use the private key to decrypt messages or create digital signatures. The security of RSA is based on the mathematical difficulty of factoring extremely large numbers into prime numbers. RSA is commonly used in HTTPS certificates and API communications, with key lengths typically starting from 2048 bits or higher. In the context of Web3, RSA encryption does not generate on-chain transactions but instead safeguards data transmission and identity verification between you and platforms.

Roger Ver is an early evangelist and investor in the cryptocurrency industry, widely known as the "Bitcoin Jesus" for his persistent advocacy of Bitcoin. He founded Bitcoin.com, championing low transaction fees and everyday payment use cases. Ver played a key role in the 2017 launch of Bitcoin Cash (BCH), which forked from Bitcoin to address scaling and fee concerns. His impact spans payment systems, wallets, and ecosystem development, while also being associated with ideological splits and regulatory controversies. Ver continues to influence the evolution of payment solutions within Web3.

Redundancy in computer networks refers to the implementation of additional backup arrangements at critical nodes, links, or data points to ensure that services remain operational even if certain components fail. In Web3 and blockchain contexts, redundancy is evident in practices such as maintaining multiple ledger copies across nodes, increasing the number of consensus participants, deploying infrastructure across different regions, and utilizing multi-signature wallets. Transaction and deposit confirmations also rely on redundant validation processes to enhance reliability and reduce the risk of service interruption. However, these measures must be balanced against potential increases in latency and operational costs.

Request for comments is the process of making a proposal public before finalization to collect suggestions and objections from the general public or a specific community. This approach is commonly used for policies, platform rules, product updates, and technology upgrades. In the Web3 space, request for comments appears in contexts such as DAO governance proposals, Ethereum protocol changes, and exchange community announcements. Feedback is gathered through channels like forums, GitHub, and Snapshot, helping to enhance transparency and improve the quality of implementation.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio waves to interact with chip-enabled tags, allowing for the identification of objects and the reading or writing of data. Commonly applied in logistics, access control, and retail, RFID can also be integrated with blockchain and smart contracts to map the movement records or ownership of physical assets onto the blockchain. This enables applications such as provenance tracking and rights verification.

Ransomware is a type of malicious software designed to lock data on computers or servers and demand a ransom payment, often in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. If the ransom is not paid, the attackers threaten to keep the data locked or even release sensitive information. Ransomware can disrupt both individuals and business operations. In Web3 environments, it poses additional risks by potentially compromising exchange accounts and on-chain asset security. Understanding how ransomware works, how it spreads, and how to defend against it is essential for maintaining security in the crypto ecosystem.

A roadmap is a public plan outlining a project's future activities, detailing phase objectives, timelines, and expected deliverables. In the context of Web3, a roadmap typically also includes schedules for product upgrades, token release and governance plans, code audits, and launch procedures. Roadmaps are continuously updated as progress is made, allowing the community to track and assess the project's development.

Recency bias refers to the tendency of individuals to place undue emphasis on recent events when making decisions, often mistaking short-term fluctuations for long-term trends. This cognitive bias is especially common in crypto markets, where it can drive behaviors such as chasing rallies or panic selling, while neglecting longer-term data and fundamental analysis. Recency bias can distort portfolio management and risk control, as on-chain activity, community narratives, and news cycles often exaggerate the significance of one or two days’ performance into perceived trends. Adopting the right strategies and analytical tools, and maintaining a long-term perspective, can help mitigate emotional decision-making driven by recency bias.

The rebase algorithm is a mechanism that periodically adjusts the total supply of a token according to predefined rules. The system synchronously increases or decreases the balances of all addresses proportionally, aiming to achieve specific price or yield targets while maintaining each holder’s percentage ownership unchanged. This approach is commonly used in elastic supply tokens and “auto-compounding” protocols, where adjustments are typically triggered by oracle-reported prices and set intervals. Instead of directly changing the price of each token, the rebase algorithm alters the “size of the pie,” ensuring the value target is approached through supply changes rather than price manipulation.

A retail investor refers to an individual who makes independent investment decisions using their own funds, typically with a smaller capital base and greater trading flexibility. In the crypto space, retail investors may trade on centralized exchanges or use self-custody wallets to participate in decentralized trading and governance. They play a vital role in providing liquidity, facilitating price discovery, and contributing to the community ecosystem.

A bank run refers to a situation where a large number of depositors simultaneously withdraw funds from a bank within a short period, causing liquidity pressure because banks only hold a fraction of deposits as cash. This forces banks to liquidate assets to meet withdrawal demands. Bank runs are typically triggered by a loss of confidence or sudden information shocks. In traditional finance, deposit insurance and central bank intervention help buffer such events. Similar "run" phenomena also occur in the crypto space, such as mass stablecoin redemptions, withdrawal congestion on exchanges, and liquidity imbalances in DeFi pools.

Portfolio rebalancing refers to the process of systematically adjusting the allocation of assets within an investment portfolio back to predefined target levels, ensuring that risk and return remain within a designated range. This strategy is applicable not only to traditional assets like stocks and bonds but also to highly volatile crypto assets. Common methods include time-based rebalancing, threshold-based rebalancing, and cash flow rebalancing. On centralized exchanges, tools such as limit orders, scheduled orders, and automated recurring purchases can facilitate rebalancing. On-chain, investors need to consider factors like gas fees and slippage. The primary objective is not to predict market prices but to manage deviations from target allocations effectively.

Liquidation refers to the process in leveraged or margin trading where a platform forcibly closes a user's positions according to predefined rules when the account's margin—similar to a security deposit—is insufficient to cover ongoing losses. This mechanism is triggered based on the relationship between the mark price and the liquidation price. Key factors influencing liquidation include maintenance margin requirements, leverage ratio, margin mode (isolated or cross), and funding rates. Liquidation is common in perpetual contracts and crypto lending scenarios. Given the highly volatile nature of crypto markets, understanding how liquidation works and strategies to avoid it is crucial for effective risk management.

"Regulated" refers to financial or crypto activities that comply with legal requirements and operate under official licensing and ongoing oversight—similar to how driving requires a license and routine traffic checks. In the Web3 context, regulation is commonly seen in processes such as KYC (Know Your Customer) identity verification, anti-money laundering (AML) reviews, licensing and custody obligations, as well as in the issuance and trading of stablecoins and real-world assets (RWA).

Copy trading income refers to the earnings generated by replicating the cryptocurrency trades or strategies of other users. Followers automatically synchronize the selected trader's buy and sell actions with their own accounts, with any profits belonging to the follower. Meanwhile, strategy providers receive a predetermined share of the profits according to the agreement. This model is common in exchange-based copy trading and on-chain social trading platforms, where transparent transaction records and controllable parameters are emphasized. It is particularly suitable for beginners looking to reduce decision-making pressure and for traders who wish to share their strategies.

Revenge trading refers to the behavior where a trader, after incurring losses or missing out on market opportunities, attempts to "win back" what was lost by immediately increasing position sizes or engaging in frequent trades driven by emotional reactions. This phenomenon is common in the crypto markets, both in spot and derivatives trading, and is especially prevalent in environments characterized by high volatility, available leverage, and 24/7 market access. Revenge trading typically deviates from an investor’s original strategy and risk management protocols. It is not considered an effective trading strategy; rather, it represents a form of biased decision-making that often leads to further consecutive losses and an increased risk of liquidation.

The regenerative economy is an economic philosophy focused on restoring and enhancing resources after their use, promoting the synergistic cycle of natural environment, social well-being, and capital. It emphasizes community participation and long-term resilience, employing rules and incentives to prevent overconsumption. In the Web3 ecosystem, this concept is closely linked with Regenerative Finance (ReFi), which leverages on-chain transparent capital allocation, behavior incentives, and assets such as carbon credits to integrate public goods into market mechanisms, driving measurable long-term impact.

Ring confidential transactions are a privacy-focused mechanism used by encrypted cryptocurrencies to conceal both the sender’s identity and the transaction amount. While the network can still verify that there is no forgery or unauthorized issuance, blockchain explorers cannot access the specific source or value of the transfer. This approach integrates ring signatures, one-time addresses, and value commitments, ensuring that transactions remain verifiable without revealing sensitive details. It is commonly implemented in systems such as Monero.

Refinancing refers to the process of replacing existing loans or funding arrangements with new capital solutions to achieve lower costs, longer maturities, or increased liquidity. In traditional finance, refinancing typically involves loan replacement, issuing new bonds, or additional fundraising rounds. Within the crypto sector, refinancing can include migrating collateralized loans from one protocol to another, executing instant swaps via flash loans, raising capital through Initial Exchange Offerings (IEOs) or tokenized bonds, as well as miners and exchanges extending maturities using convertible bonds or promissory notes. Refinancing strategies are applicable to both individuals and enterprises, as well as on-chain protocols and project teams, and are especially common during periods of interest rate fluctuations or liquidity constraints.

A testnet release is an early, functional version of a project launched before its official mainnet deployment. Typically, it operates on a testnet or is made available to a limited group of users. The primary goals are to validate features, performance, and security, as well as to gather user feedback. This approach is widely used for decentralized applications and smart contracts, enabling teams to identify issues, refine user interactions, and optimize economic models in a low-risk environment, thereby ensuring thorough preparation for the subsequent mainnet launch.

Regenerative networks are a category of application networks that bring ecological data and incentive mechanisms onto the blockchain. By leveraging traceable records and smart contract payments, these networks support projects such as regenerative agriculture and reforestation, while integrating with carbon credit measurement and trading. They enable transparent, on-chain settlement of “who contributes to environmental improvement, how it is verified, and how rewards are distributed,” allowing both organizations and individuals to participate in ecological restoration.

Redirection refers to the process by which a website or application guides users from their current address to a new one. This is commonly seen during domain migrations, returning users to their original page after login, wallet connection processes, or payment confirmation pages. Redirection is typically triggered by server-side instructions or deep links, and it can impact user experience, security, and search performance. Understanding redirection helps users interact with both Web3 and traditional websites more smoothly and securely.

RWSB is a major investment discussion forum on Reddit, bringing together retail investors who participate in the market with their own funds. It is known for its memes, straightforward posts, and high-risk topics, covering U.S. stocks, options, and crypto assets. RWSB influences market sentiment and trading dynamics through focused attention and community-driven mobilization, often playing a significant role in short-term volatility and trending sector rotations.

Remix IDE is an Ethereum smart contract development environment that runs directly in the browser. It integrates editing, compiling, deployment, and debugging functionalities, making it suitable for beginners and lightweight development workflows. Users can write contracts in Solidity without installing any local tools, connect their wallets to test contracts on testnets, and only pay gas fees when deploying to the mainnet. Remix IDE supports plugin extensions, exporting ABI and bytecode, and offers a built-in virtual machine along with wallet integration.

Regulatory compliance in the crypto and Web3 sectors refers to the comprehensive set of processes and technologies designed in accordance with the laws and industry standards of a given jurisdiction. This includes identity verification, transaction monitoring, licensing and approvals, as well as information disclosure. Regulatory compliance bridges technology and legal frameworks, enabling exchanges, wallets, and DeFi services to operate securely while minimizing legal, financial, and operational risks.

Redundancy in blockchain technology refers to the intentional duplication of systems, data, or network components designed to prevent single points of failure and ensure continuous operation. In blockchain networks, redundancy primarily manifests as distributed ledger replication across multiple nodes, where each full node maintains a complete copy of the blockchain, providing fault tolerance and protection against data manipulation.

Rehypothecation refers to a financial strategy where already-pledged digital assets are used again as collateral to secure additional loans or yields. Originating from traditional finance but widely applied in DeFi (Decentralized Finance), this mechanism allows users to create leverage through nested borrowing operations, maximizing capital efficiency of assets while simultaneously increasing systemic risk.

Risk acceptance is a risk management strategy where investors or project teams consciously decide to bear identified blockchain and cryptocurrency-related risks rather than attempting to eliminate or transfer them. This approach is typically employed when the cost of risk avoidance is prohibitively high, when risks cannot be completely eliminated, or when risks are deemed acceptable compared to potential rewards.

A store of value refers to an asset's ability to maintain purchasing power over time and be readily exchanged or utilized when needed. Common stores of value include gold, fiat currency, and Bitcoin, each relying on characteristics such as scarcity, durability, divisibility, portability, sufficient liquidity, and secure custody. In modern finance and Web3 contexts, the concept focuses on factors like inflation, volatility, and accessibility to minimize the loss of purchasing power.

Asset security refers to the comprehensive strategies and measures designed to protect your funds, tokens, and NFTs on blockchains and exchanges from theft, loss, or accidental mishandling. This concept encompasses the management of private keys and seed phrases, the safeguarding of wallets and accounts, the verification of transactions and authorizations, as well as risk control and backup recovery processes. Tools such as hardware wallets, multisig solutions, or MPC (Multi-Party Computation) can be employed to enhance protection. Common risks include phishing links, fake airdrops, malicious smart contracts, and device infections. The primary objective is to ensure that access permissions, withdrawal channels, and transaction processes remain controllable and fully traceable.

The S&P 500 market capitalization is the sum of the "free-float market capitalization" of all the constituent stocks in the S&P 500 Index, and is used to measure the overall size of major publicly traded companies in the United States. Market capitalization is calculated by multiplying a company's share price by the number of its outstanding shares, with "free float" referring to the portion of shares that are available for trading. This figure fluctuates based on changes in share prices, index constituent adjustments, and USD exchange rates. It is commonly used for asset allocation and risk assessment.

Symmetric key encryption is the practice of using the same “key” for both encrypting and decrypting data. Common algorithms include AES and ChaCha20, which, when combined with random initialization vectors and integrity checks, help protect privacy and prevent data tampering. In the Web3 ecosystem, symmetric key encryption is used for wallet private key backups, secure data transmission over TLS connections, and encrypted file sharing. However, key distribution and secure storage remain significant challenges.

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is the federal agency responsible for enforcing securities laws in the United States. Its primary roles include protecting investors, ensuring fair trading practices, and promoting transparency of information. In the context of crypto assets, the SEC determines whether a token qualifies as a security, which in turn dictates whether its issuance, trading, or related fund products must be registered or may qualify for exemptions. The SEC’s regulatory framework, enforcement actions, and disclosure requirements also shape compliance standards across global markets.

"Satoshi Nakamoto" is the pseudonym used by the creator of Bitcoin. The name commonly refers not only to this anonymous author but also to the Bitcoin whitepaper and the core design principles behind Bitcoin. It is also the origin of "satoshi," the smallest unit of Bitcoin. Typically, "Satoshi Nakamoto" refers to the individual or group that published the Bitcoin whitepaper in 2008 and launched the Bitcoin network in 2009, embodying principles such as decentralization, public verification, and limited supply. In everyday usage, "satoshi" frequently appears in contexts like transaction fees and micropayments.

CDP segmentation refers to dividing the risk and liquidation process of collateralized debt positions (CDPs) into independently manageable parts based on specific thresholds. This approach enables partial repayments and segmented liquidations, reducing the impact of large-scale, one-time liquidations. CDP segmentation is commonly used in lending protocols for position management, where tiered alerts and phased adjustments help maintain a more stable collateralization ratio and health factor. In practice, protocols define parameter-based trigger ranges; as a CDP approaches its liquidation threshold, segments are managed or users are notified accordingly. Users can also increase collateral or repay debts in batches.

Soulbound Tokens (SBTs) are non-transferable on-chain credentials that serve to record personal identity, qualifications, achievements, or credit, all linked to your wallet address. Unlike typical tokens, SBTs are not intended for trading and function more like digital certificates. Common use cases include KYC identity verification, educational or skills certification, event participation badges, creditworthiness in lending, and tracking community contributions.

A scammer is an individual who exploits trust and information asymmetry to deceive you into transferring funds, disclosing account details, or providing signature authorization, thereby unlawfully seizing your crypto assets. Scams can occur across exchanges, wallets, and DeFi platforms. Common methods include impersonating customer support, phishing through fake airdrops, unlimited smart contract approvals, fraudulent KYC links, and enticing OTC offers at unusually low prices. Since on-chain transfers are irreversible, once your assets are sent or unauthorized access is granted, recovery is extremely difficult. Therefore, identifying and preventing scams is critically important.

The Scrypt algorithm is a memory-intensive hash and key derivation method commonly used in the proof-of-work mechanisms of cryptocurrencies such as Litecoin and Dogecoin, as well as for password storage in websites and wallets. By allowing adjustable parameters to increase both computational and memory costs, Scrypt reduces the advantage of specialized hardware, thereby enhancing decentralization and resistance to brute-force attacks. This makes it well-suited for scenarios where limiting brute-force search attempts is essential.

The slashing mechanism is a “stake penalty” rule in proof-of-stake networks. When a validator commits severe violations—such as signing two conflicting votes for the same block height or remaining offline for extended periods, thereby disrupting block production and confirmations—the system proportionally forfeits their staked assets and may enforce their removal from the validator set. This mechanism is executed automatically based on on-chain evidence, increasing the cost of malicious behavior and safeguarding both consensus security and network availability.

The term “Sol Project Chief Technology Officer” typically refers to the core leader responsible for technical direction, on-chain program development, and security governance within the Solana ecosystem, and is often abbreviated as CTO. In social media contexts, this title may refer to the actual technology lead or may be broadly used in marketing language to mean “core developer.” Understanding the roles and boundaries of this position helps assess the credibility of a team and potential risks.

The stock-to-flow model is a supply-side framework that measures scarcity using the ratio of existing stock to annual new issuance. It is commonly applied to limited-supply assets like Bitcoin, taking into account halving events and miner reward schedules to analyze how supply changes and inflation rates may impact long-term price trends. This model does not directly predict prices and should be evaluated alongside demand, liquidity, and market cycles. In trading practice, it is often used in combination with on-chain data and macroeconomic indicators, serving as a medium- to long-term reference rather than a standalone decision-making tool.

A forked chain refers to a blockchain that splits into two or more independently operating chains starting from a specific block height, due to protocol upgrades or disagreements over network rules. Common causes include disputes within community governance, parameter adjustments, and responses to security incidents. Forks can impact transaction validation, asset mapping, and application compatibility, involving practical considerations such as wallet network configuration, ChainID assignment, and replay protection mechanisms.

A supercycle refers to a prolonged period of sustained market growth driven by structural forces, often spanning multiple regular market cycles. In the crypto space, supercycles are typically fueled by factors such as Bitcoin halving events, liquidity conditions, technological advancements, and expanding user adoption. These cycles are characterized by extended bullish trends, wider market participation, and deeper ecosystem penetration. During a supercycle, capital tends to flow from Bitcoin to mainstream digital assets and emerging narratives, while channels like ETFs, Layer 2 scaling solutions, DeFi, and NFT applications gain increasing attention from a broader audience.

A soft cap is a predefined fundraising threshold that must be reached for a project or offering to be considered successful and to proceed as planned. If the soft cap is not met, funds are typically refunded or the event is postponed. Soft caps are often mentioned alongside hard caps—the absolute maximum limit—across scenarios such as IDOs, IEOs, NFT minting, and liquidity fundraising, serving as flexible boundaries for the total amount or quantity being raised.

Segregated Witness (SegWit) is a protocol upgrade for Bitcoin that separates signature, or "witness," data from the main part of a transaction. This change addresses transaction malleability and increases effective block capacity through the concept of "block weight." SegWit enables more efficient transactions, allows for better control over transaction fees, and lays the groundwork for Layer 2 solutions like the Lightning Network, while maintaining compatibility with legacy addresses.

A smart contract audit is a systematic security assessment of self-executing contract code deployed on the blockchain, aimed at identifying exploitable vulnerabilities and logical flaws, and providing recommendations for remediation. This process combines manual code review, automated tool analysis, and test environment simulations. Smart contract audits are commonly conducted before the launch or after upgrades of applications in areas such as DeFi, NFTs, and blockchain gaming. The audit findings are typically compiled into a report, enabling project teams to disclose risks to users and improve permission management and emergency response procedures.

Vampire staking refers to a strategy where a new protocol or platform offers higher yields, airdrop points, fee rebates, and other incentives to attract users to unstake their tokens from existing protocols and migrate them to the new platform. The goal is to rapidly grow the platform's total value locked (TVL) and increase its market influence. This approach is commonly seen in the Ethereum staking and restaking sectors, often involving liquid staking tokens and restaking services. Vampire staking alters the distribution of capital, impacts yield stability, and changes security assumptions within the ecosystem. For regular users, vampire staking promises more attractive annualized returns and rewards, but it also comes with trade-offs such as exit periods, smart contract security risks, and increased concentration of assets. Users must carefully weigh potential rewards against these associated risks when deciding whether to participate.

The stop price and limit price are two key settings in trading that help control the timing of order execution and the price at which a trade is completed. The stop price acts as a trigger; once reached, it activates the order and sends it to the market. The limit price defines the maximum or minimum price at which you are willing to buy or sell. These two elements are often combined in a “stop-limit order,” which is widely used in both crypto and stock trading to implement strategies, minimize slippage, and reduce emotional decision-making. However, it is essential to understand the triggering rules and liquidity considerations—especially in the 24/7 crypto markets where these factors play an even greater role.

Delisting of stocks refers to the removal of a company's shares from a securities exchange, making them no longer tradable on that platform. Common triggers for delisting include prolonged failure to meet performance standards, significant violations in information disclosure, adverse audit opinions, bankruptcy restructuring, or voluntary privatization by the company. After delisting, shares may be transferred to over-the-counter (OTC) markets, where trading activity is typically much lower. Investors should pay close attention to announcements from both the exchange and the company and develop an appropriate exit strategy in a timely manner.

“Soulbound” refers to the permanent association of an on-chain credential with a specific wallet address, serving as a marker of identity and reputation rather than a tradable asset. Typically, these credentials are issued and signed by trusted parties through smart contracts. They are non-transferable and can only be revoked or updated. Common use cases include academic qualifications, membership verification, and contribution records. Within decentralized identity systems, soulbound tokens function as “non-transferable proofs” that cannot be bought or sold.

SocialFi, or social finance, refers to applications and services that integrate social interactions with the crypto economy. Actions such as posting, following, and tipping are linked to tokens, NFTs, and revenue rights. By leveraging public social graphs and smart contract settlements, creators and communities can transact and distribute incentives directly, with all activities recorded on-chain for verifiable transparency. SocialFi platforms often operate on Ethereum Layer 2 networks, where wallets function as user accounts and tokens serve as participation credentials. These systems offer transparent and auditable rules but require careful attention to token price volatility and smart contract security risks.

Spot trading refers to the direct purchase or sale of assets at the current market price with immediate settlement. In the crypto space, this means buying or selling the actual tokens themselves. Unlike derivatives trading, spot trading does not involve leverage or contract expiration, making the risks more straightforward. Typically, users place market or limit orders on exchanges, pay a small trading fee, and receive actual holdings that can be transferred, stored, or used in on-chain applications. Asset prices in spot markets are influenced by liquidity and may be subject to slippage.

A "bear call spread stop-limit order" refers to a risk management tool used within the bear call spread strategy, where an investor sells a call option with a lower strike price and buys a call option with a higher strike price. This order type allows the user to set a predetermined price trigger; once the trigger is reached, the system will automatically place a limit order at the specified price to close or reduce the position. This helps control potential losses and slippage during volatile market conditions, enhancing the predictability of trade execution.

The closing price of a stock refers to the benchmark price confirmed by the exchange at the end of a trading day. Typically determined through the closing auction, this price serves as a reference for daily candlestick charts, index calculation, fund valuation, and settlement. Unlike the last trade executed during market hours, the closing price is established at a unified time based on the principle of maximizing matched volume, ensuring that the entire market aligns accounting and comparisons at the same moment.

A support level refers to a price zone where downward movement tends to halt and a rebound often occurs, functioning much like a floor that stabilizes price action. Support levels are typically formed through a combination of historical price lows, concentrated buy orders, and trader expectations. In crypto trading, support levels play a key role in entry strategies and risk management. For example, traders may highlight these areas on Gate charts, set limit orders, or place conditional stop-losses around support zones to enhance consistency and discipline in trade execution.

A stock ticker symbol is a unique string of letters or numbers assigned to each stock during securities trading, serving as the stock's "identification card." It enables precise identification of an asset on exchanges, trading platforms, and clearing systems. Different markets have varying conventions: for example, stocks on Shanghai and Shenzhen exchanges typically use numeric codes, Hong Kong stocks use five-digit numbers, and U.S. stocks are usually represented by letters. Ticker symbols are often accompanied by exchange suffixes to facilitate order placement and information disclosure.

Sovereign cryptocurrency (SOV Coin) is a digital form of currency issued and controlled by a government or central bank, commonly known as Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). It combines certain aspects of blockchain technology with centralized oversight mechanisms, representing a digital version of fiat currency that contrasts with decentralized cryptocurrencies. Sovereign cryptocurrencies aim to enhance payment efficiency, strengthen monetary policy implementation, and maintain state regulatory control

A Solana spot ETF is a type of exchange-traded fund (ETF) that is listed on securities markets and directly holds SOL, tracking its real-time price. Investors can gain exposure to Solana using a brokerage account, eliminating the need to manage self-custody wallets or private keys. Unlike futures contracts, a spot ETF is backed by actual holdings of SOL, ensuring the price closely reflects the spot market. The operation of a Solana spot ETF involves collaboration among the fund manager, custodian, and authorized participants, who maintain the ETF’s net asset value in line with the market price through a creation and redemption mechanism.

A "junk coin" refers to a token that lacks real products, sustainable cash flow, or clear value backing. Key features of junk coins include opaque information disclosure, concentrated token holdings, low liquidity, and prices that are easily manipulated. These tokens are often traded on decentralized exchanges (DEXs) and rely heavily on social media hype for promotion. Junk coins typically experience sharp short-term price fluctuations and are frequently associated with mechanisms such as presales, airdrops, and transaction taxes, making them extremely high-risk investments.

In the Web3 context, “complex synonyms” refer to a range of terms that may seem unrelated but actually point to the same category of issues. Examples include Layer2, zero-knowledge, cross-chain bridge, MEV, composability, and modularity. These concepts revolve around core factors like cost, speed, security, and interoperability, directly affecting your experience when transferring assets with a wallet, selecting deposit networks on exchanges, or interacting with on-chain applications. They impact transaction fees, wait times, and perceived risks in these scenarios.

The Solidity programming language is designed for writing smart contracts on Ethereum and EVM-compatible blockchains, enabling developers to encode rules and processes into programs that execute on-chain. Solidity underpins applications such as DeFi, NFTs, and DAOs, allowing state changes through blockchain transactions. Developers compile contracts into bytecode for deployment on the network, and interactions—such as contract calls and asset transfers—are facilitated through wallets and front-end interfaces.

Sats stacking refers to the practice of accumulating Bitcoin’s smallest unit, the satoshi (1 BTC = 100,000,000 sats), in small amounts, incrementally, and over the long term. Common methods include dollar-cost averaging (DCA) through scheduled purchases, spot buying as needed, or earning sats via tips and micropayments. The focus is on consistent action and cost averaging rather than making a single large investment. Typical scenarios include setting up automated recurring buys on exchanges or receiving micropayments directly into a wallet. Key considerations for sats stacking are budgeting wisely, minimizing transaction fees, and securely managing your assets.

A Special Purpose Acquisition Company (SPAC) is a shell company that goes public first and then seeks a target business to acquire. It raises funds through an IPO, which are placed in a trust account, and subsequently looks to merge with a private company, enabling that company to access public markets. SPACs are used to streamline the process and timeline of going public, reducing traditional listing and disclosure requirements. However, they come with risks such as redemption, dilution, and regulatory compliance. Some Web3 companies have explored going public via the SPAC route. For investors, a SPAC functions similarly to a fund with the goal of merging with a target; during this period, investors can vote and redeem their shares, but returns depend on the quality and terms of the eventual merger or acquisition.

Swing traders focus on capturing periodic price fluctuations, aiming to buy at relatively low points and sell at relatively high points. Their typical holding period ranges from several days to a few weeks. Commonly used technical analysis tools help identify support and resistance levels, while stop-loss and take-profit orders are combined to manage risk. In the 24/7 trading and highly volatile environment of the crypto market, swing traders use well-planned entry and exit strategies to seek medium- to short-term price differentials.

The Sandbox metaverse operates within the virtual worlds of Ethereum and Polygon, where users build interactive experiences on NFT land parcels (LAND) using no-code tools. Payments, transactions, and governance are facilitated by the SAND token. The platform integrates an asset marketplace and smart contracts, enabling creators to publish content with VoxEdit and GameMaker, and monetize through ticket sales, in-game items, and royalties. Brands can also establish a presence and host events within the ecosystem.

Sniping buy is a strategy that involves placing rapid orders within extremely short time frames, aiming to secure trades during events such as new token listings, liquidity injections, major news releases, or price trigger points. On-chain, traders typically use higher gas fees, monitor smart contract events, and adjust slippage settings to gain priority. On centralized exchanges, execution relies on conditional orders, price alerts, and stop-loss/take-profit mechanisms. Throughout the process, it is essential to verify smart contract security and manage position risk.

A “signal call” refers to trading recommendations for crypto assets shared by individuals or groups on social platforms. These signals typically include entry price, stop-loss, and target levels, serving as a kind of “trade alert.” Signal calls are commonly found on platforms like Telegram, X (formerly Twitter), and exchange communities, and they cover both spot and derivatives trading. It is important to note that signal calls do not guarantee profits and may involve conflicts of interest or information asymmetry. Users should be aware of the associated risks and follow best practices when acting on these recommendations.

Substrate is a modular blockchain development framework maintained by Parity, commonly associated with the Polkadot ecosystem. Developers use Rust to assemble functional modules called pallets, compiling business logic into WASM for node execution, with the flexibility to swap consensus mechanisms, networking, and storage as needed. Substrate features built-in components for accounts, transactions, and governance, and supports cross-chain communication via XCM. It enables the creation of both parachains connected to Polkadot and standalone blockchains.

A shiller is a profit-driven, covert promoter who poses as a regular user or influential figure on social media platforms and exchange comment sections. Their goal is to generate hype and entice others to buy tokens, mint NFTs, or participate in specific projects. Shilling typically goes hand-in-hand with practices like pump-and-dump schemes (coordinated buying to drive up prices) and exaggerated claims about potential returns. By exploiting information asymmetry and leveraging FOMO (Fear of Missing Out), shillers influence user decisions, ultimately profiting from price fluctuations or promotional rewards.

Solflare is a non-custodial wallet designed for the Solana ecosystem, enabling you to manage SOL and SPL tokens, connect with decentralized applications, and perform staking as well as NFT operations. You retain full control over your private keys and seed phrases, with no assets held by the wallet itself. Solflare supports browser extensions, mobile platforms, and integration with hardware wallets, making it ideal for users who wish to maintain independent control over their funds.

Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies designed to maintain price stability by pegging their value to fiat currencies (like the US dollar), commodities (such as gold), or other assets. Based on their backing mechanism, stablecoins are primarily categorized as collateralized (fiat-backed or crypto-backed) or algorithmic, each employing different mechanisms to maintain price stability.

Ethereum staking tokens are on-chain certificates that represent ETH staked in the Ethereum proof-of-stake network. These tokens reflect your share in a staking pool and accrued rewards, and can be traded, used as collateral for lending, and more—enhancing capital flexibility. A well-known example is stETH, which typically tracks the price of ETH and allows redemption for native ETH under specific protocol rules.

Sharding is a technique that divides data and transactions within a blockchain into multiple parallel partitions, allowing different nodes to process separate segments. This approach enhances throughput, reduces confirmation times, and lowers transaction fees. Sharding is designed with a focus on consensus mechanisms, security, and data availability, and is often integrated with rollups for scalable solutions. Ethereum is advancing a data sharding strategy to support a wider range of application scenarios.

Slippage refers to the difference between the expected price at order placement and the actual executed price. It is commonly observed in market orders and on-chain swaps. Key factors influencing slippage include market depth, order size, network and matching speeds, and price volatility. Slippage becomes more pronounced during periods of low liquidity or significant market fluctuations. It impacts both trading costs and the likelihood of order fulfillment. Whether on centralized or decentralized exchanges, managing slippage is essential. Common strategies to reduce slippage include using limit orders, splitting large trades, and setting an acceptable slippage tolerance.

A smart contract is a program deployed on a blockchain that executes rules automatically according to its code, making the process transparent and difficult to alter arbitrarily. It functions like a public vending machine: anyone can trigger the conditions through a transaction, and the system settles assets and records the outcome on-chain. Smart contracts are widely used in scenarios such as token transfers, lending, and NFT issuance. On Gate's deposit page, you can find a contract address field to facilitate identification and interaction. Executing actions with a smart contract requires paying on-chain fees.

Forfeiture refers to the deduction, confiscation, or destruction of assets from an account or address as a penalty for violating platform rules or on-chain protocol requirements. Common scenarios include the cancellation of rewards due to fraudulent activity on exchanges, liquidation or risk management actions triggered by excessive leverage, and slashing penalties for staking validators engaging in double-signing or remaining offline for extended periods. Forfeiture can also occur during compliance checks, KYC (Know Your Customer), and anti-money laundering procedures.

SAT typically refers to the utility and governance token of the “Satoshi Island” project. It is used within the ecosystem for voting, obtaining specific permissions, or paying related fees. Governance refers to the mechanism where the community participates in proposals and voting through token ownership, while a utility token serves as an asset for in-app settlements or incentives. Holders can use SAT in supported wallets and applications to access services, exchange assets, or participate in activities. Please refer to official sources for the latest details on contracts and networks.

Staking refers to the process of locking tokens on a blockchain network or protocol in order to support its operation and earn rewards. This mechanism is prevalent in proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchains, such as Ethereum and Solana. Users can participate in staking by delegating their tokens to validators, running their own nodes, or engaging in liquid staking solutions. Staking enables participants to earn interest, enhance network security, gain governance rights, and potentially qualify for airdrops. However, it also involves risks such as price volatility, slashing penalties, and liquidity constraints.

Solana token burning refers to the permanent removal of SOL or SPL tokens from the total supply. At the network level, a portion of transaction fees is destroyed, and project teams may also execute the Burn instruction in the token program as planned, reducing reserves or burning tokens after buybacks. This mechanism supports supply management and incentive design, with records that are publicly accessible. Users can verify changes in token supply and transaction hashes through Solana explorers. On exchanges such as Gate, project announcements about token burning are often coordinated with updates to circulating supply.

Scalability refers to a blockchain’s ability to handle a higher volume of transactions while maintaining acceptable confirmation times and costs, without significantly compromising security or decentralization. The concept focuses on two key aspects: the number of transactions the system can process per second, and the time users must wait from initiating a transaction to its confirmation. Common approaches to improving scalability include increasing block size, parallel execution, Layer 2 solutions, and sharding.

Spear phishing is a targeted scam where attackers first gather information about your identity and transaction habits. They then impersonate trusted customer support representatives, project teams, or friends to deceive you into logging in on fake websites or signing seemingly legitimate messages with your wallet, ultimately taking control of your accounts or assets. In crypto and Web3 environments, spear phishing often focuses on private keys, seed phrases, withdrawals, and wallet authorizations. Since on-chain transactions are irreversible and digital signatures can grant spending permissions, victims typically suffer rapid and significant losses once compromised.

Fiat currency refers to the cash and bank deposit system that is backed by central banks and governments, and holds legal tender status for pricing, taxation, daily payments, and settlements. It circulates through commercial banks and payment networks, serving as the primary gateway for funds entering and exiting the crypto ecosystem, as well as providing a peg for stablecoins. Understanding fiat currency, its monetary policies, inflation and exchange rate mechanisms, and keeping track of innovations like central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), is essential for securely connecting with Web3.

Solidity is a programming language designed for writing smart contracts on Ethereum and other EVM-compatible blockchains. It allows developers to define business logic as code, which is compiled into bytecode and executed on-chain, with computational resources measured by gas fees. Smart contracts are activated by transactions, and their state changes are recorded permanently. Solidity is widely used in applications such as DeFi and NFTs, leveraging a range of tools for deployment and interaction. Developers communicate with contracts through the ABI (Application Binary Interface), while event logs enable tracking of contract actions. Users interact with smart contracts by initiating calls via wallets, with transaction costs fluctuating based on network congestion. Solidity places strong emphasis on security and auditability, making it suitable for building trustless applications without centralized servers. The language is compatible across multiple EVM chains, benefits from a robust ecosystem of development tools, and has a learning curve similar to web development, though with increased attention to financial risks.

SHA-256 is a hashing algorithm that compresses any input data into a fixed 256-bit “fingerprint”, producing an output of constant length that is extremely difficult to reverse-engineer back to the original information. SHA-256 is fundamental to Bitcoin mining, block linking, Merkle root creation for transaction collections, address validation, and API signature verification, ensuring data consistency and tamper resistance. Standardized by NIST in 2001, SHA-256 is widely used in Web3 for fast comparison and verification purposes, but it does not provide encryption or privacy protection.

The survival roadmap here refers to a practical set of steps designed for newcomers in the Web3 ecosystem. This roadmap covers essential actions such as safeguarding your accounts and private keys, choosing the right wallet and exchange, planning secure asset storage, implementing risk management strategies, maintaining liquidity through financial products and staking, and seizing opportunities in airdrops and emerging applications while managing associated risks. Much like a navigation guide, it helps you avoid major pitfalls and make steady progress throughout both bull and bear markets.

A slippage bot is an automated trading tool designed for decentralized exchanges that dynamically adjusts the slippage tolerance and optimizes order submission based on real-time price and liquidity fluctuations. Its primary goal is to increase transaction success rates and minimize losses due to price slippage. Slippage bots are commonly found in crypto wallets, Telegram trading bots, and aggregator services, with a focus on handling token taxes, fund security, and MEV (Miner Extractable Value) protection. For beginners, a slippage bot functions much like an automatic transmission, helping users navigate crowded trading environments by selecting optimal speeds and transaction fees, thereby reducing failed trades and repeated attempts.

A swing failure pattern is a price action signal where the price temporarily moves above a previous high or below a previous low, triggers nearby stop-losses and pending orders, and then returns to its original range, suggesting a potential reversal. This pattern involves liquidity, false breakouts, and trader behavior, and is commonly observed on both spot and derivatives charts in the crypto market. It can be used for entry, exit, and risk management strategies. Significant order clusters often accumulate near clear previous highs or lows; after these orders are swept and the price fails to sustain the breakout, the subsequent pullback or rebound can serve as a reference for entry. However, a swing failure does not guarantee a reversal—confirmation with closing price and trading volume is recommended, and stop-losses should be set to control risk.

A bonding curve is an on-chain programmable pricing mechanism that links the purchase or minting price of a token to its supply, automatically adjusting the price as the quantity changes. On the Solana blockchain, bonding curves are implemented through smart contracts and are commonly used for initial token offerings, automated market making for NFTs, and AMM pricing. They offer fast settlement and low fees; however, users should be aware of risks such as slippage, frontrunning, and parameter adjustment.

A software wallet is a crypto asset management tool that operates on mobile devices, computers, or web browsers. By securely storing private keys, it allows users to prove ownership and control of their assets. Software wallets can generate blockchain addresses, send and receive tokens, and interact with decentralized applications (dApps). Typically classified as a hot wallet, they support offline backup using mnemonic phrases and enable multi-chain asset management. While suitable for everyday use due to their convenience, software wallets require strong security practices and advanced phishing awareness from users.

Soulbound tokens are non-transferable on-chain credentials that are permanently linked to a specific address. They serve as proof of identity, qualification, or reputation—for example, confirming KYC verification, educational certificates, or DAO membership badges. Soulbound tokens build a persistent "resume" for an address, making it easier to identify trustworthy users in DeFi, airdrops, gated access, and governance scenarios. This reduces the risks of sybil attacks and speculation, while enabling more granular permission and incentive designs.

Scam tokens refer to fraudulent schemes that disguise themselves as legitimate token launches, using technical control and manipulative marketing to lure users into purchasing or transferring assets. Typical tactics include rug pulls, honeypots, fake airdrops, and abnormal transaction taxes, often resulting in users being unable to sell their tokens or having their funds stolen. These scams are prevalent in decentralized trading environments where anyone can list tokens, relying on liquidity pools, smart contract permissions, and viral social promotion to create an illusion of credibility.

The Stock-to-Flow (S2F) ratio is a key metric for assessing the scarcity of an asset. It is calculated by dividing the existing total supply (stock) by the annual new production (flow). This model is commonly applied to fixed-issuance assets like Bitcoin, providing insight into how events such as halving impact overall supply. The Stock-to-Flow framework also facilitates comparison of scarcity between commodities such as gold and silver. In the crypto industry, S2F serves primarily as a long-term supply analysis tool rather than a short-term trading indicator. When using this metric, it is important to consider demand and broader macroeconomic factors for a comprehensive evaluation.

SLP (Smooth Love Potion) is a functional blockchain gaming token primarily used within the Axie Infinity ecosystem as an in-game reward and breeding currency for virtual creatures. CoinMarketCap tracks SLP as a tradable crypto asset, providing real-time data on its price, market capitalization, trading volume, and circulating supply for investors and game participants.

Smart money tracking tools are services designed to monitor the on-chain activities of so-called "smart money" wallets. These tools organize blockchain data into readable formats such as transactions, portfolio holdings, and capital flows, label addresses that may belong to institutions, market makers, or experienced traders, and provide alerts and reports. They help users discover new tokens, track DEX and NFT activity, identify changes in liquidity, and combine with exchange strategies to assess market timing and risk.

A SAFT is a contract used for early-stage fundraising in crypto projects. Investors sign the agreement first, and after the network launches and tokens are generated (commonly referred to as a Token Generation Event, or TGE), they receive tokens according to the agreed terms. This arrangement is similar to a “purchase agreement for future delivery,” with tokens as the subject of settlement rather than equity. SAFTs are typically offered only to accredited investors and are subject to compliance checks. The contract specifies details such as price or discount, token lock-up periods, and release schedules. Key risks include regulatory uncertainty, project development timelines, and market volatility.

"Crypto-enabled text" refers to the design of web pages, apps, or messages where cryptocurrency addresses, amounts, network names, and related details can be accurately recognized, validated, and trigger specific actions. This functionality makes copying addresses safer and streamlines payment sharing—for example, by automatically detecting Ethereum addresses, generating clickable payment links and QR codes. It helps reduce risks such as using the wrong blockchain, selecting the wrong token, and falling victim to phishing attacks.

A Secure Element is a dedicated security chip designed to protect private keys and sensitive data within a device. It performs cryptographic operations and digital signatures internally, keeping the keys isolated from other parts of the system. This hardware-based isolation safeguards against both physical and software attacks. Secure Elements are commonly found in hardware wallets, secure zones of smartphones, and bank cards. In Web3 applications, the main purpose of a Secure Element is to ensure that all signing operations remain within the chip, preventing private keys from being exposed.

Staking vampire refers to a strategy in the crypto market where new projects use aggressive incentives—such as high short-term yields, points, and airdrops—to attract users to migrate their staked assets from existing platforms. Staking involves locking tokens to participate in network consensus and earn rewards. This “vampire” approach is common in sectors like liquid staking and restaking, which have seen rapid growth. However, users should pay close attention to smart contract permissions, withdrawal restrictions, and transparency of reward sources when considering these opportunities.

Shiba Inu (SHIB) is a community-driven token themed around the popular internet Shiba Inu meme culture. Initially launched on Ethereum as an ERC-20 token, SHIB has since expanded to the Layer 2 network Shibarium to enhance transaction efficiency and reduce gas fees. Circulation is powered by decentralized trading and active community participation. Common use cases include payments, tipping, interaction with NFTs, and DeFi protocols. Unlike utility tokens native to smart contract platforms, Shiba Inu places greater emphasis on community consensus and a sustained token burn mechanism, which contributes to expectations of increased scarcity.

Spoofed emails refer to fraudulent messages sent by malicious actors who impersonate trusted senders. This is typically achieved by using lookalike domains, altering display names, or bypassing verification protocols, making recipients believe the email originates from their bank, crypto exchange, or colleagues. The goal is to trick users into clicking malicious links, downloading harmful attachments, or divulging sensitive information such as wallet seed phrases and verification codes. Due to the lack of robust identity authentication in early versions of SMTP, the cost of email spoofing remains relatively low. In Web3 environments, spoofed emails often appear as airdrop notifications, withdrawal alerts, or KYC update reminders, creating a sense of urgency to disrupt users’ judgment. These tactics pose significant risks to both financial assets and personal privacy.

A seed tag is an identification marker assigned to wallets or users who have participated early or demonstrated specific behaviors. Similar to attaching a label to an address, seed tags are used for eligibility screening, targeted airdrops, and user profiling. Leveraging on-chain data and interaction history, seed tags are commonly seen in NFT launches, points programs, and community-building initiatives. They help projects implement service segmentation and rights allocation without the need for excessive collection of personal information.

In Web3, the term "spore" is used metaphorically to describe a strategy where a project is split into lightweight, replicable, and verifiable micro-units—such as airdrops, NFTs, or mini vaults. These units are distributed and propagated by the community, enabling them to take root and grow directly on-chain. This approach emphasizes low-barrier participation, transparent incentives, and rapid experimentation, making it well-suited for early-stage protocols, DAOs, and applications seeking to expand their user and developer networks. Ultimately, it fosters decentralized network effects and builds a resilient structure against risks.

Bitcoin stop-loss is a risk management strategy where the system automatically sells or buys to close a position once the asset reaches your predetermined exit price. This mechanism helps limit losses on individual trades and enforces trading discipline. It applies to both spot and derivatives markets, supporting market-triggered, limit-triggered, and trailing stop-loss orders. In highly volatile environments, stop-loss orders can protect both capital and trader psychology; however, attention should be paid to slippage, price gaps, and liquidity impacts.

“Soulbound enchantment” refers to the process of binding an item permanently to a player’s identity, making it non-transferable and preventing it from dropping upon death. In gaming, this mechanism ensures that essential equipment remains with the character at all times. In Web3, a similar concept is applied to the design of non-transferable “soulbound” credentials, which are used to record identity, qualifications, and reputation. These assets emphasize personal ownership and long-term relationships rather than facilitating transactions.

The split strategy is an investment approach that divides capital and trading rules into multiple independent modules, executing them in stages over time. By spreading orders across different assets, platforms, and time intervals, this method reduces the impact of single-point decisions and helps smooth out return volatility. It is particularly useful for managing drawdowns and slippage in highly volatile assets. Common implementations include dollar-cost averaging (DCA), TWAP (Time-Weighted Average Price), grid trading, and multi-account management, making the strategy suitable for both crypto and traditional markets.

A side-channel attack does not directly break encryption algorithms, but instead exploits “side-channel information” leaked during cryptographic operations—such as timing differences, power consumption fluctuations, electromagnetic emissions, or cache behavior—to infer private keys or sensitive data. In the context of blockchain, side-channel attacks can threaten the security of hardware wallets, browser wallets, and node network privacy, potentially leading to risks involving digital assets and user identities.

Secret sharing is a security technique that divides sensitive information into multiple parts and sets a threshold for recovery. Each participant holds one share, which is useless on its own; only when a specified number of shares are combined can the original data be reconstructed. In Web3, secret sharing is used for private key and seed phrase backups, team fund management, and compliance audits. It is also frequently incorporated into designs such as MPC (Multi-Party Computation) and social recovery, helping to reduce single points of failure and the risk of theft.

The secondary market refers to venues where previously issued assets are traded among investors. Prices are determined through the matching of buy and sell orders, with the primary functions being liquidity provision and price discovery. Traditional stock exchanges, as well as the spot and derivatives trading sections of cryptocurrency exchanges, are examples of secondary markets. Unlike primary markets, they do not raise funds directly; instead, they enable asset holders to buy, sell, and reallocate assets at any time.

A sandwich attack is a common tactic in on-chain transactions. In this scenario, an attacker places a buy order before your swap transaction and a sell order after it, effectively “sandwiching” your trade within the same block. By leveraging the public mempool and your predefined slippage tolerance, the attacker temporarily shifts the Automated Market Maker (AMM) price, capturing the price difference for profit. As a result, your trade executes at a less favorable rate and incurs higher costs, while the attacker profits from the manipulated price movement.

STO (Security Token Offering) refers to the process of tokenizing regulated financial assets—such as stocks, bonds, funds, and real estate—onto a blockchain, allowing their issuance and trading within a legal framework. Holders of these tokens possess genuine legal rights, including dividends, interest payments, and redemption options. Common use cases include tokenized government bonds, private fund shares, and fractionalized real estate ownership, all of which enhance the efficiency of cross-border transactions and settlements.

Speculative investing refers to a trading approach that targets short-term price fluctuations, focusing on fast-paced opportunities driven by market sentiment and events rather than long-term fundamentals. In the crypto market, speculative investing is more prevalent due to 24/7 trading, high volatility, and the abundance of leverage and derivatives. Beginners should learn to set stop-loss orders, manage position sizes, and control risk, utilizing exchange tools to practice with caution.

Social trading platforms integrate trading with social interaction, allowing users to view traders’ public performance records, risk metrics, and positions within a single interface, and automatically copy their trades proportionally. These platforms offer both in-exchange copy trading features and on-chain solutions based on smart contracts. They are well-suited for beginners to learn and practice with the support of transparent data and risk management tools. However, users should still be mindful of fees, slippage, and market risks.

Smart money refers to capital in the crypto market that possesses superior information and operates with greater efficiency. This group typically includes institutions, market makers, and experienced whale addresses. Smart money activities can influence price and liquidity through on-chain transfers, net inflows and outflows on exchanges, and changes in perpetual contract positions. Tracking the movements and patterns of smart money can provide valuable insights into market strength and the sources of volatility. Common indicators of smart money actions include funding rates, order book density, and unusually large transfers.

Swing trading is a strategy that aims to capture gains from medium-term price movements, typically holding positions for several days to a few weeks. Unlike intraday trading, which involves frequent buying and selling within a single day, and long-term investing, which holds assets for months or years, swing trading focuses on taking advantage of distinct price swings within a broader trend. This approach relies on the identification of trends and trading ranges, clear entry and exit rules, and robust risk management techniques such as stop-loss and take-profit orders. Traders often use exchange charts and conditional orders to assist in the execution of their strategies.

Seed funding refers to the initial capital that a startup project secures in its earliest stage, primarily used to validate its direction, assemble a team, and develop a minimum viable product. In the Web3 space, seed funding can take the form of either equity commitments or future token promises—such as through SAFE (Simple Agreement for Future Equity) or SAFT (Simple Agreement for Future Tokens)—often accompanied by token lock-up and vesting schedules. Typical investors include angel investors, venture funds, or DAOs, with funds allocated across areas like research and development, smart contract audits, regulatory compliance, and community building. Seed funding bridges the critical early milestones from concept to market, directly influencing the timeline for public token offerings and exchange listings.

Solana SPL tokens are standardized fungible assets on the Solana blockchain, designed to represent value, points, or stablecoins. They function similarly to Ethereum's ERC-20 tokens but operate under Solana's unique account model and parallel execution framework. Managed by the Token Program, SPL tokens include information such as minting, decimals, and permissions. Wallets hold and transfer these tokens through associated token accounts, making them widely used in DeFi, gaming, and payments. When depositing or withdrawing between exchanges and wallets, it is crucial to recognize the SPL token format and address type to avoid cross-chain transfer errors that could lead to asset loss.

In the context of Web3, “Special Tactics and Rescue Training” refers to a set of emergency response strategies and practical drills designed to address on-chain security incidents. This approach encompasses monitoring and alert systems, permission layering, emergency pause mechanisms, fund migration protocols, collaboration with white hat hackers, and coordinated actions with exchanges. Its purpose is to enable rapid detection and mitigation of losses in scenarios such as smart contract vulnerabilities, wallet breaches, or oracle malfunctions. Regular exercises help enhance the overall risk resilience of both teams and users.

Series B funding refers to a growth-stage financing round that takes place after a company has completed its Series A round and has already established a product and revenue base. The primary objectives of Series B are to scale operations, enhance commercialization efforts, and improve governance structures. Compared to Series A, Series B places greater emphasis on growth efficiency and clear paths to profitability. Investors in this round are typically institutional funds, and deal terms tend to focus on valuation, equity dilution, and control rights. In the crypto industry, Series B funding often occurs after the mainnet launch or when the user base reaches a significant milestone. Capital raised is commonly allocated to research and development, regulatory compliance, international expansion, and strengthening security infrastructure.

A symmetrical triangle is a chart pattern characterized by two converging trendlines: one descending from lower highs and the other ascending from higher lows. Commonly observed in crypto and stock charts, it is used to identify periods of price consolidation and potential breakout points. The pattern does not indicate a predetermined direction—either upward or downward—but emphasizes the convergence of volatility and the likelihood of a breakout with increased trading volume. Traders typically assess the validity of this pattern by considering factors such as trading volume, volatility, and timing, and apply it across spot trading, derivatives, and quantitative strategies.

Swing trading is a mid- to short-term trading strategy that capitalizes on cyclical price movements, with positions typically held for several days to weeks. This approach focuses on identifying pullbacks and rebounds within an overall trend, planning entries and exits around support and resistance levels, and employing stop-loss orders along with position sizing to manage risk. Commonly used tools include moving averages and the Relative Strength Index (RSI), which help determine market direction and momentum. Swing trading is well-suited to the high volatility and 24/7 nature of the cryptocurrency market.

Sandbox Fargo is a secure testing environment designed for blockchain applications. It integrates testnet access, faucet services, simulated assets and data, as well as contract deployment and monitoring dashboards. This allows teams to validate logic, simulate user journeys, and practice risk control processes at low cost under conditions close to the mainnet. The platform features state rollback capability and visual analytics, making cross-functional collaboration and rapid iteration easier while reducing both technical and compliance risks before launch.

A sidechain is an independent blockchain that operates in parallel with a main chain, enabling assets to move back and forth between the two networks via cross-chain bridges or two-way pegs. By offloading transactions and computations from the main chain, sidechains provide lower transaction fees and higher throughput while maintaining interoperability with the main chain. Sidechains typically have their own set of validators or miners, and their security models require separate evaluation. They are widely used in networks such as Bitcoin Liquid and Ethereum Polygon.

SocialFi refers to applications and platforms that integrate social interactions with crypto-based incentives. By leveraging on-chain identity, social connections, and token rewards, activities such as posting, liking, and building communities generate tangible value. Key features include creator tipping, community points, task mining, and social NFTs. Notable projects in this space are Lens, Farcaster, CyberConnect, and Galxe. SocialFi enables creators to monetize directly from their fans, while users can earn rewards for their contributions. This model is applicable to content platforms, chat groups, gaming communities, and various other scenarios.

A SoundMoney wallet is a type of crypto wallet built around the principle of “sound money,” prioritizing user self-custody and long-term value storage. These wallets typically support leading assets such as Bitcoin, offering features like receiving, transferring, and connecting to decentralized applications (dApps). Key characteristics include strong private key protection, fee management, and cross-chain compatibility, enabling everyday users to securely store and transact digital assets in Web3 with a user experience comparable to online banking.

In crypto trading, liquidation refers to the deliberate action of selling or closing out an entire position in a particular asset, reducing its balance in your account to zero. This strategy is often used for risk management or portfolio adjustment, helping traders avoid further exposure to the asset’s price volatility. Unlike stop-loss or partial sell-offs, liquidation means fully exiting a specific asset. It is commonly used during sudden market shifts, when the original investment thesis no longer holds, or when capital needs to be reallocated.

A supercomputer is a high-performance system composed of a vast number of computing nodes that work together through high-speed interconnections. Its primary goal is to complete extremely large-scale numerical tasks—such as weather simulations, drug discovery, AI training, and cryptographic computations—that would be unmanageable for conventional computers within a limited timeframe. Supercomputers rely on parallel computing, where tasks are divided into many smaller units processed simultaneously, and utilize high-bandwidth storage solutions. Their performance is typically measured using metrics like FLOPS (floating-point operations per second).

Script definition refers to encoding the conditions under which on-chain assets can be spent as executable rules, commonly found in blockchains like Bitcoin. Typically, it consists of a combination of locking conditions and unlocking proofs, utilizing opcodes and stack-based validation to enforce requirements such as signatures or time constraints. While both script definitions and smart contracts represent programmable rules, they differ in complexity and use cases. Script definitions directly impact deposit address types, payment strategies, and fund security design.

A Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument is a cryptographic proof technique that allows a prover to convince a verifier that they possess the correct answer, without revealing the underlying data. The "zero-knowledge" aspect ensures privacy, "succinct" means the proof is short and easy to verify, and "non-interactive" eliminates the need for multiple rounds of communication. This method is used in privacy-preserving transactions and Ethereum scalability solutions, enabling complex computations to be compressed into brief proofs that can be quickly validated. The system relies on public parameters and specific security assumptions.

Sniping meme coins refers to the strategy of rapidly purchasing meme tokens as soon as their smart contracts are deployed, trading is enabled, or liquidity is first added. This approach leverages fast access to information and transaction parameters to gain an early advantage, aiming for short-term gains. It is typically executed on decentralized exchanges and relies on precise slippage and gas fee settings, smart contract security checks, and close monitoring of liquidity conditions. While opportunities can be highly concentrated, this practice also carries significant risks, including honeypot scams, sudden changes in transaction taxes, and liquidity pool withdrawals.

The Solana Virtual Machine is the execution environment responsible for running smart programs on the Solana blockchain. These programs are executed in BPF bytecode, with state information stored in accounts. Transactions must specify which accounts will be read or written to, enabling parallel processing on the network. Resource usage is measured in compute units, and cross-program invocation allows for seamless interoperability between different smart contracts. The Solana Virtual Machine is widely used in DeFi applications, NFT platforms, and blockchain gaming, offering users low transaction fees and near-instant confirmation times to enhance overall user experience.

A Software Development Kit (SDK) is a collection of ready-made components designed for a specific platform, typically including code libraries, interfaces, examples, and debugging tools. SDKs enable you to integrate common functionalities into your applications as seamlessly as building blocks. In blockchain and other Web3 contexts, SDKs often provide on-chain interaction interfaces, wallet integration, smart contract templates, and testnet configurations. This not only accelerates the development process but also reduces the likelihood of errors during implementation and testing.

Soulbound tokens are a type of non-transferable on-chain credential designed to permanently link identity, qualifications, or relationships to your wallet address. Functionally similar to “non-transferable NFTs,” these tokens are minted and assigned to holders by issuers through smart contracts, serving purposes such as diplomas, membership credentials, KYC verification, event attendance, and reputation building. Holders typically cannot transfer these tokens; updates or revocations are governed by the rules of the smart contract and decisions of the issuer.

Slippage control refers to the practice of minimizing the gap between the expected price and the actual execution price during a trade. Common strategies include using limit orders, splitting orders into smaller batches, setting slippage tolerance on decentralized exchanges (DEXs), selecting stablecoin pool routes, and choosing high-liquidity trading pairs. Slippage control is widely applied in both centralized and decentralized exchanges, helping to reduce trading costs, prevent large orders from significantly impacting the market, and decrease the risk of unexpected liquidation for leveraged positions.

The Sharpe Ratio is a metric used to assess how much excess return is generated per unit of risk taken. By placing both returns and volatility on the same scale, it allows for a standardized comparison of the efficiency of different strategies or portfolios. Using the risk-free rate as a benchmark, the Sharpe Ratio is widely applied in the crypto industry to compare approaches such as spot holdings, grid trading strategies, and various yield-generating products. In practice, this ratio enables investors to consistently evaluate performance across different timeframes and risk profiles, helping to avoid focusing solely on returns while ignoring risk. As a result, it serves as a valuable reference for asset allocation and leverage management decisions.

In the context of blockchain, a subnet refers to an independent network or execution environment isolated by rules and resources within the same ecosystem or infrastructure. Each subnet operates with its own validators, fees, and governance mechanisms, enabling the deployment of specialized applications. Subnets can interact with the mainnet and other subnets via bridges or messaging protocols. They are commonly used for scalability, regulatory compliance isolation, and industry-specific customization.

Satoshi is the smallest unit of Bitcoin, with 1 BTC equal to 100 million satoshis. To convert satoshis to US dollars, you calculate the amount of satoshis held or spent based on the current BTC to USD exchange rate. This conversion is commonly used for placing orders on exchanges, tipping via the Lightning Network, estimating miner fees, and other scenarios, making transaction amounts more intuitive and comparable for everyday decision-making.

Shiba Inu (SHIB) is an ERC-20 token deployed on the Ethereum blockchain, renowned for its internet meme-inspired branding and strong community culture. Characterized by an extremely large total supply and low individual token price, SHIB is tradable on decentralized exchanges and has expanded onto its proprietary Layer 2 network, Shibarium, to reduce transaction fees and increase scalability. The project implements a token burn mechanism to gradually decrease its circulating supply, while expanding its ecosystem around payment, trading, and community-driven applications. For beginners, understanding the relationship "market capitalization = price × circulating supply" is essential for assessing the token’s overall scale and liquidity.

Security tokens represent assets or rights that are regulated under securities law using blockchain-based tokens for issuance and circulation. This approach is commonly used to bring real-world assets such as stocks, bonds, and fund shares on-chain. Security tokens typically feature KYC procedures, whitelisting, and transfer restrictions, with net asset value and income distribution as central elements. They play a key role in RWA (Real World Asset) tokenization and compliant fundraising scenarios. Investments and trading of security tokens mainly take place on regulated platforms and are targeted at accredited investors. Institutions leverage security tokens to automate processes like issuance, custody, and settlement, thereby increasing transparency and reducing operational costs.

Solidity programming refers to the method of creating programs for smart contract platforms like Ethereum, enabling rules to be written into self-executing contracts on the blockchain. Developers use Solidity to define asset transfers, access control, and event logging, which are then compiled into bytecode and executed on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), with operations settled according to gas fees. Common development tools include Remix and Hardhat, allowing deployment to both mainnet and testnets, supporting use cases such as DeFi, NFTs, and on-chain governance.

Sharding is the process of dividing a blockchain into multiple partitions, or “shards,” which can be processed in parallel according to predefined rules. Each shard independently packages transactions and then reports them back to the same network. The primary goal of sharding is to increase throughput and reduce congestion, while maintaining unified security across the system. Common use cases include data sharding, which provides Rollups with greater data availability, and state sharding, which distributes smart contracts and accounts across different partitions.

A private key is the fundamental credential that gives you control over your blockchain assets. Essentially, it is a highly secure, randomly generated password that allows only its holder to sign and authorize transactions. Private keys work in conjunction with public keys and blockchain addresses, and are often backed up by a wallet using a mnemonic phrase. In self-custody scenarios, you hold the private key yourself, while in exchange custody scenarios, the platform manages it on your behalf—shifting both security and responsibility. Losing your private key means losing access to your assets, while exposure of the key may allow others to transfer your funds. Understanding how private keys are generated, stored, and the risks involved is a fundamental requirement for anyone entering the Web3 ecosystem.

A sniping bot is an automated order placement tool that monitors pending transaction queues on blockchains or order books on exchanges. By securing priority execution, it aims to profit from price differences or rewards. Sniping bots are commonly used in MEV (Maximal Extractable Value) scenarios on public blockchains like Ethereum and Solana, as well as for activities such as token launch sniping on exchanges like Gate, cross-pool arbitrage, and sandwich strategies.

Staking in crypto refers to locking up your tokens to participate in the operation of a blockchain and earn rewards. This process is common on proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchains such as Ethereum and Solana. You can run your own validator node, delegate your tokens to a staking service provider, or stake through a crypto exchange. Additionally, liquid staking tokens allow you to continue using your capital in DeFi protocols while your original assets are staked; however, you should be aware of risks such as exit queues and potential slashing penalties. Each blockchain has its own staking rules, reward rates, and unbonding periods. Annual yields typically range from a few percent to single-digit percentages. Staking is best suited for long-term holders who wish to earn native on-chain rewards while contributing to the security of the network.

The bid-ask spread refers to the difference between the highest bid price and the lowest ask price for the same asset on an order book. This spread reflects market liquidity and transaction costs. In cryptocurrency trading, the bid-ask spread acts as an implicit fee that fluctuates with market conditions, order book depth, and market maker activity, directly impacting the execution of market orders and slippage. Understanding and managing the bid-ask spread is essential for optimizing order placement and minimizing costs on platforms like Gate. For beginners, it is especially important to recognize spreads, utilize limit orders, and avoid trading during periods of low liquidity.

A Sybil attack, also known as a "witch attack," refers to the manipulation of rules and resource allocation within open networks by creating or controlling multiple fake identities. This type of attack is commonly seen in blockchain contexts such as airdrops and governance voting, where the low cost of generating new wallet addresses makes it particularly easy to exploit. Common mitigation strategies include increasing the cost of identity creation, introducing reputation systems and proof-of-uniqueness mechanisms, as well as leveraging behavioral analysis and review processes.

Community preference refers to the collective orientation of a specific group within the crypto space toward certain narratives, assets, or features over a given period. This concept helps identify which types of tokens or activities are most favored by participants. Community preference is often measured using data such as trading volume, voting participation, social media engagement, and NFT minting activity. These metrics support decision-making in token selection, operational strategies, and product iteration. However, it is important to note that these preferences can shift rapidly, presenting short-term volatility risks. Community preference shifts can be observed in exchange trending lists, liquidity mining activities, DAO governance processes, and on-chain capital flows. By understanding and tracking community preference, individuals and projects can improve the efficiency of topic selection and reduce the costs associated with trial and error.

Total Value Locked (TVL) refers to the aggregate value of assets locked within a specific blockchain or protocol, typically denominated in US dollars. TVL represents the overall liquidity, level of user participation, and the depth of available capital pools. It is a key metric for evaluating the activity and security thresholds of DeFi platforms, staking, lending, and liquidity pools. However, factors such as differences in calculation methods, price volatility, and token self-recycling can impact the accuracy of TVL figures.

A trading symbol is a short code or abbreviation, typically consisting of a few letters, used to identify crypto assets and trading pairs—such as BTC, ETH, or BTC/USDT. Trading symbols are essential for displaying market data, placing orders, and searching for assets. In multichain environments, suffixes are often added to distinguish versions or sources, for example: USDT.e, WETH, or axlUSDC. While trading symbols are human-readable and unique within a specific platform or marketplace, they are not guaranteed to be globally unique. Therefore, users should always verify with the contract address to avoid confusion or the risk of phishing tokens.

A Bitcoin upgrade proposal refers to a protocol modification plan introduced and reviewed by the community, typically published as a BIP (Bitcoin Improvement Proposal) document. The primary objectives of these proposals are to enhance security, scalability, and privacy within the Bitcoin network. After thorough discussion, implementation, and testing, an upgrade is activated through either a soft fork or hard fork, requiring coordination among network nodes and miners. Additionally, user wallets and exchanges must update their software accordingly to ensure compatibility and the safety of user funds.

A transaction ID is the unique identifier for a transaction on a blockchain, similar to a tracking number for shipments. It is generated from the transaction data using a hash algorithm and is commonly found in wallets, exchanges, and blockchain explorer pages. With a transaction ID, users can look up details such as confirmation count, transaction fees, sender and receiver addresses, and the block in which the transaction is included. On Gate, transaction IDs are also frequently used as references for troubleshooting deposit or withdrawal issues.

Time-Weighted Average Price (TWAP) is a pricing and execution method that collects price data in time slices and calculates an equally weighted average. TWAP smooths out a series of prices over a specified period, making it useful for splitting large trades into smaller transactions to minimize market impact. It is also widely used by decentralized exchange oracles to provide more stable reference prices for smart contracts. By setting sampling intervals and window lengths, TWAP takes the median value during volatility, reducing the effect of single-point anomalies. This approach is well-suited for strategy trading, market making, and risk management.

The blockchain trilemma refers to the challenge of optimizing decentralization, security, and scalability simultaneously within a blockchain network. As participation becomes more decentralized and validation processes become stricter, the system typically operates slower. Efforts to increase speed often involve more centralized coordination or simplified rules, which can compromise decentralization or security. Consensus mechanisms and scaling solutions such as Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), sharding, and rollups each make different trade-offs among these three aspects. Understanding the blockchain trilemma is essential for evaluating public blockchains, selecting suitable networks, and managing transaction experiences and associated risks.

A timestamp is a method of recording time as an integer, typically representing the total number of seconds or milliseconds elapsed since 00:00 UTC on January 1, 1970. In blockchain technology, timestamps are used to mark the exact moment when blocks, transactions, and event logs occur, supporting functions such as token unlock schedules, staking maturity, and order record-keeping. Understanding timestamps is essential for accurately reconstructing on-chain processes and smart contract execution windows.

A transaction hash is a unique identifier generated by the blockchain for each transaction, similar to a tracking number for deliveries. It allows users to locate, verify, and track the status of a transaction on a block explorer. The hash is produced by applying a hash function to the transaction data, and it does not contain private keys or other sensitive information, though it can be associated with address activity. Users rely on the transaction hash to confirm details when depositing, withdrawing, performing cross-chain operations, communicating with customer support, or debugging smart contracts.

Traditional finance refers to financial services such as banking, brokerage, and fund management, which operate through centralized systems to offer deposit, payment, lending, and investment solutions. These institutions are regulated and rely on clearinghouses and custodians. In the context of Web3, traditional finance acts as a bridge for fiat on-ramps and off-ramps, compliance checks, and asset custody, connecting off-chain capital with on-chain assets. It manages risk through KYC (Know Your Customer) identity verification and AML (Anti-Money Laundering) regulations, collaborating with stablecoins, payment channels, and trading platforms to extend familiar banking card usage and transfer practices into the crypto ecosystem.

The total crypto market capitalization refers to the combined value of all crypto assets, calculated based on their latest trading prices and circulating supply. This metric is used to assess the overall market size and capital activity. It is often analyzed alongside indicators such as Bitcoin dominance, stablecoin supply, and DeFi total value locked (TVL) to help identify market cycles—bullish or bearish phases—and inform portfolio strategies. On most market data platforms, the commonly used ticker for this metric is TOTAL, while TOTAL2 represents the total market cap excluding Bitcoin.

A trading symbol is a short alphanumeric code used by exchanges or on-chain platforms to identify assets or trading pairs, such as "BTC", "ETH", or "BTC/USDT". These symbols make it easier to quickly search for and place orders. However, trading symbols are not guaranteed to be globally unique; the same symbol may appear on different blockchains or across various projects. To fully understand a symbol, it is important to distinguish between the base asset and the quote asset, and always verify the contract address and network.

A trojan refers to a type of malicious software that disguises itself as legitimate software but secretly performs unauthorized actions such as stealing information or taking control of a user’s device. In the Web3 ecosystem, trojans often appear as fake wallet applications, browser extensions, or fraudulent airdrop pages. These trojans trick users into granting permissions or revealing private keys, which can then trigger on-chain transfers, modify recipient addresses, intercept transaction signatures, and ultimately result in asset theft or device compromise.

A transaction record on the blockchain is a publicly accessible ledger entry for each transfer of funds or operation. It includes the transaction hash, sender and recipient addresses, amount, timestamp, gas fee, and execution result. Similar to a bank statement but visible to anyone on the network, transaction records are commonly used to verify deposits and withdrawals, smart contract interactions, NFT transfers, and cross-chain activities. By entering the TxID into a block explorer, users can view transaction status, confirmation count, and failure reasons, helping them identify issues and mitigate risks.

Transactions per second (TPS) is a key metric that measures the number of transactions a blockchain can process each second. TPS functions similarly to the number of lanes on a highway, determining the network’s throughput capacity during periods of congestion and directly impacting transaction wait times and fees. TPS varies significantly across different public blockchains and Layer 2 solutions, influenced by factors such as block time, the number of transactions each block can accommodate, network bandwidth, and consensus mechanism design. This metric is essential for evaluating whether an application can operate reliably on a given blockchain network.

Turing completeness refers to a computational system’s ability to perform any logic or calculation, provided there are sufficient resources. In the context of blockchain, this means that smart contracts can implement complex processes, including conditional statements, loops, and state updates. Popular EVM-based blockchains are Turing complete, while Bitcoin Script is not. This flexibility allows for advanced functionalities but also introduces risks, making it essential to manage costs and security through gas limits, rigorous auditing, and thorough testing.

A coin mixer is an on-chain privacy service that aggregates tokens from multiple users into a single pool, then redistributes them in randomized amounts and at unpredictable times. This process significantly reduces the traceability between wallet addresses. Coin mixers are available on networks like Bitcoin and Ethereum, serving legitimate privacy needs while also raising concerns related to regulatory compliance and anti-money laundering risks. These issues can impact the ability to deposit or withdraw funds on exchanges.

A token is a transferable digital asset deployed on a blockchain, designed to represent value, utility, or governance rights. Tokens are issued and managed by smart contracts according to predefined rules, with common standards such as Ethereum's ERC-20. Key use cases for tokens include payments, incentives, voting, staking, and trading. Tokens can be subscribed to and traded on exchanges like Gate. Different types of tokens serve distinct purposes: stablecoins facilitate payments and settlements, governance tokens enable voting, and game or application-specific tokens provide access to in-game items and user privileges.

TRC20 is the token standard on the TRON blockchain, providing a unified set of interfaces for token transfers, balance inquiries, and authorizations. This standard enables wallets, exchanges, and applications to support any TRC20 token without requiring custom integration for each one. TRC20 tokens are powered by smart contracts and are commonly used for stablecoins like USDT, particularly for deposits, withdrawals, and payments. Thanks to low transaction fees and high efficiency, TRC20 is widely adopted for cost-effective transfers and various on-chain applications.

The blockchain trilemma is a classic trade-off in blockchain design, referring to the challenge of maximizing decentralization, security, and scalability simultaneously. This concept impacts the performance, transaction fees, and user experience of public blockchains, and is commonly seen in the design choices of networks like Ethereum, various Layer 2 solutions, and Solana. When selecting networks for deposits and withdrawals on exchanges, participating in DeFi liquidity mining, or using cross-chain bridges, the effects and costs associated with the trilemma are evident. Understanding the blockchain trilemma can help users minimize risks and reduce fees.

Tokenization refers to representing and executing the ownership and transfer rules of real-world or digital assets using tokens on a blockchain. By leveraging smart contracts, processes such as transfer, dividend distribution, and settlement can be programmed, allowing assets to be issued in fractional shares and traded on-chain. When combined with off-chain custody and auditing, tokenization connects asset verification, circulation, and redemption, reducing intermediaries and counterparty risk. This approach is applicable to the online management of various asset classes, including securities, bills, real estate, and intellectual property rights.

Type checking refers to the process, during compilation or function invocation, of verifying whether variables, parameters, and return values match their declared types. This prevents passing incorrectly structured data to functions. In smart contracts, type checking enforces constraints on common types such as addresses, integers, and bytes, helping to detect issues like mismatches and overflows early. When combined with language toolchains like Solidity, Move, and Rust, type checking enhances the predictability and reliability of contracts.

Tardigrade is a decentralized cloud storage brand launched by Storj. Users can contribute their unused hard drives and bandwidth to the network as nodes. Files are end-to-end encrypted, then divided into fragments using erasure coding, and distributed across the network for storage. Tardigrade offers S3-compatible upload and download APIs, with usage-based billing and bandwidth settlement. This solution is ideal for backup, data distribution, and reducing single points of failure. Developers can integrate using existing tools without the need to build their own data centers. Node operators receive rewards in STORJ tokens, creating a market that balances supply and demand.

A testnet is an experimental blockchain network designed to allow developers and users to validate smart contracts, wallets, nodes, and upgrade processes without spending real tokens. Popular examples include Ethereum’s Sepolia and Holesky, which are supported by faucets that distribute free test tokens, dedicated block explorers, and independent RPC endpoints. Many EVM-compatible chains also provide their own testnets, such as Polygon’s Amoy and BNB Chain’s Chapel, making it easier for DApps to stress test performance and security across multiple chains. Testnets enable developers to identify and fix errors before mainnet deployment, while users can participate in public testing, quests, and airdrop onboarding without financial risk.

A testnet cross-chain bridge connects the testnets of different blockchains, allowing developers and users to transfer test tokens or messages in an environment that does not involve real funds. This enables them to verify cross-chain processes, fees, and wait times, and to rehearse DApp, wallet, or smart contract deployments before going live on the mainnet. Testnet bridges are often used alongside faucets, and typically replicate mainnet experiences using either lock-and-mint or liquidity models. However, users should still exercise caution with approvals and signatures to avoid fake bridges and phishing attacks.

The term "C language trading bot" refers to an automated program developed in the C programming language, designed to operate on cryptocurrency exchanges or decentralized platforms. These bots interact with APIs to fetch market data and use WebSocket connections to receive real-time updates. They execute predefined strategies for order placement, cancellation, and risk management. With a focus on low latency and system stability, C language trading bots are suitable for quantitative trading, market making, and arbitrage activities. However, their development demands rigorous engineering practices and robust security management.

Investing in U.S. long-term Treasury bond ETFs involves purchasing exchange-traded funds that primarily hold U.S. Treasury bonds with maturities of 20 years or more. Investors receive regular interest distributions and are exposed to price volatility driven by changes in interest rates. These ETFs are commonly used for portfolio diversification, expressing views on future interest rate trends, or increasing defensive positioning during economic slowdowns. However, due to their extended duration, their prices are highly sensitive to fluctuations in interest rates.

Tendermint is a Byzantine fault-tolerant blockchain consensus engine designed to deliver rapid and deterministic block finality. By leveraging the ABCI (Application Blockchain Interface), Tendermint separates consensus from application logic, enabling seamless integration with staking-based Proof-of-Stake (PoS) mechanisms. This architecture allows developers to build customized solutions while maintaining strong security and high performance. Tendermint is widely adopted within the Cosmos ecosystem.

The comparison between Tangem and Ledger focuses on the differences between two popular hardware wallets. Tangem operates similarly to a bank card, enabling transaction signing via NFC on your mobile device. Ledger resembles a USB drive with a built-in screen, requiring on-device confirmation and mnemonic phrase backup. Both solutions support self-custody of crypto assets, but they differ in security models, user experience, asset compatibility, and recovery methods. Understanding these distinctions helps users make informed choices when withdrawing funds, holding assets long-term, or interacting with platforms like Gate.

Currency trading involves the buying and selling of different currencies based on their exchange rates and price fluctuations. Traditionally, this activity takes place in the foreign exchange (forex) market using fiat currencies. In Web3, currency trading is facilitated by stablecoins, centralized exchanges, or on-chain protocols. The main purposes include currency conversion, hedging against exchange rate risks, and asset allocation. Key considerations are spread, fees, liquidity, and regulatory compliance. On Gate, users can trade currencies using USDT and other fiat-backed stablecoins. Alternatively, decentralized exchanges (DEXs) enable currency swaps through automated market makers (AMMs), allowing users to set slippage tolerance and implement risk controls. Currency trading in this context is suitable for cross-border payments and investment management.

The Ethereum PBS timing game refers to the strategic interactions that occur within a fixed time window after Ethereum separates block "proposers" and "builders." Participants compete over transaction ordering and bidding strategies, determining when to place bids and how to sequence transactions. These decisions directly impact fee distribution, confirmation speed, and MEV (Maximal Extractable Value) management. Coordination is commonly facilitated through MEV-Boost and relays.

Total supply refers to the total number of tokens of a cryptocurrency that exist at the current point in time. This figure includes both tokens that have been issued but are still locked and not yet circulating, while excluding any tokens that have been burned on-chain. It is often confused with circulating supply and maximum supply: circulating supply represents the portion of tokens available for trading, whereas maximum supply is the theoretical upper limit of tokens that can ever exist. Understanding total supply is important for evaluating the asset’s scarcity, as well as its potential inflationary or deflationary effects.

"Trustless" refers to a method of transaction and collaboration that does not rely on the reputation or credibility of institutions or individuals. Instead, users only need to place trust in transparent code and cryptographic protocols to safeguard assets, execute transactions, and enforce agreements. This concept is commonly found in blockchain environments such as smart contracts, decentralized exchanges, and zero-knowledge proofs, where self-custody, verifiability, and automatic execution are emphasized to minimize counterparty risk.

Introduction

Tealium Customer Data Platform is a suite of tools designed to collect, unify, and activate customer data in real time. It enables the integration of website and app behaviors with on-chain wallet addresses, transaction histories, and other blockchain-related information. Under compliant governance, audiences can be segmented and pushed to advertising platforms, onsite messaging, and email systems. This bridges Web2 and Web3 identities and experiences.

A trust is a legal arrangement in which a grantor transfers assets to a trustee, who manages them for the benefit of designated beneficiaries. In the crypto space, trusts are commonly used to hold digital assets like Bitcoin, serve as legal vehicles for ETFs, and facilitate compliant management of family wealth and real-world assets (RWA). By incorporating custodial solutions, multi-signature wallets, and cold storage, trusts enhance both the security and efficiency of asset protection and succession, while also addressing tax considerations and cross-border compliance.

Tamper resistance refers to the property that makes data or records difficult to alter secretly once they have been written. Any changes made will leave verifiable traces and can be detected through auditing. This capability relies on cryptographic hashes, digital signatures, timestamps, and consensus mechanisms to enhance trustworthiness and traceability in scenarios such as blockchains, proof of assets, log monitoring, and file notarization. Tamper resistance does not guarantee absolute security; rather, it significantly increases the cost of tampering and ensures that any unauthorized modifications can be promptly identified.

TOR is an open network and suite of tools designed to protect online privacy. It achieves this by applying layered encryption to internet traffic and routing it through multiple volunteer-operated nodes, effectively masking the origin and usage patterns. TOR is commonly used for anonymous browsing, accessing .onion sites, and circumventing censorship. In the Web3 space, users leverage TOR to research market data, connect wallets and nodes, and enhance the resistance of data transmissions to tracking.

Truffle is a development framework designed for Ethereum and EVM-compatible blockchains, offering features such as project structuring, compilation, testing, and scripted deployment. It is commonly used alongside the local blockchain tool Ganache. Truffle utilizes migration scripts to record deployment steps and generates build files containing the ABI, making it easier for front-end applications to integrate using web3.js or ethers.js. After verification on a testnet, contracts can be migrated to the mainnet.

A Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) is a “secure enclave” within a processor, isolated by hardware. The code and data inside are invisible and tamper-proof to external systems. TEEs are well-suited for use cases such as key management, privacy-preserving computation, and signing off-chain results. With remote attestation, external parties can verify that a specific version of code is running within the enclave, enabling trustworthy outputs to be integrated into blockchain applications.

Government bonds are debt securities issued by a country, allowing the government to borrow funds from the public based on its creditworthiness, with a promise to repay the principal and pay interest over an agreed period. They serve as a key funding source for public expenditures and are widely regarded as a benchmark for low-risk returns. In the crypto industry, government bonds have also been tokenized as on-chain Real World Assets (RWA), supporting stablecoin reserves and yield-generating investment products. Investors can participate through compliant channels, with prices and yields influenced by interest rates and inflation.

A token is a digital unit issued, transferred, and transparently recorded on a blockchain, designed to represent value, rights, or access permissions. Tokens can be used for payments and transactions, as well as for functions like governance voting, membership access, or representing shares of real-world assets. Common types include stablecoins, utility tokens, governance tokens, and NFTs. They are widely used across exchanges, DeFi platforms, and blockchain gaming.

Token Generation Event (TGE) refers to the moment when a project mints its tokens for the first time and introduces them into circulation. This milestone typically coincides with the initial trading, price discovery, and allocation of tokens to investors, team members, and the community. TGEs may occur through centralized exchange launches, decentralized liquidity pools, or airdrops, often accompanied by token lock-up and vesting schedules. The TGE determines the circulating supply, initial market capitalization, and token holder distribution—serving as the foundation for understanding tokenomics and participating in primary offerings or secondary market trading. Different approaches to TGE can affect price volatility and risk, influenced by factors such as liquidity depth, taxes and fees, and the pace of token unlocking.

Positron (symbol: TRON) is an early cryptocurrency that is not the same asset as the public blockchain token "Tron/TRX". Positron is classified as a coin, meaning it is considered the native asset of an independent blockchain. However, there is limited public information available about Positron, and historical records indicate the project has been inactive for an extended period. Recent price data and trading pairs are difficult to obtain. Its name and code can easily be confused with "Tron/TRX", so investors should carefully verify the target asset and information sources before making any decisions. The last accessible data on Positron dates back to 2016, making it challenging to assess liquidity and market capitalization. When trading or storing Positron, it is essential to strictly follow platform rules and wallet security best practices.

Throughput refers to the overall capacity of a blockchain to process transactions or operations within a given time frame. It is typically measured by metrics such as transactions per second (TPS) or the amount of gas consumed per second. Throughput directly impacts transaction fees and waiting times during periods of network congestion, affecting user experiences in DeFi trading, NFT minting, as well as confirmation speeds for deposits, withdrawals, or cross-chain transfers on platforms like Gate. Variations in consensus mechanisms, block times, and bandwidth lead to significant differences in throughput across different blockchains. Common scaling solutions include Layer 2 networks and sharding. Understanding throughput helps users select appropriate networks and avoid congestion during peak periods.

Throughput refers to the amount of processing a system can complete within a given time frame. In blockchain networks, it is commonly measured by transactions per second (TPS). Throughput directly impacts transaction confirmation times, network fees, and congestion during peak periods. It also determines the capacity of applications to handle user activity. Factors such as the consensus mechanism, block size and interval, gas limit, and Layer 2 scaling solutions can all influence throughput, often involving trade-offs between decentralization and security. Understanding throughput is essential for choosing the right network and fee strategy, as well as anticipating wait times and potential risks when depositing or interacting with blockchain applications.

The term "LUV trading symbol" refers to the shorthand identifier used for a specific token across exchanges, wallets, and market tracking websites. It enables users to search, recognize, and trade assets, typically displayed as trading pairs like "LUV/USDT" on platform interfaces. However, a trading symbol alone does not represent a unique identity; true verification requires checking the token’s contract address and its blockchain network. Understanding how trading symbols work helps improve asset search efficiency and reduces the risk of purchasing tokens with duplicate names or counterfeit assets.

Tokenomics refers to the comprehensive design of a crypto token’s supply, distribution, utility, and incentive mechanisms. This includes total supply and emission schedule, token unlocking and vesting, inflation and burn mechanics, rights and governance, as well as applications and value capture. Tokenomics shapes participant incentives and capital flows, directly influencing price volatility, long-term sustainability, and community growth.

A trading symbol is a short identifier used on exchanges or applications to represent crypto assets or trading pairs, such as BTC, ETH, BTC/USDT, or BTCUSDT. Trading symbols make it easier for users to search for assets, place orders, view price charts (candlesticks), and interact with APIs—they serve as user-friendly “aliases.” Unlike a unique on-chain contract address, trading symbols can be duplicated, and it is common for the same symbol to appear across different blockchains. Therefore, always verify the asset before executing any operation. Naming conventions may also differ between spot and derivatives pages; for example, ETHUSDT and ETHUSDT Perpetual represent different markets.

Throughput refers to the number of transactions a blockchain can process within a given period, typically measured in Transactions Per Second (TPS). This metric is similar to how many payments a cashier can process per second. Throughput directly affects transaction confirmation speed, the user experience in DeFi interactions, and the success rate of NFT minting. It is influenced by factors such as block time, block size, gas fee settings, parallel processing capabilities, and the implementation of Layer 2 networks. During periods of network congestion, insufficient throughput can lead to longer transaction queues and higher gas fees. Common approaches to increasing throughput include optimizing block intervals, expanding block capacity, enabling parallel execution, or adopting Layer 2 solutions like rollups.

Treasury bills are short-term debt securities issued by governments to address temporary funding needs, typically with maturities of no more than one year. They are usually sold at a discount and redeemed at face value upon maturity, using a discount-based interest calculation method. Backed by the full faith and credit of the government, treasury bills offer strong liquidity and are commonly used by both institutions and individuals for cash management purposes. Their returns are influenced by changes in interest rates. Additionally, treasury bills are increasingly being adopted as underlying assets in certain on-chain Real World Asset (RWA) products. Investors can participate in treasury bill markets through banks, brokerages, or mutual funds.

A timelock is an on-chain rule that specifies a condition such as “cannot be executed before a certain time or block height,” ensuring that transactions or contract actions are delayed until the designated point is reached. Timelocks are commonly used for governance delays, escrow and refund mechanisms, linear token vesting, and expiry protection in cross-chain payments, enhancing transparency and providing a security buffer.

TYE commonly refers to the end of the tax year, marking the deadline for tax calculation and filing. It determines which year income, capital gains and losses, dividends, and interest are attributed to, directly impacting tax rates, deductions, and carryforwards. In both traditional investments and crypto asset scenarios, understanding TYE is essential for optimizing trading strategies, organizing records, and preparing compliant tax reports. The specific date for TYE varies by country, so it is important to follow local regulations.

TechNexus Venture Collaboration is a platform designed for Web3 projects and venture capital firms, integrating due diligence, contract signing, fund and token distribution, and governance collaboration into a traceable workflow. It bridges on-chain signatures with off-chain processes, providing data rooms and syndicate investment tools to enhance transparency and efficiency in fundraising and investment. This makes cross-team collaboration and compliance management more streamlined.

Tokenomics refers to the economic framework designed by crypto projects for their tokens, including rules governing supply, distribution, utility, and incentive mechanisms. These rules are crafted to influence participant behavior and support the long-term value of the project. Tokenomics covers aspects such as issuance and vesting schedules, token burning and inflation, governance rights, and rewards distribution. It determines factors like holder returns, price stability, and ecosystem growth, and is commonly applied in sectors such as DeFi, NFTs, and blockchain gaming.

A stablecoin is a type of cryptocurrency token designed to maintain a price close to fiat currencies such as the US dollar. Common types include fiat-backed stablecoins, crypto-collateralized stablecoins, and algorithmic stablecoins. These tokens use reserves, collateral, or algorithms to maintain their peg. Stablecoins are widely used for trade settlement, cross-border payments, DeFi collateralization, and as a hedge against volatility. Prominent examples include USDT, USDC, and DAI. Understanding the differences between stablecoin types is essential for assessing risks and selecting appropriate use cases.

Tangible assets are physical resources that are visible, touchable, and measurable, such as real estate, gold, machinery, and inventory. They are commonly used for accounting, collateral, and supply chain management. In Web3 contexts, tangible assets can be tokenized, turning them into digital certificates on the blockchain that are divisible and tradable, thereby increasing liquidity and transparency. These assets typically depreciate over time or require maintenance, with their value influenced by supply, demand, and lifespan. Through tokenization, real-world ownership is mapped onto the blockchain, while smart contracts manage income distribution and the transfer of rights.

Technical analysis in cryptocurrency refers to the practice of using price data, trading volume, and chart patterns to identify market trends and key levels. Common tools include candlestick charts (K-lines), moving averages, RSI (Relative Strength Index), and Bollinger Bands. These tools assist traders in timing buy and sell decisions for both spot and derivatives markets, setting stop-loss and take-profit levels, and monitoring short-term market dynamics through the order book and market depth. Unlike fundamental analysis, technical analysis does not evaluate a project's underlying value but instead focuses on the behavior of market participants. By analyzing support and resistance levels, trend lines, and changes in volume, traders aim to develop higher-probability trading strategies while remaining cautious of false breakouts and heightened volatility risks.

"Tangem wallet fees" refer to the total costs associated with using a Tangem hardware wallet throughout its lifecycle. These costs include the hardware expense for purchasing the card, blockchain network fees for on-chain transfers, third-party service charges for in-app cryptocurrency purchases and swaps, as well as both on-chain fees and platform commissions for deposit and withdrawal operations involving exchanges. The Tangem app itself does not charge transaction fees; overall costs depend primarily on the chosen blockchain and third-party service providers.

Terahash was a colloquial term used during Ethereum's Proof of Work (PoW) era to describe the total network hashrate, representing the speed at which Ethash computations were attempted across the network each second. Terahash played a key role in determining mining difficulty, block production consistency, and the overall security of the blockchain. After Ethereum’s transition to Proof of Stake (PoS) in the 2022 Merge, terahash dropped to zero as mining power shifted to other PoW blockchains like Ethereum Classic (ETC). However, the concept of terahash continues to be relevant for assessing miner ecosystems and network security on PoW chains.

A “New White Swan Event” refers to positive or neutral catalysts in the crypto market that are foreseeable, have a clear timeline, and are widely anticipated to create significant impact once realized. Examples include the approval of spot ETFs, major mainnet upgrades, implementation of regulatory policies, or the entry of leading institutions. Unlike sudden and unpredictable “Black Swan” events, New White Swan Events represent orderly changes that the market is actively waiting for, often accompanied by shifts in capital flows and market expectations.

Token swap refers to the process of directly exchanging one cryptocurrency token for another. This is commonly done on decentralized exchanges (DEXs) or trading platforms, utilizing either AMM (Automated Market Maker) liquidity pools or order book matching. The associated costs typically include transaction fees and slippage. Token swap can also describe an event where a project migrates its old tokens to a new blockchain or smart contract. In cross-chain scenarios, token swaps may use bridges or cross-chain routers to transfer assets between different networks. Typical use cases include portfolio rebalancing, payments, and arbitrage. Key considerations are token price, liquidity, and transaction latency, as insufficient pool depth may lead to higher-than-expected costs.

A descending triangle is a chart pattern where the price consolidates between a horizontal support level and a descending resistance line. This pattern commonly appears during phases of weakening trends or increasing selling pressure. The lower support is repeatedly tested, while the highs on the upper resistance line gradually decline. Traders often use this pattern to anticipate potential breakdowns and trend continuations. It is applicable to both spot and derivatives trading in crypto markets and becomes more reliable when combined with volume analysis and robust risk management strategies. Key identification features include trendlines connecting at least three points and breakouts accompanied by increased trading volume. However, false breakouts can occur, so setting stop-loss orders is essential.

The triangular scam is a fraudulent scheme that leverages three-party fund flows to create the illusion of legitimate transactions, commonly seen in over-the-counter (OTC) trading between fiat currencies and crypto assets. In this scam, the fraudster convinces the seller to accept payment from a third party and then release the crypto. Subsequently, the third party may file a complaint or request a bank freeze, resulting in financial and compliance risks for the seller. This scam exploits the difference between irreversible on-chain transfers and traceable off-chain payments. On OTC platforms like Gate, failure to strictly verify payer identity and transaction notes can easily lead to disputes and entanglement in fraudulent activities.

The trust economy treats “verifiable credibility” as its core infrastructure: participants’ actions and assets are recorded on the blockchain, while rules are automatically enforced by smart contracts. Reputation and proof can be independently verified by third parties and reused across various scenarios. This reduces reliance on intermediaries, increases the efficiency of collaboration and transactions, and supports cross-platform identity, asset management, and governance in Web3.

The Sandbox is a user-generated content platform built on Ethereum and compatible with Polygon. Players use the SAND token for payments, rewards, and governance. Land (LAND) and assets (ASSET) are represented as NFTs, ensuring verifiable ownership. Users can leverage VoxEdit and Game Maker to create interactive experiences, which can then be traded, operated, or rented in the marketplace. This fosters an open ecosystem for both creators and participants.

USD Coin (USDC) is a stablecoin pegged 1:1 to the US dollar, fully backed by fiat currency and short-term US Treasury assets. Its price stability near $1 is maintained through minting and redemption mechanisms. USDC is governed by the Centre consortium and operated by organizations such as Circle, with a strong emphasis on regular audits and transparency. It is widely used for cross-border payments, transaction settlement, and decentralized finance (DeFi) applications, and is available across multiple blockchain networks.

UTC-6 refers to a time zone that is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), commonly used in Central Standard Time in the United States, most regions of Mexico, and Central America. Blockchain announcements and trading platforms typically use UTC for timestamps, so understanding UTC-6 is essential for accurately converting event deadlines, settlement times, and listing schedules. With daylight saving time, some regions switch to UTC-5 during the summer, which may impact your participation in subscription events, airdrop registrations, or contract settlements on Gate. Therefore, knowing how to check and convert between these time zones is crucial.

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) serves as the global standard time reference, based on atomic clocks and periodically adjusted with leap seconds. Unlike local time zones or daylight saving time, UTC remains constant worldwide. Most systems record Unix timestamps starting from 00:00:00 UTC on January 1, 1970. In blockchain ecosystems, timestamps, transaction settlements, and cross-time-zone announcements are typically aligned with UTC to ensure consistent coordination and execution for all participants.

Utility refers to the tangible benefits and reusable functions provided by an asset or product. In investment, it answers the question, "What do I get from this?" In the context of Web3, utility often relates to the privileges, payment functions, governance rights, staking rewards, and service access associated with tokens or NFTs. Examples include paying network fees, participating in governance votes, or unlocking membership benefits. When evaluating utility, it is important to consider real usage frequency, substitution costs, and sustainability, rather than focusing solely on short-term price fluctuations.

USDT (BEP20) is the version of Tether issued on the BNB Smart Chain, designed to maintain a 1:1 peg with the US dollar. It serves as a stable means for on-chain value transfers, settlements, and trading activities. Backed by reserves consisting of fiat currencies and highly liquid assets, USDT employs an elastic supply mechanism to adjust issuance based on demand. Transactions on the BEP20 network require users to pay gas fees denominated in BNB. USDT (BEP20) is widely used for hedging against price volatility, participating in DeFi protocols, and facilitating cross-border payments. This article focuses on the key use cases and risk considerations specific to BEP20.

In the context of Web3, the uncertainty principle refers to the phenomenon where the act of observing or participating can itself alter outcomes. Actions such as measuring, disclosing information, or placing an order can influence asset prices, risk exposure, and how other participants respond. Factors unique to blockchain—including on-chain transparency, mempool transaction ordering, oracle price updates, MEV (Maximal Extractable Value) front-running, as well as slippage and liquidity dynamics—cause outcomes to fall within a fluctuating range rather than a fixed result. Understanding this principle is essential for selecting the right tools and managing risk effectively in decentralized environments.

An unstoppable domain is a type of blockchain-based domain asset, typically stored as an NFT in a personal wallet. It allows users to map human-readable names to wallet addresses across multiple blockchains, as well as to personal profiles and decentralized websites. Common use cases include payment identifiers, Web3 login, and on-chain identity display. Compared to traditional domains, unstoppable domains reduce reliance on centralized registrars and renewal systems, enabling universal recognition across multiple applications.

A unit of account serves as a common standard for measuring and recording value, similar to how a ruler provides a consistent scale for length. It allows prices and profit and loss to be uniformly calculated. In traditional finance, fiat currencies such as the Chinese yuan (RMB) or US dollar are typically used. Fiat currency is government-issued money that is widely accepted for transactions. In Web3 environments, trading pairs often display prices in stablecoins like USDT or major cryptocurrencies. The choice of unit of account directly impacts how you track your portfolio, calculate gains and losses, and determine tax obligations.

A processing unit serves as the "work engine" responsible for executing computations and verifications. In the context of blockchain, this term refers both to the hardware that delivers computational power—such as CPUs, GPUs, or ASICs—and to virtual units used to measure workload, like gas. Processing units directly impact node throughput, block production and confirmation speed for miners or validators, as well as transaction fees and settlement times. Understanding processing units is essential for making informed hardware choices and managing network congestion.

In the context of crypto social platforms, “playing a persona” refers to consistently presenting a specific character or role through a stable nickname, profile picture, communication style, and behavior over an extended period. The goal is often to attract attention, build trust, or influence discussions. In Web3 communities, common personas include developers, researchers, traders, and anonymous key opinion leaders (KOLs), often using NFT avatars, ENS domains, and decentralized identities. This approach serves as both a communication strategy and carries implications for reputation and potential risks.

An unconfirmed transaction refers to a transfer or smart contract operation that has been broadcast to the blockchain but has not yet been included in a block. Such transactions are temporarily stored in a node's mempool (transaction memory pool). The confirmation speed is influenced by factors such as transaction fees, network congestion, and transaction priority. Unconfirmed transactions commonly occur in scenarios like exchange withdrawals, on-chain transfers, NFT minting, and DeFi interactions. A transaction is considered complete only after it has received a certain number of confirmations.

"Unregulated" refers to activities that are not continuously monitored or authorized by legal and regulatory authorities. In the Web3 ecosystem, this term frequently applies to decentralized trading and lending, token issuance, and similar operations, where identity verification (KYC), anti-money laundering (AML), or investor protection measures are typically not enforced. The term "unregulated" does not imply a value judgment; it simply describes the compliance status, indicating greater freedom alongside increased self-managed risk.

USDT delisting refers to a platform ceasing support for USDT trading, deposits, or withdrawals. USDT is a stablecoin pegged to the US dollar and is often used as the “cash” equivalent within the crypto market. Delisting typically relates to compliance, risk management, or technical adjustments. Users should pay close attention to official announcements regarding timing, affected trading pairs, and available asset conversion options, and follow the instructions to complete migration and minimize any potential impact. During the announcement period, platforms generally provide options for handling remaining balances, such as automatic redemption, conversion, or transfer. The specific procedures must be followed according to the platform’s official guidelines.

A utility cryptocurrency is a type of token specifically designed to provide access to certain functions, such as using products, paying on-chain fees, or unlocking privileges. Unlike equity or dividend-focused tokens, utility tokens primarily serve functional purposes rather than representing ownership or profit-sharing. They are commonly found in public blockchains, exchanges, gaming platforms, and NFT ecosystems. Holders can benefit from features like transaction fee discounts, minting rights, voting power, or exchanging for in-game assets within the designated ecosystem. The core value of utility cryptocurrencies lies in their usability, not investment returns.

Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) is a system used by public blockchains like Bitcoin to record funds. Each transaction consumes previous outputs and creates new ones, much like paying with cash and receiving change. Rather than maintaining a single balance, wallets manage a collection of spendable "small coins." This design impacts transaction fees, privacy, and the speed and user experience when depositing or withdrawing through platforms such as Gate. Understanding UTXO helps you choose appropriate fee rates, avoid address reuse, manage fragmented funds, and interpret the confirmation process.

The underbanked population refers to individuals who lack access to affordable and accessible essential services, particularly in financial services. This includes people without bank accounts, payment channels, or secure storage options. In the context of Web3, underbanked individuals can leverage blockchain technology, digital wallets, and stablecoins to bypass geographical and time barriers, reduce the cost of cross-border remittances, earn basic returns, and access microloans. However, it is important to remain aware of compliance requirements, price volatility, and identity verification processes.

The USGA hard/soft cap rules refer to the minimum and maximum fundraising limits set by a project during fundraising rounds or token offerings. These rules determine whether the issuance will proceed, when it will end, and how allocation and refunds are handled. The hard cap defines the maximum amount that can be raised, while the soft cap sets the minimum amount required. In both exchange-based subscriptions and on-chain token sales, these rules directly impact participant fairness, supply control, and subsequent price stability.

The term "Super Bitcoin" is commonly used in the Chinese crypto community to refer broadly to projects or assets that aim to surpass Bitcoin in terms of value, performance, or narrative. It also specifically includes the 2017 fork project SuperBitcoin (SBTC). This term frequently appears in discussions about the Bitcoin ecosystem, Layer 2 solutions, and narrative-driven tokens. When considering investment or participation, it is important to assess the specific use cases, technological maturity, and liquidity risks associated with these projects.

Volume analysis involves examining the traded quantity and capital flow over a specific period to determine whether price movements are genuinely supported. This approach integrates spot and derivatives data, order book depth, and on-chain transfer activity to identify trend strength, liquidity shifts, and potential turning points. Volume analysis is commonly used for market timing, risk management, and assessing overall market sentiment.

VCA, or "Value Cost Averaging," is an investment strategy that follows a predetermined target value path for an account. Each period, the amount invested is dynamically adjusted based on the difference between the actual value and the target value. When prices decline, purchases are increased; when prices rise, investment is reduced, and small amounts may be sold if necessary. This method is commonly used for stocks and mutual funds, but it is also suitable for long-term recurring investments in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. However, it requires maintaining a cash reserve and strict discipline in execution.

Market capitalization (market cap) is a commonly used metric to assess the overall size of a crypto asset. It is calculated by multiplying the current price by the circulating supply, and is used to compare project scale, evaluate risks, and identify investment opportunities. In addition to circulating market cap, fully diluted market capitalization is also frequently referenced to estimate the potential total value of an asset once all tokens are released. On exchange platforms such as Gate, market cap is displayed alongside metrics like trading volume and dominance ratio, helping users analyze capital distribution and market cycles.

The definition of verifiability refers to a set of conditions and methods that allow anyone to independently verify the authenticity of data or computations based on publicly accessible rules and evidence. In the context of blockchain, verifiability typically relies on cryptographic proofs, auditable on-chain logs, and consensus records, providing repeatable validation steps and clear criteria for failure. This concept is widely applied in areas such as asset reserves, oracle data, random number generation, and privacy credentials, with the primary goal of reducing reliance on single points of trust.

A vampire attack refers to a competitive strategy in the crypto market where a new protocol actively attracts liquidity and users away from existing protocols by offering incentives such as rewards, fee sharing, and compatible design. This tactic is commonly seen in decentralized exchanges (DEXs) and NFT platforms, employing methods like airdrops, liquidity mining, and migration tools. Unlike hacking or malicious exploits, a vampire attack is a market-driven growth tactic aimed at rapidly accumulating trading volume and total value locked (TVL), thereby creating strong network effects.

Lock-up adjustment refers to changes made by project teams, exchanges, or protocols regarding the token lock-up period, vesting schedule, or early redemption rules. This is commonly seen in token fundraising unlock plans, staking product maturity settings, and governance proposal implementations. Such adjustments impact liquidity, sell pressure, and user yields. Modifications may include extending the lock-up period, introducing cliff vesting, increasing linear unlocks, or setting penalty rates. These changes must be announced in advance and reflected in smart contract or platform rules, and users should pay close attention to their available balances and cash flow management. During periods of market volatility or evolving regulatory requirements, lock-up adjustments become more frequent and directly affect the exit timing and price impact for project teams, early investors, and regular participants.

Token lock-up refers to restricting the transfer and withdrawal of tokens or assets for a predetermined period. This mechanism is commonly used in project team and investor vesting schedules, exchange-based fixed-term savings products, and DeFi voting lock-ups. The primary purposes are to reduce sell pressure, align long-term incentives, and release tokens either linearly or at a fixed maturity date, directly impacting token liquidity and price dynamics. In the Web3 ecosystem, team allocations, private sale portions, mining rewards, and governance power are often subject to lock-up agreements. Investors should closely monitor the unlock schedule and proportions to manage associated risks effectively.

Validators are participants in Proof of Stake (PoS) networks responsible for block production and transaction record-keeping. By staking tokens, they earn the right to participate in the network and may be randomly selected to process transactions and contribute to consensus using cryptographic signatures. Validators play a key role in maintaining network security and decentralization. Their rewards come from block subsidies and transaction fees, while they also face potential penalties for misconduct such as downtime or double-signing.

A virus is a type of program that propagates itself within a device and executes unauthorized actions. Antivirus software serves as a security tool designed to detect, block, and remove such programs. For Web3 users, viruses and antivirus tools are closely tied to wallet security, transaction signing, and mnemonic phrase protection. Effective antivirus solutions can intercept threats from downloads, websites, and external devices, helping to reduce risks of infection and potential asset loss. However, they do not replace good usage practices.

Vaporware is a term in the cryptocurrency industry describing projects that are heavily promoted but never actually materialize or deliver on their promised functionality. These projects typically feature elaborate white papers and marketing campaigns while lacking substantial technical progress or viable implementation paths, with some being outright scams designed for fundraising.

Valhalla is a decentralized exchange built on smart contracts, enabling users to swap tokens directly on-chain through their own wallets without account registration or asset custody. The platform typically utilizes Automated Market Maker (AMM) models and liquidity pools for pricing and trade matching, supporting both token swaps and market-making use cases. Potential risks include smart contract vulnerabilities, slippage, and impermanent loss. Valhalla is best suited for users who prefer self-custody of assets and are comfortable with the operational costs associated with on-chain transactions.

Valhalla is an on-chain game and metaverse developed within the Floki ecosystem. Player progress and in-game items are recorded on the blockchain, making the game's ledger transparent and publicly accessible. Game assets are typically represented as NFTs, ensuring their uniqueness and enabling trading. The FLOKI token serves as the medium for in-game transactions and broader ecosystem interactions. Valhalla integrates gaming, asset ownership, and community participation into a unified experience.

In crypto trading, trading volume refers to the actual quantity or equivalent value of a particular asset that has been matched and traded during a specific period. It serves as a key indicator of market activity and liquidity. The bars displayed below the candlestick chart represent trading volume, and this metric is also frequently featured in the 24-hour statistics section of asset pages. Understanding trading volume helps assess trend strength, confirm breakouts, and evaluate slippage risk. Additionally, trading volume can be used to build tools like Volume Weighted Average Price (VWAP) and On-Balance Volume (OBV), supporting entry strategies and risk management plans.

A venture capitalist is an investor who provides professional funding to high-growth companies. In the Web3 ecosystem, venture capitalists participate in early-stage and growth-stage projects by acquiring equity or tokens, while also offering resources and governance recommendations. They influence project development through fund operations, due diligence, and post-investment management, and are closely involved with token issuance, token lock-up arrangements, and exit strategies.

A lock-up period refers to a predefined timeframe during which assets cannot be sold, transferred, or withdrawn. This rule is commonly applied in scenarios such as token vesting schedules following a token sale, team and investor allocation plans, exchange-based financial products, and staking activities. By restricting liquidity, lock-up periods help stabilize prices or offer potential returns. However, they also introduce risks related to limited exit opportunities and increased price volatility.

In this context, a virus refers to malicious software capable of self-propagation or covert execution. It gains control by manipulating system settings, inducing users to click malicious links, or injecting harmful scripts. Within the Web3 ecosystem, viruses are commonly employed to steal seed phrases and private keys, hijack transaction addresses, or spoof wallet interfaces—directly compromising transaction and asset security. Understanding how viruses operate and establishing protective measures is fundamental for secure on-chain interactions and account management.

A project fork refers to the process where a single crypto project evolves along separate paths due to the adoption of different rules. This typically involves copying and modifying the underlying code or blockchain, resulting in two parallel versions of the project. Forks are usually executed at a predetermined time or specific block height, with network nodes choosing which version to support. Forks can introduce new features or rebranding, and may lead to the creation of independent tokens and community splits, as well as affect asset records and exchange support.

Win rate refers to the percentage of profitable trades or investments out of the total number of attempts. While it is an intuitive metric, a higher win rate does not necessarily indicate better performance. Its true significance emerges only when analyzed alongside risk-reward ratio, expected value, and position sizing. In the highly volatile crypto market, where leverage is frequently used, understanding and applying win rate correctly can help evaluate strategies and manage risk effectively. Additionally, factors such as sample size, trading costs, and slippage must be considered, as they can all impact the accuracy of the win rate.

100x leverage refers to using a small amount of your own capital to amplify your trading position to 100 times its original size, typically through borrowing or via derivatives contracts. This approach is common in crypto perpetual contracts and forex margin trading, as it increases capital efficiency and provides flexibility for both long and short positions. However, positions with such high leverage are extremely sensitive to price volatility—losses can quickly reach the margin level and trigger forced liquidation. It is crucial to monitor the liquidation price, funding rates, and trading fees, and to implement strict stop-loss measures.

An index price is a reference value calculated by aggregating the prices of the same asset across multiple trading platforms according to specific rules. Typically, this involves weighted averages from various sources and the exclusion of outliers, resulting in a more stable and accurate representation of the overall market. In crypto trading and perpetual contracts, the index price is commonly used to determine the mark price, trigger risk management mechanisms, and supply data for oracles, thereby reducing the impact of volatility from any single market.

Presale cryptocurrencies are limited-time token offerings made available to early users before a project officially launches. Access channels include exchange launchpads (such as Gate’s Startup), the project’s official website, and decentralized fundraising platforms. Participation typically requires USDT or ETH, with token distribution occurring after the Token Generation Event (TGE) according to vesting schedules and lock-up periods. Most exchanges require KYC verification, while official websites often require self-custody wallets and payment of network gas fees. Before participating, always verify the smart contract and project team information, stay aware of subscription timeframes, and carefully consider associated risks.

The New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) is a major U.S. commodities futures and derivatives market, originating from 19th-century agricultural trading and later evolving into a key price benchmark for energy and metals. Prices for crude oil and metals set by NYMEX are often used to gauge global risk sentiment and inflation expectations. Many crypto investors adjust their contract and spot positions on Gate based on these reference prices. Decentralized derivatives platforms and oracles also utilize NYMEX data, driving asset tokenization and facilitating cross-market hedging.

Centralization refers to the control of power, data, or assets by a single entity or a small group of individuals. In the crypto industry, centralization commonly appears in scenarios such as custodial exchanges, concentration of network nodes and mining pools, centralized governance voting, and stablecoin issuers holding authority. Centralization impacts security, transparency, and censorship resistance, and determines whether users can independently manage their assets or participate in rule-making. For example, on centralized exchanges like Gate, users entrust their funds to the platform for custody; Ethereum staking is dominated by large pools; USDT is issued by a single company that has the ability to freeze addresses.

Mt. Gox was a Bitcoin exchange founded in 2010 that once handled approximately 70% of global Bitcoin transactions. In 2014, the exchange collapsed following a massive hack that resulted in the theft of approximately 850,000 bitcoins, making it one of the most significant security incidents in cryptocurrency history with lasting implications for industry regulation and security standards.

Bait-and-switch is a common deceptive tactic in the crypto space. It involves luring you in with an appealing offer as bait, then swapping the transaction recipient, price, or contract address at the critical moment of placing an order or signing a transaction. This results in an outcome that differs from your expectations. Bait-and-switch schemes exploit users’ distracted attention and the complexity of transaction processes, and are frequently seen in scenarios such as crypto trading, NFT minting, and airdrop claims.

Counterparty risk refers to the possibility of financial loss or delayed fund retrieval if the other party fails to fulfill their obligations during trading, lending, or asset custody. In the context of crypto and Web3, this risk commonly arises in scenarios such as withdrawals and custody on centralized platforms, collateralization and liquidation in decentralized lending, stablecoin redemption guarantees, and the custody and signing mechanisms of cross-chain bridges. Counterparty risk is one of the fundamental risks users should prioritize when selecting platforms and strategies. While measures such as self-custody, verifying proof of reserves, and diversifying counterparty exposure can help mitigate this risk to some extent, it cannot be entirely eliminated.

Maximum Extractable Value (MEV) protection refers to mechanisms designed to minimize the risk of users’ transactions being reordered, front-run, or back-run for profit. Common MEV protection methods include private transaction channels, configurable limits on slippage and price, and direct collaboration with block builders to mitigate harmful practices. In decentralized exchange environments and similar scenarios, MEV protection helps ensure that transactions are executed closer to users’ intended prices and sequencing; however, it does not guarantee the complete elimination of all related risks.

The principal-agent problem refers to situations where decision-making or operations are delegated to another party, and due to misaligned incentives or information asymmetry, outcomes may deviate from the interests of the principal. In finance and Web3, this issue commonly arises in fund management, exchange-managed investment products, copy trading, DAO governance, and delegated staking. Addressing this problem relies on effective incentive structures, transparent disclosure, and post-action constraints—such as performance fees, on-chain multisignature mechanisms, smart contract penalties, and ongoing monitoring.

In finance, "pegging" refers to linking the value of an asset or price to a more stable reference, maintaining a fixed or narrow relationship between the two. This concept is commonly seen in currency pegs to the US dollar, stablecoins pegged to USD, and mechanisms for stabilizing fund net asset values. Pegging achieves predictable stability for pricing and trading through redemption commitments, reserve interventions, and price band management.

Wrapped Bitcoin inscriptions refer to assets inscribed on individual satoshis that are securely locked on the BTC sidechain. These assets are then represented by one-to-one mapped, tradable tokens on Ethereum, Solana, or Bitcoin Layer 2 networks, enabling transactions, lending, and custody. The tokens retain verifiable provenance and support redemption back to BTC, balancing liquidity with traceability.

HOW is a type of cryptocurrency token issued by project teams on public blockchains, typically operated via smart contracts. Its main functions include payment, governance, or granting access to specific services. The price of HOW is determined by market supply and demand, while its market capitalization is calculated based on the token’s price and circulating supply. Holders can trade HOW on exchanges and securely store it in wallets. Since different projects have varying rules, understanding contract permissions, total token supply, and use cases is essential for evaluating the risks and value associated with HOW.

Government regulatory agencies are public sector entities responsible for establishing and enforcing financial and market rules. In the context of Web3 and the crypto industry, these agencies oversee exchanges, token issuances, stablecoins, and anti-money laundering requirements through licensing, supervision, and enforcement actions. While the priorities of regulatory bodies vary across jurisdictions, their common objectives are to protect users, maintain financial stability, and prevent illicit financial activities. Their influence extends across all aspects of the ecosystem, from product design to platform operations.

Burning cryptocurrency refers to the process of permanently removing tokens from circulation by sending them to an unrecoverable address or directly reducing supply through smart contracts. This mechanism decreases both circulating and total supply. Projects, exchanges, or protocols employ token burning to control inflation, stabilize prices, and align the interests of holders—for example, BNB's quarterly burns and Ethereum's EIP-1559 fee burning. Common use cases include buyback and burn programs, stablecoin redemption, and burning transaction fees; it is also applied in community governance and incentive structures. On-chain verification is possible, with public announcements and blockchain explorers providing records for review. Users should pay close attention to transparency and the sources of supply data.

Meme coins, also known as viral tokens, are cryptocurrencies created around internet memes and community culture. Their value is driven primarily by trending topics and community consensus, rather than underlying technical features. Notable examples include DOGE, SHIB, PEPE, and BONK. Meme coins are widely used for trading, speculation, liquidity provision, and community engagement. They tend to be highly volatile and carry significant risks, so it is important to pay attention to their issuance mechanisms, liquidity, and team transparency.

Bitcoin mining does not involve randomly selecting from various algorithms; instead, it consistently uses the double SHA-256 hash function as specified by the Proof of Work consensus mechanism. The term "best algorithm" in this context typically refers to optimizing the fixed algorithm at the hardware and implementation levels: generating more hashes per unit of energy consumed, reliably submitting valid shares to mining pools, and maintaining a sustainable balance between profitability and risk as network difficulty changes over time.

Tax filing correction refers to the process of amending previously submitted income, cost, or deduction items after completing annual or monthly tax declarations. Corrections may be required due to missing information, inconsistencies in reporting standards, or the acquisition of new supporting documents. This procedure is relevant for scenarios such as salary and wage income, securities investments, real estate rental and sales, as well as cryptocurrency transactions. The primary goal is to accurately adjust taxable amounts within the legal deadline, thereby minimizing late payment penalties and compliance risks.

A breakout refers to the moment when an asset's price moves beyond a widely watched "ceiling" (resistance level) or "floor" (support level), followed by continued movement in the same direction. Breakouts are typically accompanied by increased trading volume and heightened volatility, and are used to identify the start of a new trend and potential entry points. In the crypto market, 24/7 trading and higher volatility make breakouts more frequent, but false breakouts also occur more often. As a result, multi-factor confirmation and risk management strategies are essential when trading breakouts.

Integrated circuits are compact chips containing thousands or even millions of electronic components, enabling devices to perform computation, communication, and data storage. Acting as the "brain and nervous system" of machines, they power smartphones, servers, and mining rigs. Manufactured using precise processes with semiconductor materials like silicon, integrated circuits balance speed, energy efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. In the Web3 ecosystem, integrated circuits deliver processing power for blockchain nodes, safeguard private keys in hardware wallets, and enable seamless interactions for devices such as NFC-enabled hardware.

The Ripple Ledger Protocol serves as the distributed accounting and settlement framework underlying the XRP network. Functioning like a globally shared electronic ledger, it records transfers, token issuance, and exchanges. Final confirmation is achieved within seconds through a consensus mechanism that does not require mining, resulting in lower transaction fees. The network is maintained by validator nodes, and each address must hold a minimum reserve to prevent spam. The protocol features built-in decentralized trading and trust lines, making it well-suited for cross-border payments and high-frequency settlements. When depositing or withdrawing from exchanges, destination tags are commonly used for account identification. Path optimization across different currencies helps minimize transaction costs.

Vitalik Buterin, born in 1994, is the co-founder and principal advocate of Ethereum. His birth year not only marks his age but also aligns with significant milestones in Ethereum’s development: at 19, he introduced the concept of Ethereum; at 20, he launched the token crowdfunding campaign; and at 21, the Ethereum mainnet went live. Placing his birth year within this timeline helps illustrate how he advanced smart contracts and public blockchain ecosystems, leveraging the culture of the internet and open-source innovation.

The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) is a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury responsible for anti-money laundering (AML) and suspicious activity oversight. Similar to a centralized traffic control center, FinCEN aggregates risk signals from banks and crypto service providers, formulates and enforces regulations under the Bank Secrecy Act, collects and analyzes Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs), and provides intelligence support to law enforcement and regulatory agencies. Its primary objectives include combating money laundering, fraud, sanctions evasion, and other forms of financial crime.

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is the execution engine of Ethereum, responsible for running the compiled bytecode of smart contracts according to standardized rules and managing resources through a Gas fee system. Functioning as a secure sandbox environment, the EVM ensures that all global nodes produce identical outcomes and update the ledger consistently, which is essential for supporting DeFi, NFT ecosystems, and the expansion of applications across numerous EVM-compatible blockchains. The EVM emphasizes determinism and isolation to prevent discrepancies between nodes. Developers write smart contracts in languages such as Solidity, which are then compiled and executed by the Ethereum Virtual Machine. Users interact with these contracts by initiating transactions, paying Gas fees to trigger contract logic, and receive verifiable results.

WAGMI is a popular motivational slogan within the crypto community, originating from the phrase “We’re All Gonna Make It.” It highlights long-term commitment and collective confidence. WAGMI frequently appears on social media, in project updates, and in NFT discussions to boost morale and foster a sense of unity among members. However, it should not be interpreted as investment advice. Understanding the meaning of WAGMI helps users navigate the context of community conversations while maintaining independent judgment and awareness of risks.

A spot exchange-traded fund (ETF) is a type of fund traded on stock exchanges, designed to closely track the spot price of its underlying assets. The fund directly holds the underlying assets—such as gold, stocks, or Bitcoin—and maintains liquidity through custodians and market makers. Investors can buy and sell shares using brokerage accounts just like regular stocks, gaining both transparency and diversification, while also bearing the associated market volatility and management fees. In the crypto space, spot ETFs provide regulated exposure to digital assets for traditional account holders.

Inscription refers to the process of permanently embedding text or files onto a blockchain through special transactions. In Chinese crypto discussions, it most commonly denotes Bitcoin Ordinals, where data is attached to individual satoshis. Unlike smart contracts, inscriptions can record NFT-like or token-related information without requiring contract deployment, giving rise to standards such as BRC-20. To participate, users typically need Taproot-compatible addresses, indexing tools, and must pay miner fees. Once inscribed, content cannot be altered, and cross-platform recognition depends on wallet support and indexers.

An asset class is a grouping of assets that exhibit similar performance patterns, sources of return, and risk characteristics. Common asset classes include equities, bonds, cash, real estate, commodities, and crypto assets. Asset classes are used to diversify investments, set expectations for risk and return, and provide a unified framework for asset allocation and portfolio rebalancing. This approach facilitates portfolio management across different market cycles.

In the context of crypto trading, a "weak hand" refers to participants who are easily swayed by emotions and quickly change their positions or strategies during sharp price fluctuations or sudden news events. This term highlights the difference between withstanding volatility and maintaining trading discipline; it is not inherently derogatory. Recognizing weak hand behaviors can help traders develop effective trading plans, set stop-loss orders, implement dollar-cost averaging, and enhance decision-making stability and risk management on platforms like Gate.

Bitcoin Ordinals is a mechanism within the Bitcoin network that assigns a unique serial number to each satoshi, allowing small pieces of data—such as images or text—to be inscribed into transaction witnesses. Leveraging the Taproot upgrade and indexing services, this system enables creators to publish verifiable on-chain inscriptions. Holders can transfer and trade these assets using Taproot-compatible wallets, giving rise to an ecosystem of digital collectibles similar to NFTs.

Ordinals refer to a method of sequentially numbering the smallest units of Bitcoin, known as satoshis, on the Bitcoin mainnet. This approach involves embedding small files or text into transaction witness data, effectively binding and making each satoshi uniquely traceable. Ordinals leverage upgrades such as Taproot and operate in conjunction with third-party indexers. They are commonly used to create collectible "inscriptions," leading to the development of associated digital assets and application ecosystems.

Mid-sized investors are participants whose capital falls between that of retail investors and whales, typically managing funds ranging from $100,000 to $5 million and operating actively across both centralized exchanges and DeFi platforms. They pay close attention to trading fees, slippage, and liquidity, often using strategies such as order splitting, limit orders, and hedging to minimize costs and volatility. Position management is handled with sub-accounts and risk control tools. Their typical single trade size ranges from $10,000 to $500,000, with a preference for stablecoin and major cryptocurrency pairs. Execution timing and platform selection are based on market depth analysis.

Wick refers to the thin lines above and below the body of a candlestick on a price chart, representing the highest and lowest prices reached during a specific period. The length of the wick indicates short-term volatility and liquidity spikes, commonly seen when large orders are executed, stop-losses are triggered, or liquidations occur. Understanding wicks can help traders identify “false breakouts,” optimize order placement and risk management, and is also relevant for contract liquidation and on-chain oracle price feeds. In crypto trading, wicks often appear during new token launches, major macroeconomic news events, or periods of low liquidity such as late-night trading hours. Mastering wick analysis can improve your ability to gauge buying and selling pressure, avoid being “wicked out,” and design more reliable entry and stop-loss strategies.

Bag is a colloquial term in the crypto community referring to an individual's holdings of crypto assets or the amount and cost basis of a specific token position. It can describe your overall investment portfolio or your stake in a particular cryptocurrency. A common related term is "bagholder," which refers to someone who holds onto their assets for an extended period without selling. Understanding the meaning of "bag" is important for effective portfolio management, risk diversification, and tracking investment returns.

Large technology companies refer to global internet and software enterprises that control platforms, devices, and cloud computing resources. They operate operating systems, browsers, app stores, and advertising networks, leveraging data centers and developer tools to influence online standards and shape the distribution, compliance, and user experience of Web3 and blockchain applications. These companies establish lasting influence through network effects and ecosystem integration.

Proof of time is a technique that enables blockchains to advance according to real-world time. By utilizing a "slow computation, fast verification" approach, it allows anyone to verify that a specific duration has indeed elapsed. This method often relies on verifiable delay functions and is used for transaction ordering, maintaining stable block intervals, and working alongside consensus mechanisms to reduce front-running and improve the predictability and fairness of confirmations.

A cryptocurrency bull market refers to a prolonged period in which the overall market experiences upward momentum, increased trading volumes, and prevailing optimism among participants. Common triggers for a crypto bull market include Bitcoin halving events, expansionary macroeconomic policies, and the opening of regulated capital channels. Typically, Bitcoin leads the rally, followed by rotations into major altcoins and emerging narrative sectors. However, a crypto bull market is not characterized by uninterrupted price increases; pullbacks and shifts in market rhythm are common during this phase. To identify and participate effectively, it is essential to monitor price trends, on-chain activity, and capital flows, while also maintaining prudent position sizing and risk management.

A Contract for Difference (CFD) is a financial derivative that allows traders to speculate on price movements without owning the underlying asset. Profits or losses are determined by the difference between the opening and closing prices of the contract. CFDs utilize margin and leverage to enable both long and short positions. Trading CFDs typically involves spreads, commissions, and overnight funding fees. They are commonly used in markets such as stocks, indices, forex, and cryptocurrencies for purposes of speculation or hedging.

A cryptocurrency ETF is a type of exchange-traded fund listed on traditional stock exchanges, designed to track the price or index of crypto assets such as Bitcoin or Ethereum. Investors can buy and sell ETF shares through conventional brokerage accounts, eliminating the need to manage private keys or set up wallets themselves. The underlying assets are held in custody by professional institutions, making cryptocurrency ETFs suitable for those who wish to access the crypto market via familiar investment channels.

FDV (Fully Diluted Valuation) refers to the total valuation of a crypto project if all tokens were released and valued at the current price. The calculation formula is: price × total token supply. FDV is commonly used to assess the potential scale of early-stage projects, but it should be evaluated alongside factors such as the circulating supply ratio, token unlock schedules, token utility, and project revenue to determine its accuracy. This helps avoid overestimating value due to low circulating supply. When reviewing new tokens on exchanges, participating in Launchpads, or engaging in DeFi yield farming, understanding FDV can help you compare similar projects and identify potential sell pressure risks.

White label refers to ready-made technologies or products that can be rebranded and launched as your own service. In the Web3 space, common white label solutions include exchanges, wallets, payment gateways, NFT marketplaces, and custody services. These offerings help reduce development and operational costs, while allowing integration with compliance, risk control, and liquidity solutions. White label products are ideal for testing crypto-related businesses and enable traditional enterprises to enter new markets with lower risk.

The Exchange Committee is an internal body responsible for reviewing and determining market rules within an exchange. Its duties include listing and delisting reviews, monitoring abnormal trading activities, managing trading suspensions and resumptions, enforcing disciplinary actions, and evaluating new products. Operating under the authority of regulatory agencies, it exercises self-regulation to balance market fairness and efficiency. In crypto and Web3 environments, similar functions may be carried out by internal review teams or through community governance, affecting whether users can trade certain assets, the timing of trading, and the transparency of risk disclosures.

A software library is a collection of reusable code modules that package common functionalities and provide services to applications through well-defined interfaces, much like plug-ins. This approach helps minimize redundant development and reduces errors. In blockchain and Web3 development, software libraries often take the form of SDKs, smart contract templates, and API clients, enabling integration with nodes, wallets, exchanges, and other services. They assist developers in tasks such as signing transactions, querying on-chain data, or connecting to exchange APIs, thereby improving efficiency and lowering maintenance costs.

Bault can be understood as the name of a “vault-style” Web3 application that centralizes digital assets within smart contracts or custodial mechanisms, where returns and risks are automatically managed according to predefined strategies. By depositing your funds into Bault, you are essentially entrusting them to a knowledgeable on-chain manager. Common features include asset aggregation, automated strategy execution, and transparent record-keeping, making it suitable for users looking to simplify their on-chain activities.

Lambo is a popular social media term in the crypto community, originating from the luxury sports car brand Lamborghini. It refers to the mindset of hoping to become wealthy enough from rising token prices to afford a Lamborghini. The phrase “When Lambo?” is commonly used to ask when one might be able to buy a Lamborghini thanks to crypto gains. It serves both as an optimistic slogan and a tongue-in-cheek meme, often appearing alongside terms like “HODL” and “WAGMI” during bullish markets and speculative discussions.

A transaction fee is the cost paid to complete a crypto asset transaction. It generally consists of two parts: maker/taker fees charged by exchanges, and network fees (commonly known as gas fees) on the blockchain. Transaction fees directly impact trading costs, arbitrage opportunities, and transfer speeds, and are commonly encountered in spot trading, derivatives, cross-chain transactions, and NFT trading. Fee structures vary significantly across platforms and blockchains. Factors such as account level, use of platform tokens for fee discounts, and network congestion can all influence the actual expenses incurred.

Bitcoin Core is the reference implementation of the Bitcoin protocol and serves as full node software. Functioning like a self-hosted "ledger server," it independently verifies blocks and transactions, participates in peer-to-peer propagation, and includes a basic wallet as well as developer interfaces. Maintained by the open-source community, its versions are updated to address issues and improve performance while striving for backward compatibility. Running Bitcoin Core is not mandatory, but it offers enhanced independent verification and greater privacy control.

Proof of Stake (PoS) is a blockchain consensus mechanism in which participants use their held tokens as "votes," locking or delegating them to validators to participate in block production and verification, earning network rewards in return. Unlike Proof of Work (PoW), PoS relies on asset ownership and reputation rather than computational power, significantly reducing energy consumption and increasing efficiency. It incorporates built-in mechanisms for staking, delegation, and slashing (penalties), and is commonly used by public blockchains such as Ethereum. PoS is well-suited for the secure operation of large-scale networks and enables users to earn passive income by participating in staking through various platforms.

A Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a type of chip whose internal connections and functions can be reconfigured after manufacturing using configuration files. FPGAs function like “rearrangeable building blocks” for circuits, allowing algorithms to be transformed into parallel hardware, which enables low latency and high throughput. In blockchain and zero-knowledge proof applications, FPGAs are commonly used to accelerate processes such as hashing, elliptic curve computations, and data pipelines. They are also widely utilized for prototyping and in systems where performance is critical.

Spot trading refers to the direct purchase and sale of assets with immediate settlement. In the crypto industry, this means acquiring and holding actual tokens, rather than speculating on price movements using leverage or derivatives contracts. When you trade on an exchange, you select a trading pair such as BTC/USDT and place a market or limit order. Once the order is executed, the tokens are credited to your account instantly. These tokens can then be held, used for payments, or withdrawn to an on-chain wallet. It is important to pay attention to trading fees and market price volatility when engaging in spot trading.

TrueUSD (TUSD) is a stablecoin pegged 1:1 to the US dollar, designed to bridge on-chain tokens with fiat currency held in bank accounts. As a stablecoin, its value is maintained close to a designated fiat currency target, making it practical for trading and payments. TUSD operates by holding US dollar reserves in trust, which are subject to regular audits. After completing KYC (Know Your Customer) verification, users can mint or redeem TUSD at a 1:1 ratio. TUSD is commonly used for risk hedging, as a unit of account, and for transferring value across different blockchains.

The floor price refers to the lowest listed price for an item currently available in a marketplace, commonly used in the context of NFT collections to indicate the minimum cost required to purchase a single item. It reflects liquidity and market sentiment, and is influenced by factors such as the number of listings, rarity distribution, cross-platform price discrepancies, as well as bulk buying or sell-offs. On trading platforms like Gate.com, collection pages are sorted by price, with the lowest tier representing the floor price. The floor price is not equivalent to the average price or overall valuation, and it can fluctuate rapidly in the short term. For a more accurate assessment, it should be considered alongside trading volume and market depth.

Volume-price divergence refers to the phenomenon where price movements and trading volume changes are not synchronized. It is used to assess the strength of a trend and identify potential turning points. Think of price as a wave and trading volume as the crowd pushing the wave; when prices reach new highs while trading volume decreases, or prices hit new lows as trading volume increases, it may indicate that the trend's momentum is weakening or about to reverse. This concept is widely used in both stock and crypto trading to assist with entry, exit, and risk management decisions.

"When moon" is a common phrase used in crypto community social media, originating from "To the moon." It is typically used to ask when a particular token will reach an ideal or significantly higher price point. The phrase reflects sentiment and expectations, not an actual timeline. Such questions frequently appear in KOL (Key Opinion Leader) comments, community chats, and livestream discussions, often surfacing alongside bullish rumors or announcements. When encountering this phrase, it is important to assess project developments, liquidity, market cycles, and trading strategies, while paying close attention to position management and risk control.

Oversight organizations are groups within the Web3 ecosystem responsible for continuously monitoring, evaluating, and intervening in governance and risk control when necessary. These entities typically consist of security councils, foundations, auditing firms, and community representatives. Through transparent processes, voting, audits, and multisignature mechanisms, they enhance protocol security as well as the transparency of funds and information. In the event of anomalies, they are empowered to initiate emergency responses.

A watchlist is a continuously monitored list of assets, which can include cryptocurrencies and NFTs selected by users, as well as tokens or wallet addresses tracked by exchanges, wallet providers, and analytics platforms for risk management purposes. Watchlists are used for price alerts, volatility tracking, abnormal activity notifications, and compliance reviews. They support investment decision-making and security responses, and are commonly found in exchange favorites, project risk labels, and on-chain address monitoring tools.

MCR has two key meanings depending on the context: In traditional finance, MCR stands for Minimum Capital Requirement, which serves as a safety buffer that institutions like banks and insurance companies must maintain. This requirement ensures that these organizations can absorb losses and continue operating smoothly. In the context of crypto and DeFi, MCR typically refers to the Minimum Collateralization Ratio—the lowest acceptable ratio between collateralized assets and borrowed amounts. This metric is crucial for mitigating liquidation risks and preventing systemic issues caused by price volatility.

In the crypto context, "rugged" refers to a "rug pull"—a situation where project teams or operators withdraw liquidity from a trading pool, mint excessive tokens, or impose selling restrictions. These actions make it difficult for holders to cash out or cause their assets to lose value rapidly. The root causes often include poorly designed smart contract permissions and a lack of trustworthiness from the team. Rug pulls are commonly seen with new decentralized exchange listings, anonymous token launches, and projects promising high returns.

Animal spirits refer to the emotions, confidence, and intuition that influence economic and investment decisions beyond pure calculation. This concept explains why markets can become overbought or oversold as a result of news, narratives, and shifting expectations, and how these factors impact risk appetite and liquidity. Understanding animal spirits enables investors to better observe market cycles, identify sentiment-driven signals, and manage their positions effectively.

A mobile wallet app is a cryptocurrency asset manager installed on your smartphone, designed to securely store private keys, send and receive tokens, connect to decentralized applications (dApps), and sign blockchain transactions. These wallets typically support multiple blockchain networks as well as scenarios involving NFTs and DeFi, making them popular for transfers, QR code payments, and exchange deposits or withdrawals. Most mobile wallet apps are non-custodial, meaning you maintain full control over your funds. When using these wallets, it is essential to back up your seed phrase, verify the network and associated fees, and remain cautious of phishing links.

Coinbase is a crypto asset platform designed for both individuals and institutions, with its primary function being to bridge fiat currency and digital assets. The platform offers account trading, custodial services, fiat on/off ramps, wallets, and access to the Base network. Users in supported regions can buy and sell major tokens, send and receive stablecoins, utilize merchant payment solutions, and access developer APIs. Coinbase provides compliant identity verification, risk management, and tax reporting features, making it suitable for entry-level investing, long-term holding, cross-border payments, and institutional custody scenarios.

A money transmitter refers to a service provider that sends, receives, or transfers funds on behalf of users. In regulatory frameworks, money transmitters are typically classified as a type of money services business (MSB) and are required to conduct identity verification, anti-money laundering (AML) procedures, and record-keeping. Crypto platforms, custodial wallets, and fiat on/off ramps that hold and transfer assets for users often fall under the definition of a money transmitter and must comply with corresponding licensing requirements.

In computer programming, a library is a collection of reusable code that organizes common functions, serving as a toolbox for developers. Libraries provide ready-made functions, classes, and interfaces, helping reduce repetitive work and maintain consistency. Whether handling network requests, processing images, or performing cryptography and smart contract operations in Web3, developers rely on libraries to complete tasks quickly and reliably. Libraries are typically released as packages, installed via package managers, and maintained with versioning and documentation.

The principal-agent theory describes a common relationship where one party entrusts decision-making or assets to another party for management. Due to information asymmetry and misaligned interests, actions that deviate from the principal's objectives can easily occur. This theory is widely applied in corporate governance and directly impacts various aspects of Web3, such as DAO voting, staking delegation, exchange custody, and smart contract design.

Procedural programming languages treat a program as a series of step-by-step instructions, breaking tasks down into reusable “procedures” (functions). They maintain the current state using variables and organize execution flow through sequences, conditionals, and loops, placing a strong emphasis on order of operations. This approach has shaped mainstream languages like C and Go, and is commonly found in blockchain node and smart contract development, making it particularly well-suited for deterministic and resource-constrained environments.

A golden cross is a buy signal in technical analysis, occurring when a short-term moving average crosses above a long-term moving average, indicating potential price strength. This pattern is commonly seen on stock and crypto trading charts, such as when the 50-day moving average (MA50) crosses above the 200-day moving average (MA200) on the daily timeframe. The golden cross can serve as an entry reference or strategy trigger for spot or derivatives trading, but it does not guarantee an upward trend. It should be evaluated alongside trading volume, overall trend, and risk management strategies. The significance of a golden cross varies across different timeframes—such as hourly, daily, or weekly charts—with longer timeframes generally offering higher reliability.

Revenue sharing is a mechanism that distributes the income generated by a project or platform to participants according to a predetermined ratio. This model is commonly used in scenarios such as creator royalties, affiliate commissions, and interest from financial products. In Web3, smart contracts automatically calculate and distribute fees, interest, or rental income to individuals who hold tokens, provide liquidity, or refer new users. Typically, the distribution is based on gross income rather than net profit.

A basis point is a unit commonly used in finance to precisely describe changes in interest rates, yields, or fees. One basis point equals 0.01%. The term is widely applied in central bank rate decisions, bond pricing, trading fee schedules, as well as in crypto contexts such as annualized lending rates and perpetual contract funding rates. Using basis points helps prevent confusion between "percentage points" and "percentages." For example, if you see "raised by 25 basis points" or "fee reduced by 5 basis points," it means the rate changed by 0.25% or 0.05% respectively compared to the original value.

A market crash refers to the rapid and collective decline of crypto assets within a short period. This is typically accompanied by a sudden surge in trading volume, thinning liquidity, and increased pressure from forced liquidations of leveraged positions. Common triggers include changes in macroeconomic data, shifts in capital flows, large-scale on-chain transfers to exchanges, or unexpected news events. During such crashes, both spot and derivatives markets often experience heightened volatility, while demand for stablecoins tends to rise.

The global cryptocurrency ecosystem refers to digital assets that are issued, traded, and utilized worldwide, including major examples like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and USD-pegged stablecoins. Built on blockchain technology, cryptocurrencies enable cross-border transfers, store of value, and investment opportunities. Through exchanges, wallets, and on-chain applications, these assets circulate freely across countries, linking payment solutions, financial management tools, and developer-driven innovation.

The video category for cryptocurrency depends on the content focus and target audience. Explainers based on blockchain fundamentals align more with "Technology/Blockchain," while trading tutorials fit under "Education/Knowledge Sharing." Market analysis is best categorized as "Finance/Investment," and news updates fall into "News/Current Affairs." If the content covers NFTs or blockchain gaming, "Gaming/Digital Collectibles" is appropriate. The same topic may be labeled differently across platforms, but the classification dimensions are similar. Accurate categorization helps improve recommendation algorithms and search visibility, while also minimizing disputes during content review.

Short selling refers to a trading strategy where an asset is sold first at a higher price, with the expectation of buying it back later at a lower price to return, profiting from the price difference. In the crypto market, short selling is typically executed via futures or perpetual contracts, eliminating the need to borrow actual tokens. This strategy allows traders to profit during market downturns and hedge existing positions. However, it involves factors such as margin requirements, leverage, liquidation risks, and funding rates. Effective position sizing and robust risk management are essential due to these associated costs and risks.

A white-label storefront refers to a ready-made business module provided by a third-party technology provider, allowing brands to customize the appearance and domain name. This solution enables rapid deployment of trading platforms, NFT marketplaces, or membership systems. It operates similarly to renting an engine and branding it with your own logo, and is commonly seen in Web3 wallets, NFT shops, and crypto trading portals. Compared to building proprietary solutions from scratch, white-label storefronts significantly reduce development time and cost. However, it is crucial to assess the vendor's reliability, security measures, KYC (Know Your Customer) processes, and methods for integrating with on-chain smart contracts. These considerations help ensure a secure user experience and manageable risk profile.

Passive management is an investment strategy that involves holding assets according to predefined rules and minimizing trading activity. This approach typically tracks a specific index, allocating assets by market capitalization or fixed ratios and performing periodic rebalancing. The primary goal is to mirror overall market performance while reducing costs and limiting subjective intervention. In the crypto market, passive management is commonly implemented through systematic investment plans and portfolio management, making it suitable for long-term participants.

Active management is an investment approach where investors do not simply track an index but instead make deliberate choices about asset selection, portfolio rebalancing, and market timing. The goal is to outperform a predefined benchmark. In the crypto market, active management is commonly applied to portfolio rebalancing, sector rotation, and DeFi yield optimization. This strategy relies on clearly defined rules, robust risk controls, and ongoing performance review, with adjustments made in response to market volatility and changes in liquidity.

Regulated refers to services operating within legal and compliance frameworks, meeting requirements such as identity verification, source of funds checks, anti-money laundering (AML), investor protection, licensing, and ongoing supervision. Regulation impacts the availability of exchange account registration, fiat on-ramps, derivatives, and yield products, including their limits and regional accessibility. Stablecoin issuance and custody are also subject to these rules. Key features typically include KYC (Know Your Customer) procedures, AML compliance, suitability assessments, risk disclosures, and reporting obligations. Regulatory standards vary by country, and the degree of compliance determines whether a product or service can be offered to you.

Wasabi Wallet is an open-source Bitcoin privacy wallet that leverages CoinJoin and the WabiSabi protocol to merge and restructure transactions from multiple users, effectively obfuscating on-chain fund flows. By connecting through Tor and employing local filtering, it minimizes information exposure. As a non-custodial wallet, Wasabi supports integration with hardware wallets, making it suitable for users seeking enhanced privacy in both receiving and spending Bitcoin.

A market order is a type of buy or sell instruction that is executed immediately at the best available market price. Instead of specifying a price, you only set the quantity, and the system fulfills your order starting with the best quotes in the order book. This ensures fast execution but may result in slippage. Market orders are supported on centralized exchanges such as Gate for both spot and derivatives trading, as well as on some decentralized exchanges. They are commonly used for rapid entry or stop-loss purposes. When placing a market order, it is important to consider trading fees, account balances, and market depth to avoid significant price deviations from your expectations.

Weak hands refer to participants in the crypto market who are more likely to engage in emotional trading when faced with price volatility and news-driven pressure. This group is commonly seen among beginners or short-term traders. They tend to buy impulsively during price surges and sell quickly during downturns, frequently shifting their positions and are more likely to be forced out of the market during periods of high volatility. Understanding the behavior of weak hands helps identify the sources of market swings, optimize trading strategies, and reduce risk through appropriate tools and trading rules.

The unbanked population refers to individuals who do not have access to bank accounts and face difficulties using traditional financial services. Common reasons for exclusion include lack of identification documents, limited access to physical bank branches, high service costs, or unstable income. As a result, they encounter challenges with payroll, receiving payments, storing value, and making cross-border remittances. Through mobile devices and internet connectivity, Web3 solutions and stablecoins can offer alternative tools for financial inclusion. However, it is essential to comply with local regulations and remain aware of associated risks.

Consensus refers to the set of rules and processes that blockchains use to enable participants worldwide to agree on the current state of the shared ledger. It determines how transactions are ordered, who is authorized to add the next block, and when records are considered immutable. In a decentralized and open network—where anyone can join or leave—consensus is essential for resisting malicious activity, preventing double-spending, and providing predictable confirmation times. Different consensus mechanisms impact transaction speed, fees, and security, and are widely used in scenarios such as transfers, DeFi, and on-chain governance.

Going long refers to buying or holding an asset with the expectation that its price will rise, aiming to profit from the price difference as it increases. In the crypto market, going long can be achieved through spot trading, leverage, perpetual contracts, or leveraged tokens. Spot trading involves no risk of forced liquidation, while trading contracts is margin-based and requires attention to funding rates and liquidation prices. On Gate, common methods include opening a long position on USDT-margined perpetual contracts or purchasing BTC3L leveraged tokens to participate in upward price movements.

Wash trading refers to a practice where traders artificially create the appearance of high trading activity and volume by buying and selling assets to themselves or through related accounts. This tactic is used to manipulate prices and influence market sentiment. Wash trading is particularly common in the crypto asset and NFT markets, often involving bots, rebate incentives, and zero-fee trading environments. Understanding and identifying wash trading is crucial for newcomers to protect their funds on trading platforms.

Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain platform with Ether (ETH) as its native asset. ETH is used to pay for gas fees and to help secure the network. Ethereum enables code to execute automatically on-chain through smart contracts, supporting a wide range of decentralized applications (DApps), including decentralized finance (DeFi), non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs). It provides the essential infrastructure for digital asset issuance, settlement, and collaboration.

Satoshi (abbreviated as sats) is the smallest unit of measurement in Bitcoin, where 1 Bitcoin equals 100 million satoshis. Satoshis are commonly used for micropayment pricing, displaying wallet balances, and calculating miner fees (such as satoshis per byte). In Bitcoin applications like the Lightning Network, pricing in satoshis offers greater clarity. Exchanges and wallets also support viewing and converting amounts in sats, making it easier to handle small transfers and precise pricing.

In the crypto community, "Ape" refers to "Apeing," which means quickly jumping into buying, minting, or joining a liquidity pool of a trending project or newly launched token without conducting thorough research. This behavior is common during events such as new token listings on exchanges, NFT minting, and the launch of DeFi incentive programs. Participants aim to capitalize on short-term price surges by acting fast, but this approach exposes them to risks like slippage, smart contract vulnerabilities, and significant drawdowns. Fueled by social platforms and group chats, capital can flood into these opportunities rapidly, leading to extreme price volatility, with both trading bots and large holders frequently involved. Understanding the meaning and implications of Apeing is essential for effective risk management and for making informed decisions about timing participation in crypto markets.

Stock equity refers to the bundle of rights and economic benefits that investors gain by holding a company’s shares. Common examples include shareholder voting rights, dividends, and a claim on residual assets during company liquidation. In essence, it represents “ownership of a small portion of the company.” These rights are established by corporate law and exchange regulations, recorded within broker and custodian account systems, and differ fundamentally from how crypto tokens are held and governed.

In the context of mortgages, a basis point is a unit of measurement used to precisely express small changes in interest rates and fees. One basis point equals 0.01%. Lenders use basis points to quote interest rates, set spreads over benchmark rates, and calculate fees for rate locks or extensions. For borrowers, basis points provide a clearer way to compare loan offers and estimate changes in monthly payments. It is important to note that basis points are different from “discount points”: basis points are a measurement unit, while discount points refer to prepaid interest.

Cryptocurrency whale monitoring tools are applications designed to track large holders and significant transfers, focusing on identifying “who is moving funds and where the money is going.” These tools analyze public blockchain records, leverage address labels, and provide real-time alerts to help users observe potential buying or selling intentions and monitor capital flows. In trading and risk management, whale monitoring is commonly used to keep an eye on deposits to exchanges, changes in stablecoin holdings, and cross-chain transfers.

ATL (All-Time Low) refers to the lowest market price ever reached by a crypto asset since its launch. This metric helps identify price floors and reflects periods of extreme market sentiment. ATL is commonly compared with ATH (All-Time High) for purposes such as drawdown assessment, position risk management, evaluating risks during token unlocks or new listings, and can influence stop-loss strategies, order placements, and valuation benchmarks.

An intent is an on-chain transaction request that expresses the user's goals and constraints, focusing solely on the desired outcome rather than specifying the exact execution path. For example, a user may wish to purchase ETH using 100 USDT, setting a maximum price and a deadline for completion. The network, through entities known as solvers, compares prices, determines optimal routes, and finalizes settlement. Intents are often integrated with account abstraction and order flow auctions to reduce operational complexity and transaction failure rates, while maintaining robust security boundaries.

Microtransactions refer to small-value but potentially frequent transfers of crypto assets, commonly used for tipping, subscriptions, and pay-per-use services. They rely on low-fee on-chain transfers, layer 2 networks, or internal exchange transfers to minimize the impact of transaction fees. On Gate, users can execute microtransactions by following the minimum order amount and fee requirements. The main considerations for microtransactions are cost efficiency, transaction speed, and the risk of transaction failure.

Within the Solana ecosystem, SPL stands for Solana Program Library—a collection of on-chain programs and token standards designed for universal use. SPL handles token creation, transfers, and access control, serving as Solana’s equivalent to Ethereum’s ERC-20 standard. Leading wallets and trading platforms rely on SPL for a variety of use cases, such as stablecoin settlements, gaming assets, and processes involving NFTs.

Ruby is a dynamically interpreted programming language designed by Japanese programmer Yukihiro Matsumoto in 1995. The language adopts a fully object-oriented design philosophy, emphasizing code simplicity and developer experience, with core features including a dynamic type system, garbage collection mechanism, and flexible metaprogramming capabilities. Ruby is widely applied in web application development (particularly through the Ruby on Rails framework), script automation, and data processing, while in the blockchain ecosystem it is primarily used for building backend management systems, API services, testing tools, and prototype validation systems.

An Avalanche Subnet is a customizable blockchain environment maintained by an independent group of validators, designed to provide dedicated rules and resources for one or more chains. Subnets are registered and coordinated via the P-Chain, enabling support for custom virtual machines, gas tokens, and permission policies. This structure is ideal for scaling performance, regulatory compliance, and isolating use cases across different industries.

Tanking refers to a market phenomenon where cryptocurrency or digital asset prices experience sharp and substantial declines within a short timeframe. The term typically describes extreme market conditions where prices drop 10% to 50% or more within hours or even minutes, often accompanied by panic selling, liquidity depletion, and dramatic investor sentiment shifts. Tanking represents a characteristic manifestation of high volatility in cryptocurrency markets, categorized as abnormal price movement, reflecting market structural vulnerabilities, concentrated participant behavior, and amplification effects of external shocks.

AAR typically stands for Average Annual Return, which represents the average yearly return of an investment over a specific period. This metric allows for easy comparison of the historical performance of different assets or strategies. AAR is commonly used in the evaluation of funds, stocks, and crypto assets. It can be calculated using either a simple arithmetic mean or a geometric mean that takes compounding into account. In practice, AAR helps users quickly assess the consistency and range of past returns, but it does not directly predict future performance.

A balanced fund is a type of portfolio fund that holds both equities and bonds. By allocating a set proportion between growth assets and stable assets—and periodically rebalancing to maintain these target ranges—the fund aims to strike a compromise between volatility and returns. A common approach is to set a 60% allocation to stocks and 40% to bonds, with rebalancing ensuring the portfolio does not drift excessively due to market movements. As of January 2026, there are still various mixed-asset products available in the market. This concept can also be applied in the crypto space by combining assets like BTC and ETH with stablecoin yield strategies to achieve similar risk-return profiles.

A Depth Chart is a graphical tool used by cryptocurrency exchanges to visualize the liquidity distribution of the order book, displaying price on the horizontal axis and cumulative order volume on the vertical axis, with green and red curves representing the accumulation of buy and sell orders respectively, enabling traders to assess market depth, supply-demand dynamics, and potential slippage risks.

A candlestick graph (also known as candlestick chart) is a technical analysis charting tool originating from 18th-century Japanese rice markets, simultaneously displaying four critical price data points within a specific time period through the visual combination of rectangular bodies and upper/lower shadows: Open, Close, High, and Low prices. Its core design distinguishes bullish-bearish power dynamics through color coding—when the closing price exceeds the opening price, the body typically appears green or hollow indicating an upward movement, while a red or filled body represents a downward movement, with shadow portions marking the range of price volatility extremes during that period. In the cryptocurrency trading domain, candlestick graphs have become foundational infrastructure for technical analysis, with their standardized data presentation enabling traders to rapidly identify price trends, market sentiment, and technical pattern signals, while synergizing with moving averages, RSI, and other technical indicators to construct multi-dimensional analytical frameworks.

Funding Rate is a periodic payment mechanism unique to perpetual futures contracts, designed to maintain price alignment between contract prices and the spot prices of underlying assets. This mechanism achieves price convergence in contracts without expiration dates through cyclical funding fee payments between long and short position holders, where longs pay shorts when contract prices exceed spot prices and vice versa, thereby creating continuous market regulatory forces.

An aggressive investor is someone willing to accept greater volatility and drawdowns in pursuit of higher returns. They typically select assets with higher uncertainty and use strategies such as concentrated positions, short-term trading, leverage, and futures to enhance capital efficiency. In the crypto market, aggressive investors often favor low market cap tokens, trending narratives, and new projects. They may utilize leveraged tokens and liquidity mining, relying on strict stop-losses and position management. Well-defined trading rules and regular performance reviews are essential components of their approach.

Cryptocurrency staking involves locking your tokens within a proof-of-stake (PoS) network to help validate transactions and secure the blockchain. In return, participants receive rewards according to on-chain rules. Staking is commonly found on networks like Ethereum and Solana, and users can participate through self-hosted validator nodes, delegated staking services, or exchange-based products such as Gate's Staking & Earn. Rewards are typically generated from new block issuance and transaction fees, with yields influenced by factors such as inflation rates, validator performance, and lock-up periods. Participants should be aware of price volatility and the risk of slashing penalties.

A snapshot on the blockchain refers to capturing the account balances, holdings, and smart contract states at a specific block height, creating a reusable “state photograph” of the network at that moment. Snapshots do not alter the blockchain or its blocks; instead, they serve as trusted reference points. Common use cases include airdrop distribution, calculating voting power in DAO governance, dividend and staking statistics, and enabling rapid node synchronization. Many exchanges also determine eligibility for certain activities based on the snapshot timestamp.

Open Interest refers to the total number or notional value of outstanding derivative contracts that have not yet been settled. It serves as an indicator of market participation and the level of leverage in the system. In crypto perpetual contracts and futures markets, open interest is often analyzed alongside price, trading volume, and funding rates to assess the sustainability of market trends and the risk of liquidation events.

A network node refers to a computer running blockchain or other distributed network software. Its primary functions include storing the ledger, validating and relaying transactions, and enforcing consensus rules. Similar to hubs connecting information across a city, nodes enable wallets and exchanges to read blocks and confirm transactions through their connections. Common types of nodes include full nodes, light nodes, and validator nodes.

Price pumping refers to price manipulation in crypto trading, where a small group of investors or teams artificially drive up a token's price within a short period. This is typically done by concentrating buy orders, modifying or canceling existing orders, and amplifying the activity through social media promotion. Price pumping is most common in tokens with low liquidity and insufficient market depth, making it easier to influence the order book and magnify price volatility. Retail traders are often lured into buying at inflated prices, exposing them to significant risks. Trading platforms and regulators remain vigilant against such practices.

Pixiu is a metaphor commonly used in the crypto community to describe tokens, contracts, or platforms where users can only buy but not sell, or deposit but not withdraw. This term often refers to situations where malicious tokens disable selling functions, impose extremely high selling fees, or when smaller exchanges keep withdrawal channels closed for extended periods. Recognizing and avoiding such scenarios can significantly reduce the risk of having your funds locked or trapped.

In the context of Chinese trading and social media, “小散户” refers to individual retail participants with relatively small capital, who rely on publicly available information and mobile tools. Compared to institutional investors or crypto whales, retail traders tend to place orders in a more fragmented manner, have shorter decision-making cycles, and are often active in spot and derivatives markets on exchanges, as well as participating in on-chain airdrop events. Within crypto market discussions, this term is used to describe the composition of participants, shifts in market sentiment, and liquidity distribution.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the core component of computer systems, commonly referred to as the "brain" of electronic devices, responsible for executing program instructions, data processing, logical operations, and control functions. Modern CPUs are typically integrated onto single microprocessor chips containing billions of transistors, operating on a fetch-decode-execute cycle. In the cryptocurrency ecosystem, CPUs were the primary mining tools in early days, now primarily serving to run nodes,

A graphics card is a hardware component responsible for graphics processing and parallel computation. In Web3 contexts, graphics cards are commonly used for Proof of Work (PoW) mining, zero-knowledge proof acceleration, real-time rendering in metaverse environments, and optimizing validation and node operations for certain high-performance blockchains. After Ethereum transitioned to Proof of Stake (PoS) in 2022, the primary use of graphics cards shifted from traditional mining to accelerating ZK processes and powering immersive applications. Users now need to balance performance, energy consumption, and cost when selecting hardware.

A vulnerable investor refers to an ordinary participant who is at a relative disadvantage in terms of access to information, capital, tools, and influence. In the Web3 ecosystem, these investors are more susceptible to the effects of information asymmetry, protocol design, and transaction costs. Common challenges include token unlock sell pressure, slippage and MEV (Maximal Extractable Value), and insufficient project disclosures. Understanding these risks and utilizing reliable tools and processes can help reduce losses and improve decision-making quality. Additionally, vulnerable investors often have limited power in governance voting and appeal channels, making them more easily affected by the strategies of large holders and institutions. Gradually improving their position involves learning fundamental principles, keeping records of transactions, setting stop-losses, and diversifying their portfolios.

WallStBets is a major subreddit on Reddit that gathers retail investors to share trading ideas and risk experiences related to stocks, options, and crypto assets through posts and comments, while also developing a unique meme culture. The community gained widespread attention during the GameStop incident in 2021, demonstrating how social sentiment can influence the market. Discussions often focus on high-risk strategies, and the forum rules emphasize personal responsibility and clarify that content is not financial advice. WallStBets serves as a reference point for understanding social investing and sentiment-driven trading in Web3.

A bubble refers to a market condition where asset prices, driven by speculation and sentiment, temporarily soar far above their intrinsic utility value. In the crypto market, bubbles are often fueled by emerging narratives, leverage, and abundant liquidity. Key features include rapid price surges, increased trading volumes, heightened social media attention, and valuations that become disconnected from fundamentals. When liquidity tightens or expectations are not met, prices can quickly correct, often triggering liquidations and cascading risks such as panic selling.

Gem is a colloquial term in the crypto community that refers to low market cap, early-stage tokens or NFT projects considered to have significant potential. The term is commonly used in contexts such as newly launched tokens, DeFi, and trading bots. Early identification of such gems can yield substantial returns, but also involves considerable risk. Additionally, "Gem" can specifically refer to the NFT aggregator Gem (now known as OpenSea Pro). These assets typically feature low liquidity, lack of transparent information, and high volatility. When evaluating gems, it is important to consider factors such as market capitalization, token holder distribution, smart contract security, and the background of the project team.

Token sniping refers to the practice of using automated programs to swiftly purchase newly launched tokens at the very moment they are listed or liquidity is added, most commonly on decentralized exchanges (DEXs). This strategy involves monitoring the mempool for pending transactions and increasing gas fees to gain transaction priority. The primary goal is to acquire tokens before the broader market drives up the price. However, token sniping carries significant risks, such as honeypot smart contracts, sudden liquidity removal, and extreme slippage.

The Sharpe Ratio is used to evaluate the excess return generated per unit of risk after accounting for volatility. It is calculated by subtracting the risk-free rate from the strategy’s return, then dividing the result by the return’s standard deviation. This metric is commonly applied to compare the performance of funds, quantitative strategies, or crypto assets. By using the Sharpe Ratio, investors can determine whether returns are commensurate with the level of risk taken, aiding in asset selection and portfolio management.

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a system that enables verifiable network identities. It leverages key pairs, digital certificates, and trusted authorities to authenticate the identities of websites, applications, or users, serving as the foundation for scenarios such as HTTPS, code signing, and email encryption. In Web3, PKI works in conjunction with wallet signatures and decentralized identity (DID) solutions to secure connections and software distribution. PKI also provides certificate revocation and audit mechanisms, allowing for the timely detection and blocking of compromised certificates.

The all-time high (ATH) of Bitcoin refers to the highest recorded price per single Bitcoin since its inception, measured in a specific currency—most commonly the US dollar on the spot market. The exact ATH can vary depending on the exchange, time frame, and currency used for calculation. This metric is frequently referenced to assess whether Bitcoin is reaching new price peaks, to compare the strength of different market cycles, and is typically displayed on exchange price charts and data platforms.

Risk premium refers to the additional return that investors require for taking on uncertainty and the possibility of losses—specifically, the portion of returns that exceeds the risk-free rate. This concept is used to compare and price the returns of assets such as stocks, corporate bonds, and crypto assets, including staking and lending rates. By subtracting the yield of government bonds with the same maturity from the expected return, investors assess whether it is worthwhile to bear credit, volatility, and liquidity risks.

Large-cap companies are publicly listed firms that rank among the top in market capitalization, which is calculated by multiplying a company’s share price by its total shares outstanding. Market capitalization serves as a key metric to assess a company’s size and market influence. These companies typically offer greater liquidity, more comprehensive information disclosure, and are frequently included in major indices, making them popular holdings for funds and ETFs. In the crypto market, “market capitalization” is also used to gauge the scale of an asset, though the criteria can vary between markets. Investors should remain mindful of valuation levels and risks related to industry concentration.

An STO (Security Token Offering) is a token issuance regulated under securities laws, where tokens represent legal rights such as equity, bonds, or profit-sharing interests. STOs require disclosure of information and impose restrictions on investor eligibility and token transfers. This approach brings the fundraising process on-chain, enabling faster settlement and broader market access while maintaining compliance and regulatory oversight. STOs are commonly used for tokenized bonds, equity crowdfunding, and compliant dividend distribution.

Dollar-cost averaging is an investment strategy where you allocate funds to purchase the same asset at regular intervals, regardless of its price. When prices are high, your fixed investment buys fewer units; when prices are low, it buys more, resulting in a smoother average cost over time. Commonly referred to as recurring investment, this approach is widely used for both stocks and crypto assets. Dollar-cost averaging can help reduce the uncertainty associated with market timing, but it does not guarantee profits. It is important to pay attention to transaction fees and risk management.

Script programming involves writing executable instructions in user-friendly languages, enabling automation of repetitive and standardized tasks. In Web3 environments, script programming bridges wallets (applications for managing private keys), smart contracts (on-chain automated programs), exchange APIs (programmatic access points), and blockchain RPC interfaces (node communication endpoints). It is used for processes such as bulk data queries, order placement, fund transfers, and event monitoring, thereby enhancing operational efficiency and control.

Web3.0 is a blockchain-based evolution of the internet, where users interact with decentralized applications (dApps) through digital wallets and retain full control over their identity and data. Transactions and rules are enforced automatically by smart contracts, while network fees—commonly referred to as gas fees—are paid in tokens. Web3.0 aims to reduce centralized platforms' control over data and assets, supporting open APIs, cross-chain functionality, and programmable economic activities.

Wallstreetbets is a trading community on Reddit known for its focus on high-risk, high-volatility speculation. Members frequently use memes, jokes, and collective sentiment to drive discussions about trending assets. The group has impacted short-term market movements across U.S. stock options and crypto assets, making it a prime example of "social-driven trading." After the GameStop short squeeze in 2021, Wallstreetbets gained mainstream attention, with its influence expanding into meme coins and exchange popularity rankings. Understanding the culture and signals of this community can help identify sentiment-driven market trends and potential risks.

A "white swan event" refers to a major market catalyst that is foreseeable, has a clear time window, and can be continuously tracked with available information. These events are typically viewed as positive for the market, such as regulatory approval, ETF launches, network upgrades, or tokenomics adjustments. Unlike sudden and unpredictable "black swan events," white swan events resemble scheduled fireworks—they are anticipated in advance, prompting capital allocation ahead of time, and leading to concentrated price reactions when the event materializes. These periods often see increased trading volume and heightened volatility. In the crypto market, classic examples of white swan events include Bitcoin halvings, spot ETF approvals, and mainnet upgrades.

LFG is a popular acronym in crypto communities, originating from the phrase "Let's freaking go." It is commonly used to show support and rally enthusiasm around positive news, price movements, or collective community actions. You will often see LFG in contexts such as trading announcements, airdrop distributions, mainnet upgrades, price surges, fundraising events, and token launches. While LFG helps convey collective sentiment and encourages interaction, it does not directly represent project information or serve as investment advice.

A whitepaper is an explanatory document released by a crypto project to outline the problem it aims to solve, its technical approach, tokenomics, and implementation roadmap. Investors, exchanges, and the community use the whitepaper to assess the project's feasibility and risks. In projects like Bitcoin and Ethereum, the whitepaper serves as a foundational resource for establishing consensus, raising resources, and aligning expectations.

FOMO, or Fear of Missing Out, refers to the anxious mindset and herd behavior triggered by the worry of missing potential gains or exclusive opportunities. In the crypto space, FOMO commonly occurs during events like new token launches, airdrop rumors, limited-time campaigns, or sudden spikes in social media hype. This psychological pressure often leads users to rush into buying, increase leverage, or go all-in, which can amplify drawdowns and losses. Understanding FOMO and implementing strategies such as trading plans, stop-loss and take-profit orders, and dollar-cost averaging can help mitigate emotional risks.

Nonce can be understood as a “number used once,” designed to ensure that a specific operation is executed only once or in a sequential order. In blockchain and cryptography, nonces are commonly used in three scenarios: transaction nonces guarantee that account transactions are processed sequentially and cannot be repeated; mining nonces are used to search for a hash that meets a certain difficulty level; and signature or login nonces prevent messages from being reused in replay attacks. You will encounter the concept of nonce when making on-chain transactions, monitoring mining processes, or using your wallet to log into websites.

An NFT is a unique digital certificate on the blockchain used to represent ownership and provenance of a specific digital or physical asset. NFTs can correspond to images, music, in-game items, tickets, certificates, and more. Their records are publicly accessible and resistant to tampering, enabling secure trading and transfers on marketplaces. NFTs are particularly well-suited for scenarios such as proof of ownership, membership privileges, and ticketing systems that prevent scalping.

A basis point is a specialized unit used in finance to express very small percentage changes, commonly seen in interest rates, fees, and spreads. One basis point equals 0.01%, or the decimal 0.0001. Using basis points allows for precise communication of changes and helps avoid confusion between “percent” and “percentage points.” In crypto trading, DeFi lending, and stablecoin yield products, platforms often use basis points to indicate fine adjustments in fees and returns.

WETH, also known as "Wrapped Ether," is an ERC-20 token created by locking ETH in a smart contract at a 1:1 ratio. This process standardizes Ether for seamless use across decentralized exchanges (DEXs), lending platforms, NFT marketplaces, and other scenarios that require token compatibility. WETH tracks the price of ETH and can be unwrapped back to ETH at any time. Each blockchain network has its own independent WETH smart contract, so it is important to choose the correct contract when transferring or withdrawing WETH.

A node refers to a computer or server participating in a blockchain network. Nodes operate specific client software, store ledger data, verify and relay transactions, and may also be responsible for block production or providing RPC (Remote Procedure Call) interfaces. Wallets, block explorers, and decentralized applications all rely on nodes to access on-chain information. There are various types of nodes with distinct roles: for example, full nodes retain the complete transaction history, while light nodes only store transaction summaries; consensus nodes participate in block production and voting processes. Deciding between using a third-party RPC node or deploying your own node can significantly impact network performance, privacy, and operational costs.

A black swan event refers to a rare and unpredictable occurrence that has a significant impact on markets and society. These events are not limited to the financial sector; they can also be triggered by public incidents or technological failures. In the context of investing, black swan events typically manifest as sharp price fluctuations, sudden drops in liquidity, and widespread emotional contagion among participants. Understanding black swan events is crucial for preparing emergency funds, diversifying risk, and establishing contingency trading strategies.

The recipient is the party that receives funds in a transaction, which may be an individual, a business, or a platform account. In traditional bank transfers, the recipient is identified by their account name and account number. In cryptocurrency transfers, the recipient corresponds to a wallet address and, if required, an associated memo or tag. Clearly defining recipient information and implementing proper verification procedures helps reduce errors and ensures the security of funds.

Fiat currency refers to government-issued money that is recognized by law, such as the Chinese yuan (CNY) or the US dollar (USD). It serves as a standard for pricing, taxation, and debt settlement. Fiat acts as a bridge between the traditional economy and the crypto market, frequently used for on-ramping, off-ramping, and setting transaction prices. Its value and accessibility are influenced by central bank policies and regulatory frameworks. Widely utilized in bank accounts, payment networks, and cross-border remittances, fiat currency plays a crucial role in determining capital costs and liquidity.

Web2 refers to a platform-centric model of the internet, where users interact, publish content, and shop through accounts managed by centralized services. In this paradigm, data is stored and operated on company servers. Web2 relies heavily on mobile applications and algorithm-driven content distribution, shaping ecosystems such as social media, short-form video platforms, and e-commerce. Understanding the meaning of Web2 is essential for grasping the relationships between accounts, data, and platforms, and serves as a useful reference point for identifying the differences and transition pathways when moving toward Web3.

Fiat currency refers to government-issued legal tender, such as the Chinese yuan (CNY) or US dollar (USD), which is recognized by law as a medium of exchange for everyday transactions. It circulates through central banks, commercial banks, and payment networks, and is commonly used for salaries, taxation, and cross-border settlements. In the context of crypto assets, fiat serves as a crucial gateway for deposits and withdrawals. A typical process involves purchasing USDT with fiat on an exchange, then using USDT to trade other tokens. Regulatory compliance requires KYC (Know Your Customer) identity verification and anti-money laundering (AML) screening, while buying and selling are affected by exchange rates and transaction fees.

GM is a popular greeting within crypto communities, derived from the English phrase "Good Morning." In the Web3 context—referring to an internet paradigm where users have greater control over their assets and data—GM serves both as a casual hello and as a signal of active participation, expressing “I’m present and open to engage.” You’ll often encounter GM on platforms like Twitter (now X), Discord, and Telegram, especially in chat groups, AMA (Ask Me Anything) sessions, project announcements, and newcomer introductions. Many creators start conversations or share their progress with GM, while project teams use it to keep communities active and encourage replies. GM has become a social norm in crypto circles, but it does not constitute investment advice.

In the context of crypto social media, LARP refers to "Live Action Role-Playing" style self-packaging and performance. It describes situations where individuals or projects exaggerate, fake, or fabricate their identity and progress in order to influence public opinion and financial decisions. This term is commonly seen in discussions on the X platform and Telegram, where it serves as a warning or a way to question the authenticity of partnerships, funding announcements, or technology claims. Within the Web3 ecosystem, LARP is a cautionary term, reminding users to verify sources, on-chain data, and official statements before making decisions.

Alpha refers to the excess returns that investors achieve over a benchmark in the same market environment, typically through superior research, access to information, or execution capabilities. This is distinct from Beta, which reflects the overall market movement. In traditional finance, Alpha is a measurable form of outperformance. In the crypto space, Alpha also commonly refers to the advantage gained by accessing opportunities early, such as participating in initial airdrops or identifying emerging narratives before they become mainstream. It is important to note that Alpha must be validated and reviewed through analysis, and it inherently involves risks and associated costs.

FOMO stands for Fear Of Missing Out, a psychological state where investors worry about missing profit opportunities, leading them to make impulsive investment decisions without adequate research. This emotion-driven behavior is common in cryptocurrency markets, typically occurring during rapid price appreciation phases, and serves as an important psychological indicator in market cycles.

In the context of crypto and Web3 social platforms, LARPing refers to individuals who fabricate identities or exaggerate their resources online. Common tactics include claiming to "know the team" or referencing "internal confirmations" to create an impression of authority. This behavior is intended to attract attention or sway others’ trading decisions. LARPing frequently appears in community discussions on platforms such as X (formerly Twitter), Telegram, and Discord. It becomes particularly prevalent during key events like token launches, NFT minting periods, or airdrop announcements, often complicating information filtering and risk assessment for users.

Converting Wei to ETH refers to the process of translating Ethereum’s smallest denomination, Wei, into its primary unit, ETH. This conversion is frequently used for on-chain balance display, gas fee calculations, and development debugging. Ethereum divides 1 ETH into 10^18 Wei, with the formula: ETH = Wei ÷ 10^18. Accurate conversion is essential to prevent discrepancies in transfers and withdrawals, improving the reliability of wallet and smart contract operations.

Crypto mining refers to the process of using specialized hardware or GPUs to provide computational power and participate in block production on Proof-of-Work blockchains such as Bitcoin. Miners are rewarded according to protocol rules with newly issued coins and transaction fees. Common mining methods include operating individual mining rigs, joining mining pools to share rewards, and purchasing cloud mining contracts. The profitability and risks of mining depend primarily on factors like token price, electricity costs, network difficulty, and hardware efficiency. Miners should also consider maintenance requirements and regulatory compliance.

Yield farming involves depositing crypto assets into decentralized finance (DeFi) liquidity pools or staking contracts to earn token rewards, a share of trading fees, or interest. Common strategies include providing liquidity to trading pairs, staking stablecoins, or joining points airdrop programs, enabling users to generate passive income from their holdings. However, participants should be aware of risks such as price volatility and impermanent loss. After participating, users typically receive LP tokens or points, which can usually be redeemed at any time, though returns fluctuate based on market conditions and protocol rules.

YDT is not a universally recognized abbreviation within investment or crypto contexts. Most commonly, it is mistakenly used to refer to “YTD” (Year-to-Date), which measures performance or returns from the beginning of the year to the current date. In some cases, projects may use YDT to mean “Yield-Related Token” or as an internal metric. To accurately interpret YDT, it is essential to identify the specific context, reporting standards, and time frame in which it appears. This ensures you avoid misinterpretation and correctly assess account returns and associated risks.

Yield farming is an investment strategy where cryptocurrency holders deposit their assets into decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols to generate additional returns. This practice typically involves providing funds to liquidity pools, staking tokens, or participating in lending platforms to earn trading fees, governance token rewards, or interest income. While popular for its potential high yields, yield farming carries various risks including smart contract vulnerabilities, impermanent loss, and market vol

Year-to-date (YTD) refers to the cumulative performance measured from January 1 of the current year up to the present day. This metric is widely used to track the price changes of assets, account returns, and product performance. YTD does not carry over across years; instead, it resets annually to clearly showcase "this year's results." You will often find YTD figures on exchange market pages, on-chain data dashboards, and in strategy backtesting analyses.

ZKRollup is an Ethereum Layer 2 scaling solution that aggregates multiple transactions off-chain, sequences them, and generates a zero-knowledge proof. This concise validity proof, along with the necessary data, is submitted to the mainnet, where the main chain verifies it and updates the state accordingly. ZKRollups offer improvements in transaction fees, throughput, and confirmation times, while inheriting Layer 1 security. Users interact with ZKRollups via bridging assets in and out. Popular networks include zkSync Era and Polygon zkEVM. ZKRollups are well-suited for payments, DeFi applications, and blockchain gaming.

ZK-SNARK is a zero-knowledge proof technology that enables users to prove the correctness of a computation on-chain without revealing any underlying data. Its key features include succinct proofs, rapid verification, and no need for interactive communication between parties. This makes ZK-SNARKs well-suited for privacy protection and blockchain scalability. Real-world use cases include private transactions on Zcash and batch proof generation and settlement in Ethereum zkRollups, which enhance efficiency while reducing network congestion. In scenarios such as payments, identity verification, and voting, ZK-SNARKs can conceal transaction details and only disclose outcomes, allowing smart contracts to verify proofs quickly, lowering costs, and safeguarding privacy.

ZORA is a comprehensive NFT issuance and trading platform designed for creators and collectors. It features open-source smart contracts, APIs, a marketplace, and the Zora Network Layer 2 built on OP Stack. ZORA enables the minting of digital works—such as images and music—into transferable NFTs, supporting both open and limited editions, royalty distribution, and community engagement. The platform also offers a low-cost on-chain experience.

Zero-knowledge proofs are a cryptographic technique that allows one party to prove the validity of a statement to another without revealing any underlying data. In blockchain technology, zero-knowledge proofs play a key role in enhancing privacy and scalability: transaction validity can be confirmed without disclosing transaction details, Layer 2 networks can compress large computations into concise proofs for rapid verification on the main chain, and they also enable minimal disclosure for identity and asset verification.

Zero-knowledge machine learning is a method that packages machine learning inference into proofs that can be verified without revealing any underlying information. Validators can confirm the correctness of the results on-chain, but do not gain access to training data, model parameters, or inputs. By committing to both the model and inputs and generating concise proofs, this approach enables any smart contract to quickly verify outcomes. It is particularly suited for use cases such as privacy compliance, DeFi risk management, oracles, and anti-cheat mechanisms in gaming.